{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨l⟩ in IPA}} {{For|consonants followed by superscript {{IPA|ˡ}}|Lateral release (phonetics)}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=l |ipa number=155 |decimal=108 |x-sampa=l |braille=l |imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x006C.svg }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced dental lateral approximant |ipa symbol=l̪ |imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x006C+0x032A.svg }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced postalveolar lateral approximant |ipa symbol=l̠ }}
'''Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants''' are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "l" sound in "lift". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents them is {{angbr IPA|l}}.
As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, {{IPA|/l̥/}} are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}}.
In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} becomes velarized ("dark ''l''") in certain contexts. {{anchor|clear l}} By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear ''l''" (also called "light ''l''"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adjaye|first=Sophia|title=Ghanaian English Pronunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5xiAAAAMAAJ|date= 2005|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-6208-3|page=198|quote= realization of {{IPA|/l/}} is similar to that of RP: a 'clear' or non-velarized {{IPA|/l/}} = {{IPA|[l]}} pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized {{IPA|/l/}} = {{IPA|[ɫ]}} pre-consonantally and pre-pausally}}</ref> Some languages have only clear ''l''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Celce-Murcia|first1=Marianne|display-authors=etal |title=Teaching Pronunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqgvZq4T4foC&pg=PA84|date= 2010|publisher=Cambridge U. Press|isbn=978-0-521-72975-8|page=84|quote= the light {{IPA|/l/}} used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g., {{lang|de|Licht}} "light," {{lang|de|viel}} "much, many") or in French (e.g., {{lang|fr|lit}} "bed", {{lang|fr|île}} "island")}}</ref> Others may not have a clear ''l'' at all, or have it only before front vowels (especially {{IPAblink|i}}).
==Features== Features of voiced alveolar lateral approximants:
{{approximant}} * There are four specific place of articulation variants of {{IPA|[l]}}: ** Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. ** Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. ** Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. ** Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{lateral}} {{pulmonic}}
==Occurrence== Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages.<ref>Schirmer's pocket music dictionary</ref> However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before {{IPA|/θ/}} in languages that have it, as in English ''hea'''l'''th''.
{{Multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300 |image1=An outline of English phonetics fig30.png|alt1=[i]-colored [l] (sagittal) |class1=skin-invert-image |image2=An outline of English phonetics fig31.png|alt2=[u]-colored [l] (sagittal) |class2=skin-invert-image |image3=An outline of English phonetics fig32.png|alt3=[ə]-colored [l] (sagittal) |class3=skin-invert-image |image4=An outline of English phonetics fig33.png|alt4=[i]-colored [l] (palatogram) |class4=skin-invert-image |image5=An outline of English phonetics fig37.png|alt5=[u]-colored [l] (palatogram) |class5=skin-invert-image |image6=An outline of English phonetics fig38.png|alt6=[ə]-colored [l] (palatogram) |class6=skin-invert-image |footer=Sagittal sections and palatograms of the vowel-colored coronal laterals {{IPA|[lⁱ]}}, {{IPA|[lᵘ]}}, and {{IPA|[lᵊ]}}. }} Coronal laterals are often colored by surrounding vowels in their articulation, as the main portion of the tongue body remains free.{{sfnp|Jones|1922}}{{sfnp|Recasens|2012}}{{sfnp|Szalay|Proctor|Gully|Piyadasa|2024}} If necessary, this coloring can be transcribed with superscript vowels, such as {{angbr IPA|lⁱ lᵘ lᵊ}}.{{sfnp|Jones|1922|p=44}}{{efn|Technically speaking, a {{IPA|[u]}}-colored {{IPA|[lᵘ]}} is equivalent to a velarized {{IPA|[ɫ]}} ("dark ''l''"), while a {{IPA|[i]}}-colored {{IPA|[lⁱ]}} is equivalent to a plain {{IPA|[l]}} ("clear ''l''"). However, the typical clear–dark distinction implies only two forms of an alveolar {{IPA|/l/}}, when in fact any vowel may color its articulation, as shown by {{harvtxt|Jones|1922|p=45}} with palatograms of the additional examples {{IPA|[lᵉ], [lᵓ], [lᵅ], [lᵊ]}}; and by {{harvcoltxt|Szalay|Proctor|Gully|Piyadasa|2024}} with MRI and formant analysis confirming a three-way {{IPA|[lⁱ]–[lᵅ]–[lᵘ]}} distinction.}}
