Democratic transition

{{Short description|Specific phase in a political system}} [[File:Number of countries experiencing autocratization and democratization, 1900–2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Since 1900, the number of countries democratizing (yellow) has been higher than those autocratizing (blue), except in the late 1920s through 1940s and since 2010.]] {{Democracy sidebar}} A '''democratic transition''' describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one.<ref name="Arugay 2021 pp. 1–7">{{cite book | last=Arugay | first=Aries A. | title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies | chapter=Democratic Transitions | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | year=2021 | isbn=978-3-319-74336-3 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1 | pages=1–7| s2cid=240235199 }}</ref><ref name="Munck 2001 pp. 3425–3428">{{cite book | last=Munck | first=G.L. | title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences | chapter=Democratic Transitions | publisher=Elsevier | year=2001 | doi=10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01135-9 | pages=3425–3428| isbn=9780080430768 }}</ref><ref name="Cassani Tomini 2019 pp. 115–120">{{cite journal | last1=Cassani | first1=Andrea | last2=Tomini | first2=Luca | title=Authoritarian resurgence: towards a unified analytical framework | journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=49 | issue=2 | year=2019 | issn=0048-8402 | doi=10.1017/ipo.2019.14 | pages=115–120| s2cid=199298876 | hdl=2434/666535 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> The process is known as democratisation, political changes moving in a democratic direction.<ref name="Huntington 2009 pp. 31–69">{{cite journal | last=Huntington | first=Samuel P. | title=How Countries Democratize | journal=Political Science Quarterly | publisher=[The Academy of Political Science, Wiley] | volume=124 | issue=1 | year=2009 | issn=0032-3195 | jstor=25655609 | pages=31–69 | doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00641.x | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25655609 | access-date=2023-04-17| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Democratization waves have been linked to sudden shifts in the distribution of power among the great powers, which created openings and incentives to introduce sweeping domestic reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gunitsky|first=Seva|date=2014|title=From Shocks to Waves: Hegemonic Transitions and Democratization in the Twentieth Century|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/from-shocks-to-waves-hegemonic-transitions-and-democratization-in-the-twentieth-century/DC80A16B8DE79A7498B82B7F80FBE111|journal=International Organization|language=en|volume=68|issue=3|pages=561–597|doi=10.1017/S0020818314000113|s2cid=232254486|issn=0020-8183|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691172330/aftershocks|title=Aftershocks|last=Gunitsky|first=Seva|date=2017|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17233-0}}</ref> Although transitional regimes experience more civil unrest,<ref name="Cook Savun 2016 pp. 745–757">{{cite journal | last1=Cook | first1=Scott J | last2=Savun | first2=Burcu | title=New democracies and the risk of civil conflict | journal=Journal of Peace Research | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=53 | issue=6 | year=2016 | issn=0022-3433 | doi=10.1177/0022343316660756 | pages=745–757| s2cid=114918000 }}</ref><ref name="Crocker Hampson Aall 2016 p. 156">{{cite book | last1=Crocker | first1=C.A. | last2=Hampson | first2=F.O. | last3=Aall | first3=P. | title=Managing Conflict in a World Adrift | publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-928096-48-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hz1mDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 | access-date=2023-04-23 | page=156}}</ref> they may be considered stable in a transitional phase for decades at a time.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sönmez | first=Hakan | title=Democratic Backsliding or Stabilization? | journal=Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science | publisher=International Association for Political Science Students | volume=46 | date=2020-09-30 | issn=2414-6633 | doi=10.22151/politikon.46.3 | pages=54–78| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Geddes 1999 pp. 115–144">{{cite journal | last=Geddes | first=Barbara | title=What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years? | journal=Annual Review of Political Science | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=2 | issue=1 | year=1999 | issn=1094-2939 | doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115 | pages=115–144| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Törnberg 2018 pp. 381–408">{{cite journal | last=Törnberg | first=Anton | title=Combining transition studies and social movement theory: towards a new research agenda | journal=Theory and Society | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=47 | issue=3 | year=2018 | issn=0304-2421 | doi=10.1007/s11186-018-9318-6 | pages=381–408| s2cid=255015393 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Since the end of the Cold War transitional regimes have become the most common form of government.<ref name="MorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017">{{cite book | author1 = Leonardo Morlino | author2 = Dirk Berg-Schlosser | author3 = Bertrand Badie | date = 6 March 2017 | title = Political Science: A Global Perspective | publisher = SAGE | pages = 112– | isbn = 978-1-5264-1303-1 | oclc = 1124515503 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112}}</ref><ref name="Brownlee 2009 pp. 515–532">{{cite journal | last=Brownlee | first=Jason | title=Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions | journal=American Journal of Political Science | publisher=[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley] | volume=53 | issue=3 | year=2009 | issn=0092-5853| jstor=25548135 | pages=515–532 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00384.x | doi-access=free }}</ref> Scholarly analysis of the decorative nature of democratic institutions concludes that the opposite democratic backsliding (autocratization), a transition to authoritarianism, is the most prevalent basis of modern hybrid regimes.<ref name="International IDEA">{{cite web | title=Home - IDEA Global State of Democracy Report | website=International IDEA | url=https://www.idea.int/gsod/ | access-date=Nov 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hameed | first=Dr. Muntasser Majeed | title=Hybrid regimes: An Overview | journal=IPRI Journal | publisher=Islamabad Policy Research Institute - IPRI | volume=22 | issue=1 | date=Jun 30, 2022 | issn=1684-9787 | doi=10.31945/iprij.220101 | pages=1–24| s2cid=251173436 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Caballero-Anthony 2009 p. 7">{{cite book | last=Caballero-Anthony | first=M. | title=Political Change, Democratic Transitions and Security in Southeast Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Security in Asia Pacific Series | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-135-26840-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 | access-date=2023-04-27 | page=7}}</ref>

