A '''decoy receptor''' is a receptor that is able to recognize and bind specific ligands efficiently, but is not able to support its intended function. This ligand can be a growth factors or cytokines, in which case the receptor is not structurally able to signal or activate the intended receptor complex. It can also be a pathogen, preventing normal cell attachment or cell entry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Kui K. |last2=Tan |first2=Timothy J. C. |last3=Narayanan |first3=Krishna K. |last4=Procko |first4=Erik |title=An engineered decoy receptor for SARS-CoV-2 broadly binds protein S sequence variants |journal=Science Advances |date=19 February 2021 |volume=7 |issue=8 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf1738|pmc=7888922 }}</ref> In either case it acts as an inhibitor, binding a ligand and keeping it from binding to its regular receptor. Decoy receptors participate in common methods of signal inhibition and are also abundant in malignant tissues, making up a significant topic in cancer research.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cancer | year=2012 | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | pages=1070| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6693 | isbn=978-3-642-16482-8 | chapter=Decoy Receptor }}</ref>
thumb|Decoy receptors/ bind to ligands and inhibit signaling through actual receptors.
== Examples ==
=== Interleukin 1 receptor type II === IL1R2 was one of the first identified decoy receptors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = McMahan |first1=CJ|last2=Slack|first2=JL|last3=Mosley|first3=B | date=1991 | title=A novel IL-1 receptor, cloned from B cells by mammalian expression, is expressed in many cell types.|journal=The EMBO Journal|volume=10|issue=10|pages=2821–2832| pmc=452992 | pmid=1833184|doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07831.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1994 |title= The type II "receptor" as a decoy target for interleukin 1 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: characterization of induction by dexamethasone and ligand binding properties of the released decoy receptor. |journal= The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=179 |issue=2 |pages=739–743 |doi=10.1084/jem.179.2.739 |pmid=8294881 |pmc=2191363 | last1 = Re | first1 = F | last2 = Muzio | first2 = M | last3 = De Rossi | first3 = M | display-authors = etal }}</ref> It binds IL1A and IL1B and inhibits their binding to IL1R1, deterring the inflammatory response which is generally promoted by the binding of type 1 interleukins to interleukin receptor 1 type I.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7850 |title= IL1R2 interleukin 1 receptor, type II [ Homo sapiens (human) ]|date=2015 |website= ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher= National Center for Biotechnology Information }}</ref>
=== Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) === Also known as TNFRSF6, the DcR3 receptor is found primarily in human malignant tissues.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashkenazi|first1=Avi|date=1 June 2002|title=Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily|journal=Nature Reviews Cancer|volume=2|issue=6|pages=420–430|doi=10.1038/nrc821|pmid=12189384|s2cid=6046465}}<!--|access-date=16 April 2015--></ref> It acts as a decoy receptor for TNF cytokine members: FasL, LIGHT, and TL1A, inhibiting the ability of the cytokines to signal cell death or apoptosis.
=== VEGFR-1 === VEGFR-1 is a kinase-defective receptor tyrosine kinase that negatively modulates angiogenesis by acting as a decoy receptor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Rosana D. |last2=Mohammadi |first2=Moosi |last3=Rahimi|first3=Nader |date= 13 January 2006 |title= A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Activation Loop Defines the Decoy Characteristic of VEGFR-1/FLT-1* |journal= The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume= 281|issue=2 |pages=867–875 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M506454200|pmid=16286478 |pmc=1360223|doi-access=free }}</ref> The decoy characteristic of VEGFR-1 is required for normal development and angiogenesis. VEGFR-1 inhibits the activity of VEGFR-2 by sequestering VEGF, thus preventing VEGFR-2 from binding to VEGF.
== Applications ==
=== Engineered Axl "decoy receptor" === Axl receptor tyrosine kinase has been associated with numerous diseases, most notably metastatic cancer. Axl has been shown to drive metastasis, confer therapeutic resistance and promote disease progression. Axl binds to its ligand, Gas6, and becomes activated. Decoy receptors are being designed to bind to Gas6 and prevent Axl activation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kariolis|first=Mihalis S| date = 21 September 2014|title=An engineered Axl 'decoy receptor' effectively silences the Gas6-Axl signaling axis|journal= Nature Chemical Biology|volume=10|issue=11|pages = 977–983|doi=10.1038/nchembio.1636|pmid=25242553|pmc=4372605}}</ref>
=== ACE-031 === ACE-031 is an engineered decoy receptor and myostatin inhibitor used in attempts to treat children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The ACE-031 receptor circulates outside the muscle-fiber membrane. Because this receptor binds to myostatin, it lowers the amount of myostatin that can bind to the native receptor in the membrane (ActRIIB), preventing myostatin from delivering the muscle growth-limiting signal.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Attie|first= Kenneth M|date= 21 November 2012 |title=A single ascending-dose study of muscle regulator ace-031 in healthy volunteers|journal = Muscle and Nerve| volume = 47|issue=3|pages=416–423|doi=10.1002/mus.23539|pmid= 23169607|s2cid= 19956237}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == * {{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01941-X | volume=22 | issue=6 | title=Decoy receptors: a strategy to regulate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines | journal=Trends in Immunology | pages=328–336| date=June 2001 | last1=Mantovani | first1=Alberto | last2=Locati | first2=Massimo | last3=Vecchi | first3=Annunciata | last4=Sozzani | first4=Silvano | last5=Allavena | first5=Paola | pmid=11377293 }} * {{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80034-9 | volume=11 | issue=2 | title=Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors | journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology | pages=255–260| date=April 1999 | last1=Ashkenazi | first1=Avi | last2=Dixit | first2=Vishva M. | pmid=10209153 }}
Category:Receptors