===Dental or denti-alveolar=== {{anchor|Dental}} {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | Arabic | Gulf{{sfnp|Qafisheh|1977|pp=2, 14}} | {{lang|afb|'''لـ'''ين}}/{{Transliteration|afb|'''l'''een}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪eːn]}} | 'when' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Arabic phonology |- | rowspan="2" |Chinese |Cantonese | {{lang|yue|蘭}}/{{Transliteration|yue|'''l'''aan4}} |align=center|[l̪an˨˩] | rowspan="2" |'orchid' | |- |Mandarin |{{lang|cmn|蘭}}/{{Transliteration|cmn|'''l'''án}} |align=center|[l̪an˨˥] | |- |colspan=2| Hungarian{{sfnp|Siptár|Törkenczy|2000|pp=75–76}} | {{lang|hu|e'''l'''em}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɛl̪ɛm]}} | 'battery' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology |- |colspan=2| Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}} | {{lang|it|mo'''l'''to}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈmol̪ːt̪o]}} | 'much, a lot' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/}}.{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}} See Italian phonology |- |colspan=2| Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} | {{lang|mk|'''л'''ево}}/{{Transliteration|mk|'''l'''evo}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪e̞vo̞]}} | 'left' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology |- |colspan=2| Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|arn|'''ḻ'''afkeṉ}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]}} | 'sea, lake' | Interdental.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} |- | Norwegian | Urban East{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} | {{lang|no|an'''l'''egg}} | {{IPA|[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]}} | 'plant (industrial)' | Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} after {{IPA|/n, t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} See Norwegian phonology |- |colspan=2|Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255-259}} | {{lang|es|a'''l'''tar}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äl̪ˈt̪äɾ]}} | 'altar' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/t/, /d/}}. See Spanish phonology |- | Swedish | Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} | {{lang|sv|a'''ll'''t}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äl̪t̪]}} | 'everything' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology |- |colspan=2| Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} | {{lang|uz|ke'''l'''ajak}} |align=center| {{IPA|[kel̪ædʒæk]}} | 'future' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} |- | Vietnamese | Hanoi{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} | {{lang|vi|'''l'''ửa}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]}} | 'fire' | See Vietnamese phonology |}
===Alveolar=== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | Arabic | Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=38}} | {{lang|ar|لا|rtl=yes}}/{{Transliteration|ar|'''l'''ā}} |align=center| {{IPA|[laʔ]}} | 'no' | See Arabic phonology |- | Armenian | Eastern{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=20}} | {{lang|hy|'''լ'''ուսին}}/{{Transliteration|hy|'''l'''usin}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|lusin.ogg |[lusin]}} | 'moon' | |- | colspan=2 | Assyrian | {{lang|syr|ܠܚܡܐ}}/{{Transliteration|syr|'''l'''äḳma}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lεxma]}} | 'bread' | |- | colspan="2" |Bengali |{{Lang|bn|'''ল'''ম্বা}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[lɔmbɐ]}} |'long' |See Bengali phonology |- | rowspan="2" | Catalan{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}<ref name="ESDCL">{{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | website= Els Sons del Català|url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central}}<br />{{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | website= Els Sons del Català |url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-nord-occidental}}</ref> | Eastern | rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|te'''l'''a}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛlə]}} | rowspan="2" | 'fabric' | rowspan="2" | Apical 'front alveolar'.{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}<ref name="ESDCL"/> May also be velarized.