==Typology==

===Autocratization=== {{main|Autocratization}} {{further|Democratic backsliding by country}} [[File:Countries democratizing or autocratizing substantially and significantly 2010–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020), according to V-Dem Institute. Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.<ref>Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030243/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf |date=14 September 2021 }}</ref>]] {{Excerpt|Democratic backsliding|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1,2,3|hat=no}}

===Democratisation=== {{main|Democratization}} {{post-Cold War democratization map|small|caption=Map showing democratization of countries after the Cold War}} {{Excerpt|Democratization|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1,2,3|hat=no}}

==Factors==

=== Decolonization === {{main|Decolonization}} {{Excerpt|Decolonization|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|hat=no}} {{Excerpt|Decolonization#State-building|only=paragraph|paragraphs=2|hat=no}}

=== Democratic globalization === {{main|Democratic globalization}} {{Excerpt|Democratic globalization|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|hat=no}}

=== Democracy promotion === {{main|Democracy promotion}} {{Excerpt|Democracy promotion|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|hat=no}}

==Outcomes==

===Democratic consolidation=== {{main|Democratic consolidation}} {{Excerpt|Democratic consolidation|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|hat=no}}

===Stalled transition=== ====Hybrid regime==== {{main|Hybrid regime}} {{Excerpt|Hybrid regime|only=paragraphs|hat=nohat=no|paragraphs=1|templates=-Basic forms of government}}

==Measurement == {{main| Democracy indices}} [[File:BTI 2022 DEM.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| Global trend report Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2022<ref name="BTI 2022a">{{cite web | title=Global Dashboard | website=BTI 2022 | url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/global-dashboard?&cb=00000 | access-date=Apr 17, 2023}}</ref>]] {{Excerpt|Democracy indices|only=paragraph|paragraph=2,3|hat=no}}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last=Coale | first=Ansley J. | title=Social Economics | chapter=Demographic Transition | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | publication-place=London | year=1989 | pages=16–23 | isbn=978-0-333-49529-2 | doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19806-1_4}} *{{cite book | last1=Croissant | first1=A. | last2=Haynes | first2=J. | title=Twenty Years of Studying Democratization: Vol 1: Democratic Transition and Consolidation | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-61900-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1TLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19}} *{{cite journal | last1=Epstein | first1=David L. | last2=Bates | first2=Robert | last3=Goldstone | first3=Jack | last4=Kristensen | first4=Ida | last5=O'Halloran | first5=Sharyn | title=Democratic Transitions | journal=American Journal of Political Science | publisher=[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley] | volume=50 | issue=3 | year=2006 | issn=0092-5853| jstor=3694234 | pages=551–569 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00201.x | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3694234 | url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal | last1=Haggard | first1=Stephan | last2=Kaufman | first2=Robert R. | title=Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule | journal=The American Political Science Review | publisher=[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press] | volume=106 | issue=3 | year=2012 | issn=0003-0554| jstor=23275430 | pages=495–516 | doi=10.1017/S0003055412000287 | s2cid=28273700 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275430| url-access=subscription }} *{{cite book | last=Glaser | first=E. | title=Anti-Politics: On the Demonization of Ideology, Authority and the State | publisher=Watkins Media | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-912248-12-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uwxDwAAQBAJ }} *{{cite book | last=Huntington | first=S.P. | title=The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | series=The Julian J. Rothbaum Distinguished Lecture Series | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-8061-8604-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMjyTFG04JYC&pg=PA1961 }} *{{cite journal | last=Kirk | first=Dudley | title=Demographic Transition Theory | journal=Population Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=50 | issue=3 | year=1996 | pages=361–387 | issn=0032-4728 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000149536| pmid=11618374 }} *{{cite book | last1=Stoner | first1=K. | last2=McFaul | first2=M. | title=Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4214-0877-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BYNYiPmyMIC&pg=PP1 }} {{refend}}

== External links == *[https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?] -Our World in Data *[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Democratic+transition Democratic Transition publications] - Jstor

Category:Mixed government Category:Political systems Category:Political terminology Category:Economic systems Category:Democracy