Daxophone

{{Short description|Experimental musical instrument}} {{Distinguish|Saxophone}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Daxophone |names= |image=Deutsches Jazzfestival 2015 - Hope - Kazuhisa Uchihashi - 03.jpg |image_capt = Kazuhisa Uchihashi playing the daxophone at Deutsches Jazzfestival 2015 |classification = Idiophone |hornbostel_sachs=132.1 |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Friction idiophone with individual plaque (electric) |related= * Musical saw * Nail violin |musicians= * Daxophonists |inventors=Hans Reichel |developed=1980s |timbre=Animal-like, vocal }}

The '''daxophone''', invented by Hans Reichel, is an electric wooden experimental musical instrument of the friction idiophones category.

== Etymology == The ''dax'' in ''daxophone'' is derived from the German word ''Dachs'', meaning "badger" and referencing the many animal sounds that the daxophone is capable of generating, changed to ''dax'' so that the instrument name echoes Adolphe Sax's saxophone.<ref name="efi"/>

== History == The first usage of the daxophone in a musical work was the release of Hans Reichel's album ''The Dawn of Dachsman'' in 1987.<ref name="efi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.efi.group.shef.ac.uk/photos/idax.html |title=Daxophone |website=University of Sheffield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507160248/http://www.efi.group.shef.ac.uk/photos/idax.html |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

== Construction == thumb|A variety of daxophone tongues The daxophone consists of a wooden piece called a tongue, approximately 330 mm in length, 30 mm in width, and 5 mm in height, and fixed to a wooden block (often attached to a tripod, but also clamped to a table top), which holds one or more contact microphones.<ref name="efi"/> This wooden block has a cavity which is carved with a chisel for the insertion of two contact microphones, and a snakewood soundboard laid on top with the contact microphones glued to it. A wide range of voice-like timbres can be produced, depending on the shape of the tongue and the type of wood. The tongue shape is made with a coping saw, a scroll saw, or bandsaw. Denser woods such as ebony and oak produce a mellower sound than light woods. These sounds are notable for their comical, often human sounds.<ref name="oddmusic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oddmusic.com/gallery/om08800.html|title=Daxophone,experimental musical instrument invented by Hans Reichel,bowed and plucked idiophone|website=Oddmusic.com|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

Another vital part is the ''dax'', sanded into a curved shape approximately 150 mm long and 50 mm tall, with a custom width tailored to the player's hands, and curved on both sides to allow for frictionless pitch changing.<ref name="efi"/> One side of the dax is fretted according to a random logarithmic succession, while the other is left unfretted and covered with a sheet of cardboard for a mellower sound and to preserve the surface. Two large fingerholes are drilled through the sides.

Reichel has documented the construction of the instrument in a way that a skilled woodworker could build their own. Plans are downloadable from [http://www.daxo.de his website], with a collection of proven shapes for the tongue delivered in the file format of a font, thus playing on Reichel's other profession as a typeface designer.

== Usage == [[File:Hans-Reichel E. Dieter-Fraenzel.jpg|thumb|A daxophone being played by the inventor, Hans Reichel]] thumb|start=49|Improvised daxophone performance by Korean artist Joyul Normally, the daxophone is played by bowing the free end with a bow, most commonly a double bass bow, but it can also be struck or plucked, which propagates sound in the same way a ruler halfway off a table does.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oddstrument.com/2008/09/15/what-instrument-would-dr-seuss-play-a-daxophone-perhaps/ |title=The Daxophone, An Odd Instrument by Hans Reichel |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819081955/http://oddstrument.com/2008/09/15/what-instrument-would-dr-seuss-play-a-daxophone-perhaps/ |archive-date=2009-08-19 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Vibrations then continue to the wooden-block base, which in turn is amplified by the contact microphone(s) therein. The timbre is adjusted by where it is bowed, and where along its length it is stopped with the ''dax''. One side of the dax is fretted according to a randomly chosen logarithmic succession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daxo.de/download/DaxInfo.pdf.zip |title=Some information on the daxophone|author=Hans Reichel|quotation=19 MB|website=Daxo.de}}</ref> The frequency interval between each fret in the succession will change due to the difference in pitch range between tongues, which is why the unfretted side is more frequently used for playing tonally in known compositions.

==Film scores== The 2022 horror film ''Smile'' features the daxophone as the lead instrument in its music score.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/smile-horror-score-music-composer-1235404446/ |title=Scoring ''Smile'', Sans Strings or Synths: How the Composer Made a Horror Hit Even Creepier With an Unusual Instrument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629224856/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/smile-horror-score-music-composer-1235404446/ |archive-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>

The 2024 supernatural mystery film ''The Watchers'', directed by Ishana Night Shymalan and scored by Abel Korzeniowski, features daxophone on nearly every track of the score. It is the first time sections of daxophones have been used as an orchestral texture. The daxophones made for this film score were built by luthier John C.L. Jansen, and feature a new type of extended contrabass tongue, developed and built by the request of the composer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=THE WATCHERS – Abel Korzeniowski |url=https://moviemusicuk.us/2024/06/25/the-watchers-abel-korzeniowski/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=MOVIE MUSIC UK |language=en}}</ref>

== List of daxophonists and discography ==

*Daniel Fishkin **You're A Strong One **[https://triptickstapes.bandcamp.com/album/dark-listening Dark Listening] *Michael Hearst (born 1972) **Michael Hearst Songs For Unusual Creatures (2012) (Urban Geek Records) *Hans Reichel (1949–2011) **The Dawn of Dachsman (1987, FMP) **Shanghaied on Tor Road: The World's 1st Operetta Performed on Nothing but the Daxophone (1992, FMP CD 46) **Lower Lurum (1993/1994, Rastascan BRD 016) **Yuxo: A New Daxophone Operetta (2002, A/L/L 003) *Mark Stewart *Kazuhisa Uchihashi **King Pawns: Live in Berlin 2006 (with Hans Reichel, Innocentrecords ZEN-006) **Talking Daxophone (2018, Daxophone solo series, Innocentrecords icr-23) **Singing Daxophone (2021, Daxophone solo series 2, Innocentrecords icr-25) *Oneohtrix Point Never (real name Daniel Lopatin) ** Black Snow from Age Of (2018, Warp Records via Inertia Music) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stoneyroads.com/2018/05/oneohtrix-point-never-releases-self-directed-video-for-black-snow/|title=Oneohtrix Point Never releases self-directed video for 'Black Snow'|website=Stoneyroads.com|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

== See also == *Musical saw

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons category}}

*[http://www.fmp-label.de/freemusicproduction/musiker/reichel.html Hans Reichel's FMP releases] *[http://dfiction.com/blog/2014/08/building-a-daxophone-with-hans-reichel-2007/ Reichel's step-by-step construction of a daxophone] *{{YouTube|F0IZxu3OJt8|Daxophone demonstration by Mark Stewart}} *Album by American daxophonist Daniel Fishkin, featuring some live-looped daxophone recordings *[https://vimeo.com/371052427 video showcasing the process of building daxophones by Daniel Fishkin] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XkqyKt0DyY The Daxophone - An Acoustic Synthesizer - Audio demonstration by Richard van Hoesel]

Category:Individual friction plaques Category:Bowed instruments Category:Amplified instruments Category:Experimental musical instruments Category:Continuous pitch instruments