{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}} See Catalan phonology |- | Western | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛlɛ̈]}} |- | colspan="2" |Chuvash||{{lang|cv|ху'''л'''а}}||align=center|[хu'la]||'city' |- |rowspan=2|Dutch | Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}} | {{lang|nl|'''l'''aten}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈl̻aːt̻ə]}} | 'to let' | Laminal. Some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}} See Dutch phonology |- | Some Eastern accents{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} |{{lang|nl|ma'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[mɑl̻]}} |'mold' |Laminal; realization of {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} See Dutch phonology |- | colspan="2" |Dhivehi |{{lang|dv|ލަވަ}}/{{lang|dv-Latn|'''l'''ava}} |align=center| {{IPA|[laʋa]}} |'song' | |- |rowspan=2| English | Most accents{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} | '''''l'''et'' |align=center | {{IPA|[lɛt]}} | 'to let' | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} |- | Irish, Geordie<ref name="mark jones">{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Mark|title=Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes|url=http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/people/mark/sounds&words_week4_2010_handout.pdf|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> | ''te'''ll''''' |align=center| {{IPA|[tʰɛl]}} | 'to tell' | |- | colspan="2" | Esperanto | {{lang|eo|'''l'''uno}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈluno]}} | 'moon' | See Esperanto phonology |- | colspan="2" | Filipino | {{lang|tl|'''l'''uto}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈluto]}} | 'to cook' | See Filipino phonology |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Georgian |'''''ლ'''ექსი/'''l'''eksi'' | align=center | {{IPA|[le̞kʰs̪i]}} | 'verse/poetry' | rowspan="2" |See Georgian phonology |- |''რბი'''ლ'''ი/rbi'''l'''i'' | align=center | {{IPA|[ɾbili]}} | 'soft' |- | colspan=2|Greek | {{lang|el|'''λ'''έξη}}/{{Transliteration|el|'''l'''éksi}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈleksi]}} | 'word' | See Modern Greek phonology |- | colspan=2|Hebrew |{{lang|heb|'''ל'''י'''ל'''ה}}/{{lang|heb-Latn|'''l'''ai'''l'''a}} | align=center|{{IPA|['lajla]}} |'night' |See Modern Hebrew phonology. |- |colspan=2| Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=132}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|it|'''l'''etto}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈlɛt̪ːo]}} | 'bed' | Apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}} See Italian phonology |- |colspan=2| Japanese | {{lang|ja-Hani|六}}/{{Transliteration|ja|'''r'''oku}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]}} | 'six' | Apical.{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=92}} More commonly {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. See Japanese phonology |- |colspan=2| Kashubian<ref name="treder">{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> | {{example needed|date=November 2013}} | | | |- |colspan="2" | Khmer | {{lang|km|ភ្លេង}}/{{Transliteration|km|ph'''l'''éng}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʰleːŋ]}} | 'music' | See Khmer phonology |- |colspan=2| Korean | {{lang|ko|일}}/{{Transliteration|ko|i'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[il]}} | 'one' or 'work' | Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See Korean phonology. |- |colspan=2| Kyrgyz{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} | {{lang|ky|көпө'''л'''өк}}/{{Transliteration|ky|köpö'''l'''ök}} |align=center| {{IPA|[køpøˈløk]}} | 'butterfly' | Velarized in back vowel contexts. See Kyrgyz phonology |- | colspan="2" |Laghu |{{Lang|lgb|'''l'''aghu}} |{{IPA|[lagu]}} |'Laghu language' | |- |Laghuu |Nậm Sài, Sa Pa Town | colspan="2" |{{IPA|[la˧˨ ɣɯ˥]}} |'Laghuu language' | |- |colspan="2"|Malayalam |{{Lang|ml|തല}} |{{IPA|[t̪ɐlɐ]}} |'head' |See Malayalam phonology |- |colspan=2| Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|arn|e'''l'''un}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ëˈlʊn]}} | 'to give' | |- | colspan="2" |Nepali |{{Lang|ne|'''ला'''मो}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lämo]}} |'long' |See Nepali phonology |- | colspan="2" |Odia{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=107}} |{{Lang|or|ଭ'''ଲ'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[bʰɔlɔ]}} |'good' | |- | colspan="2" |Persian |{{lang|fa|لاما|rtl=yes}}/{{Transliteration|fa|'''l'''āmā}} | align=center| {{IPA|[lɒmɒ]}} | 'llama' | See Persian phonology |- |colspan=2| Polish{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|p=130}} | {{lang|pl|po'''l'''e}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-pole-2.ogg|[ˈpɔlɛ]}} | 'field' | Contrasts with {{IPA|[ɫ̪]}} ({{IPA|/w/}}) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to {{IPA|[lʲ]}}. See Polish phonology |- |colspan=2| Romanian{{sfnp|Chițoran|2001|p=10}} | {{lang|ro|a'''l'''ună}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äˈlun̪ə]}} | 'hazelnut' | Apical. See Romanian phonology |- |colspan=2| Scottish Gaelic<ref>{{cite web|title=The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic|url=http://akerbeltz.org/images/0/08/Guide_detailed_with_examples.pdf}}</ref> | {{lang|gd|mao'''il'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[mɯːl]}} | 'headland' | Apical.