{{short description|Jargon word for redundant, obtrusive material, originally used in computing}} {{about|a computing term}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} '''Cruft''' is a jargon word for anything that is left over, redundant, and getting in the way. It is used particularly for defective, superseded, useless, superfluous, or dysfunctional elements in computer software.
==History== thumb|The name of Harvard Cruft Laboratory is one possible origin of the term
Around 1958, the term was used in the sense of "garbage" by students frequenting the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).<ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Levy |author-link=Steven Levy |title=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution |edition=25th Anniversary |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=2010 |isbn=9781449393748 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mShXzzKtpmEC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mShXzzKtpmEC&q=%22garbage+was+called+cruft%22&pg=PA8 8]}}</ref> In the 1959 edition of the club's dictionary, it was defined as "that which magically amounds in the Clubroom just before you walk in to clean up. In other words, rubbage".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Samson |first=Peter R. |author-link=Peter Samson |date=September 2005 |orig-date=June 1959 |title=AN ABRIDGED DICTIONARY of the TMRC LANGUAGE |url=http://www.gricer.com/tmrc/dictionary1959.html |access-date=March 6, 2026 |website=gricer.com}}</ref> Its author Peter Samson later explained that this was meant in the sense of "detritus, that which needs to be swept up and thrown out. The dictionary has no definition for 'crufty,' a word I didn't hear until some years later".<ref name=":0" /> In 2008 it was also used to refer to alumni who remain socially active at MIT.<ref>{{cite web |last=B |first=Paul |date=19 August 2008 |title=Speaking MITese |url=http://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/speaking_mitese |access-date=8 June 2016 |website=MIT Admissions |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |type=Blog}}</ref>
The origin of the term is uncertain, but it may be derived from Harvard University's Cruft Laboratory. Built in 1915 as a gift from a donor named Harriet Otis Cruft,<ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED--> |date=March 10, 1916 |title=Bronze Tablet Erected in Cruft Memorial Laboratory |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1916/3/10/bronze-tablet-erected-in-cruft-memorial/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Harvard Crimson |department=News}}</ref> it housed the Harvard Physics Department's radar lab during World War II.
==Software== The FreeBSD handbook uses the term to refer to leftover or superseded object code that accumulates in a folder or directory when software is recompiled and new executables and data files are produced.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/makeworld.html | title=20.4.16.6. What do I do if something goes wrong? | work=FreeBSD Handbook |edition=3rd | access-date=2007-08-18}}</ref> Such cruft, if required for the new executables to work properly, can cause the BSD equivalent of dependency hell.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D27 |date=2011-04-04 |title=A nice picture of (dependency) hell |url=http://disfunksioneel.blogspot.com/2011/04/linux-software-dependencies.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=disfunksioneel |type=Blog}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2026}} The word is also used to describe instances of unnecessary, leftover or just poorly written source code in a computer program that is then uselessly, or even harmfully, compiled into object code.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Software Quality Definitions |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/definition/cruft |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=TechTarget |publisher=Informa}}</ref>
Cruft accumulation may result in technical debt, which can subsequently make adding new features or modifying existing features—even to improve performance—more difficult and time-consuming.
In the context of Internet or Web addresses (Uniform Resource Locators or "URLs"), cruft refers to the characters that are relevant or meaningful only to the people who created the site, such as implementation details of the computer system which serves the page. Examples of URL cruft could include filename extensions such as ''.php'' or ''.html'', and internal organizational details such as ''/public/'' or ''/Users/john/work/drafts/''.<ref name="T B-L">{{cite web |last=Berners-Lee |first=Tim |year=1998 |title=Hypertext Style: Cool URIs don't change |url=http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI |access-date=2007-08-18 |work=W3C Style |quote={{nowrap|What makes a cool URI? /}} {{nowrap|A cool URI is one which does not change. /}} {{nowrap|What sorts of URI change? /}} {{nowrap|''URIs don't change: people change them''.}}}}</ref>
==Computer hardware== Cruft may also refer to unused and out-of-date computer paraphernalia, collected through upgrading, inheritance, or simple acquisition, both deliberate and through circumstance.<ref name="jargon-crufty">{{cite web |date=1993 |title=crufty |url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/C/crufty.html |work=The Jargon File, version 4.4.7}}</ref> This accumulated hardware, however, often has benefit when IT systems administrators, technicians, and the like have need for critical replacement parts. An unused machine or component similar to a production unit could allow near-immediate restoration of the failed unit, as opposed to waiting for a shipped replacement.
==See also== * {{anl|AI slop}} * Software bloat * Dead-code elimination, the automatic removal of unnecessary code by compilers * Duplicate code * Feature creep * Muda (Japanese term) * Spaghetti code * Non-coding DNA * Vestigiality
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== {{wiktionary}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180218045352/http://www.cryptonomicon.com/beginning.html In the Beginning...was the Command Line] – article by Neal Stephenson which includes coverage of the "cruft" concept. * [http://www.ddj.com/architect/184405140 Verity Stob's Index of Cruftidity] at Dr. Dobb's Journal
Category:Pejorative terms related to technology Category:Computing terminology