{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=125}} Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology |- |colspan=2| Slovak{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} | {{lang|sk|m'''ĺ'''kvy}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|SK-mlkvy.ogg|[ˈml̩ːkʋi]}} | 'silent' | Syllabic form can be long or short. See Slovak phonology |- |colspan=2| Slovene{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} | {{lang|sl|'''l'''eta'''l'''o}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]}} | 'airplane' | See Slovene phonology |- |colspan=2| Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} | {{lang|es|hab'''l'''ar}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äˈβ̞läɾ]}} | 'to speak' | See Spanish phonology |- |colspan=2| Tamil{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=111}} | {{lang|ta|புலி}}/{{Transliteration|ta|pu'''l'''i}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pul̪i]}} | 'tiger' | See Tamil phonology |- | colspan="2" |Welsh | {{lang|cy|diafo'''l'''}} |[djavɔl] |'devil' |See Welsh phonology |- |colspan=2| Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=10}} | {{lang|uk|об'''л'''иччя}}/{{Transliteration|uk|ob'''l'''ychchya}} |align=center| {{IPA|[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]}} | 'face' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology |}
===Postalveolar=== {{See also|Palatal lateral approximant|Retroflex lateral approximant}} {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | Igbo | Standard{{sfnp|Ikekeonwu|1999|p=108}} | {{lang|ig|'''l'''ì}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̠ì]}} | 'bury' | |- |colspan=2| Italian{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}} | {{lang|it|i'''l''' cervo}} |align=center| {{IPA|[il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo]}} | 'the deer' | Palatalized laminal; allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}} See Italian phonology |- |colspan=2| Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}} | {{lang|tr|'''l'''a'''l'''e}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Tur-lale.ogg|[ʎ̟äːˈʎ̟ɛ]}} | 'tulip' | Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral {{IPAblink|ɫ̟}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}} May be devoiced elsewhere. See Turkish phonology |- | Zapotec | Tilquiapan{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} | {{lang|zts|'''l'''an}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̠an]}} | 'soot' | |}
===Variable=== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- |colspan=2| Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} | {{lang|fo|'''l'''inur}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈliːnʊɹ]}} | 'soft' | Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic {{IPA|/l/}} may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See Faroese phonology |- |colspan=2| French{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}} | {{lang|fr|i'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[il]}} | 'he' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}} See French phonology |- | Gbe | All lects{{sfnp|Capo|1991|pp=49-50}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ml̃ɔ̃˥ ]}} | 'to lie down' | Occurs syllable-initially or as second element of syllable-initial cluster; nasalized {{IPA|[l̃]}} is always followed by a nasal vowel.{{sfnp|Capo|1991|pp=49-50}} See Gbe phonology |- | German | Standard{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=49}} | {{lang|de|'''L'''iebe}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈliːbə]}} | 'love' | Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=49}} |- | Norwegian | Urban East{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=24–25}} | {{lang|no|'''l'''iv}} |align=center| {{IPA|[liːʋ]}} | 'life' | In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after {{IPA|/n, t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=24–25}} See Norwegian phonology |- |rowspan=2| Portuguese |rowspan=2| Most Brazilian dialects,<ref>[http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101023330/http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf |date=2011-11-01 }}. Page 2. {{in lang|pt}}</ref>{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}}<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf |date=2012-03-30 }}</ref> some EP speakers<ref name="FinleyRodrigues2019">{{cite journal|last1=Finley|first1=Sara|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Susana|last3=Martins|first3=Fernando|last4=Silva|first4=Susana|last5=Jesus|first5=Luis M. T.|title=/l/ velarisation as a continuum|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=3|year=2019|article-number=e0213392|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213392|pmid=30856195|pmc=6411127|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413392R|doi-access=free}}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{lang|pt|'''l'''ero-'''l'''ero}}}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈlɛɾʊ ˈlɛɾʊ]}} | 'runaround'<ref>[http://www.lerolero.com/ Runaround generator]</ref> |rowspan=2 colspan=2| Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar.{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}} Only occurs in syllable onset, with l-vocalization widely occurring in coda. Sometimes found before front vowels only in the European variety. See Portuguese phonology. |- | {{lang|pt|'''L'''ituânia}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Pt-br-lituânia.ogg|[l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]}} | 'Lithuania' |}
==Velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant <span class="anchor" id="Dark L"></span><span class="anchor" id="dark l"></span>== {{distinguish|Voiced velar lateral approximant}} {{Infobox IPA | above = Voiced velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant | ipa symbol = ɫ | ipa symbol2 = lˠ | ipa symbol3 = lˤ | ipa number = 209 | decimal = 108 | decimal2 = 736 | x-sampa = 5 '''or''' l_G '''or''' l_?\ | imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x026B.svg }}
A '''voiced velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant''' (also known as '''dark ''l''''') is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are {{angbr IPA|lˠ}} (for a velarized lateral) and {{angbr IPA|lˤ}} (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter {{angbr IPA|ɫ}}, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted {{angbr IPA|ɬ}}, which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway<ref>For example {{Harvcoltxt|Beal|2004}}.</ref> – though such usage is considered non-standard.
If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: {{angbr IPA|l̪ˠ}}, {{angbr IPA|l̪ˤ}}, {{angbr IPA|ɫ̪}}.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark ''l'' tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) ''l'' tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=4}}
The term '''dark ''l''''' is often synonymous with '''hard ''l''''', especially in Slavic languages. ({{cf.|hard consonant}}s)
===Features=== Features of a dark l:
{{approximant}} * There are four specific place of articulation variants of {{IPA|[ɫ]}}: ** Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth. ** Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. ** Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=4}} the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. ** Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. *It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively. {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{lateral}} {{pulmonic}}
===Occurrence=== ====Dental or denti-alveolar==== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- |colspan=2| Bashkir | {{lang|ba|ҡа'''л'''а}}/{{Transliteration|ba|qa'''l'''a}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡала.ogg|[qɑˈɫɑ]}} | 'city' | Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts. |- |colspan=2| Belarusian{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|pp=50–51}} | {{lang|be|Бе'''л'''арусь}}/{{Transliteration|be|Bie'''ł'''aruś}} |align=center| {{IPA|[bʲɛɫ̪äˈrusʲ]}} | 'Belarus' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology |- |colspan=2| Bulgarian<ref>Bulgarian phonology</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}} | {{lang|bg|сто'''л'''}}/{{Transliteration|bg|sto'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[stoɫ̪]}} | 'chair' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Bulgarian phonology |- |colspan=2| Catalan{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}}{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} || {{lang|ca|a'''l'''t}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɑɫ̪(t̪)]}} | 'tall' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} See Catalan phonology |- |colspan=2| Classical Armenian{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}}{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} || {{lang|xcl|խա'''ղ'''եր}}/{{Transliteration|xcl|xa'''ł'''er}} |align=center| {{IPA|[χɑɫɛɹ]}} | 'games' |{{IPAslink|ʁ}} {{Transliteration|hy|ġ}} in modern Armenian. |- |colspan=2| Icelandic{{sfnp|Scholten|2000|p=22}} | {{lang|is|si'''gl'''di}} |align=center| {{IPA|[s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ]}} | 'sailed' | Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology |- | Kashubian | Older southeastern speakers<ref name="treder"/> | ''kôłbasa'' | colspan="2" | | Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as {{IPAblink|w}} by other speakers.<ref name="treder"/> |- |colspan=2| Lithuanian{{sfnp|Mathiassen|1996|p=23}} | {{lang|lt|'''l'''abas}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪]}} | 'hi' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Lithuanian phonology |- |colspan=2| Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|pp=11–12}} | {{lang|mk|'''л'''ук}}/{{Transliteration|mk|'''l'''uk}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ɫ̪uk]}} | 'garlic' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels ({{IPA|/u, o, a/}}) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology |- | Norwegian | Urban East{{sfnp|Mathiassen|1996|p=23}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} | {{lang|no|ta'''l'''e}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə]}} | 'speech' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} after {{IPA|/ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/}}, and sometimes also after {{IPA|/u, uː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} However, according to {{Harvcoltxt|Endresen|1990}}, this allophone is not velarized.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Endresen|1990|p=177}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}}</ref> See Norwegian phonology |- | Polish | Eastern dialects{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|p=130}} | {{lang|pl|'''ł'''apa}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɫ̪äpä]}} | 'paw' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to {{IPA|[w]}} in other varieties. See Polish phonology |- |colspan=2| Russian{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=168}} | {{lang|ru|ма'''л'''ый}}/{{Transliteration|ru|ma'''l'''yj}} |align=center|{{Audio-IPA|Ru-малый.ogg|[ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j]}} | 'small' | Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology |- |colspan=2| Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Ó Dochartaigh|1997}} | {{lang|gd|Ma'''ll'''aig}} | align=center|{{IPA|[ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ]}} | 'Mallaig' | Apical dental, occasionally laminal.{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=123}} In certain dialects manifests as {{IPAblink|w}} or {{IPA|[l̪ˠw]}}. Contrasts with {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology |- |Swedish |Northern Västerbotten{{sfnp|Dahlstedt|Ågren|1954}} |''ka'''ll''''' |align=center|{{IPA|[ˈkɒɫː]}} |'cold' |Allophone of /lː/ |- |colspan=2| Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}} | {{lang|tr|'''l'''a'''l'''a}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ɫ̟ɑˈɫ̟ɑ]}} | 'servant' | Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral {{IPAblink|ʎ̟}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}} May be devoiced elsewhere. See Turkish phonology |}
====Alveolar==== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | Afrikaans | Standard{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=17}}{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}} | {{lang|af|tafe'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈtɑːfəɫ]}} | 'table' | Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=17}}{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}} See Afrikaans phonology |- | Albanian | Standard | {{lang|sq|'''ll'''u'''ll'''ë}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɫuɫə]}} | 'smoking pipe' | |- | Arabic | Standard{{sfnp|Watson|2002|p=16}} | {{lang|ar|الله|rtl=yes}}/{{transliteration|ar|ʼA'''ll'''ah}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ʔaɫˈɫaːh]}} | 'God' | Also transcribed as {{angbr IPA|lˤ}}. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce {{IPA|[l]}}. See Arabic phonology |- |rowspan=2| Catalan{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}} | Eastern | rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|a'''l'''}} | align=center | {{IPA|[əɫ]}} | rowspan="2" | 'to the' | rowspan=2 | Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology |- | Western | align=center | {{IPA|[ɑɫ]}} |- |rowspan=2|Dutch | Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=58, 197, 222}} | {{lang|nl|ma'''ll'''en}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈmɑɫ̻ə]}} | 'molds' | Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels {{IPA|/ɔ, ɑ/}}. Many northern speakers realize the final {{IPA|/l/}} as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid {{IPA|[ɤˤ]}}, whereas some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=58, 197, 222}} See Dutch phonology |- | Some Netherlandic accents{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} | {{lang|nl|'''l'''aten}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə]}} | 'to let' | Pharyngealized laminal; realization of {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} See Dutch phonology |- |rowspan=8| English{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=73}} | Australian |rowspan=7| ''fee'''l''''' |rowspan=7 align=center| {{Audio-IPA|en-us-feel.ogg| [fiːɫ]}} |rowspan=7| 'feel' |rowspan=7| Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology, and English phonology |- | Canadian |- | Dublin |- | General American |- | New Zealand |- | Received Pronunciation |- | South African |- | Scottish | '''''l'''och'' |align=center| {{IPA|[ɫɔx]}} | 'loch' | Can be always dark except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic |- | Greek | Northern dialects<ref>[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/studies/dialects/thema_b_2/index.html Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language]</ref>|| | {{lang|el|μπά'''λα'''}}/{{Transliteration|el|bá'''ll'''a}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈbaɫa]}} | 'ball' | Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/a o u/}}. See Modern Greek phonology |- | colspan="2" |Georgian |{{lang|ka|ჟო'''ლ'''ო}}/{{Transliteration|ka|zho'''l'''o}} |[ˈʒo̞ɫo̞] |'raspberry' |An allophone of /l/ before /o u/ and /a/. See Georgian phonology |- |Kurdish || Sorani | {{lang|ckb|gâ'''l'''ta}}/گاڵتا |align=center|{{IPA|[gɑːɫˈtʲaː]}} |'joke' |See Kurdish phonology |- | Romanian | Bessarabian dialect{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} | {{lang|ro|ca'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[kaɫ]}} | 'horse' | Corresponds to non-velarized {{IPA|l}}{{fix|text=in which environments?}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |- |colspan=2| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Gick|Campbell|Oh|Tamburri-Watt|2006|p=?}} | {{lang|sh|'''л'''ак}}/{{lang|sh-Latn|'''l'''ak}}/لاق |align=center| {{IPA|[ɫâ̠k]}} | 'easy' | Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ʎ}}. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |- |colspan=2| Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} | {{example needed|date=November 2013}} | | | Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} |}
====Variable {{anchor|Portuguese dark l}}==== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- |rowspan=2| Portuguese | European{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=93}} | {{lang|pt|mi'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[miɫ̪]}} | 'thousand' | Dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers, though less so before front vowels.<ref>[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.511.3900&rep=rep1&type=pdf On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese] Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)</ref><ref name="FinleyRodrigues2019"/> |- | Older and conservative Brazilian<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf |date=2016-02-06 }} Page 36.</ref><ref>TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.</ref>{{sfnp|Bisol|2005|p=211}}<ref>[https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1 "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina] {{in lang|pt}}. Page 49.</ref> | {{lang|pt|á'''l'''coo'''l'''}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪]}} | 'alcohol, ethanol' | When {{IPA|[lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ]}},<ref>[https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1 "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina] {{in lang|pt}}. Page 52.</ref> most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w|u̯}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]}} in most of Brazil (as in EP in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).<ref>MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981</ref> Stigmatized realizations such as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɽ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɻ}}]}}, the {{IPA|/ʁ/}} range, {{IPAblink|j}} and even {{IPA|[∅]}} (zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.<ref>[http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216082835/http://www.pucrs.br/edipucrs/portuguesdosuldobrasil.pdf |date=2019-12-16 }} Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.</ref> See Portuguese phonology |}
==See also== * Index of phonetics articles * Lateral consonant * Velarization * ''L''-vocalization * Ł
==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Notelist|30em}}
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== External links == * [https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/narrower/dark-l.html Dark L] * {{phoible|l}} * {{phoible|ɫ}}
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Category:Alveolar consonants Category:Dental consonants Category:Postalveolar consonants Category:Lateral consonants Category:Pulmonic consonants Category:Oral consonants