Salix babylonica

{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{Redirect|Weeping willow||Weeping Willow (disambiguation){{!}}Weeping Willow}} {{Speciesbox |name = Weeping willow |image = Château de Chenonceau - jardin Russell-Page (01).jpg |image_caption = | status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author= Barstow |date=2021 |title=''Salix babylonica '' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T61960227A61960237 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T61960227A61960237.en |access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> |genus = Salix |species = babylonica |authority = L. |synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:777133-1 |title=''Salix babylonica'' L. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=8 September 2020 }}</ref> |synonyms={{Collapsible list| * ''Ficus salix'' H.Lév. & Vaniot * ''Salix babylonica'' var. ''glandulipilosa'' P.I.Mao & W.Z.Li * ''Salix cantoniensis'' Hance * ''Salix capitata'' Y.L.Chou & Skvortsov * ''Salix chinensis'' Burm.f. * ''Salix dependens'' Nakai * ''Salix jeholensis'' Nakai * ''Salix jishiensis'' C.F.Fang & J.Q.Wang * ''Salix lasiogyne'' Seemen * ''Salix lenta'' Fr. * ''Salix matsudana'' Koidz. * ''Salix matsudana'' var. ''anshanensis'' C.Wang & J.Z.Yan * ''Salix matsudana'' var. ''pseudomatsudana'' (Y.L.Chou & Skvortsov) Y.L.Chou * ''Salix napoleonis'' F.W.Schultz * ''Salix neolasiogyne'' Nakai * ''Salix ohsidare'' Kimura * ''Salix pingliensis'' Y.L.Chou * ''Salix pseudogilgiana'' H.Lév. * ''Salix pseudolasiogyne'' H.Lév. * ''Salix pseudomatsudana'' Y.L.Chou & Skvortsov * ''Salix subfragilis'' Andersson * ''Salix yuhkii'' Kimura }}}}

'''''Salix babylonica''''' ('''Babylon willow''' or '''weeping willow'''; {{zh|c=垂柳|p=chuí liǔ}}) is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and Siberia but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005760 ''Salix babylonica'']</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref>

==Description== ''Salix babylonica'' is a medium- to large-sized deciduous tree, growing up to {{convert|20|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. It grows rapidly, but has a short lifespan, between 40 and 75 years. The shoots are yellowish-brown, with small buds. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged, narrow, light green, {{Convert|4–16|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.5–2|cm|4=1|abbr=on}} broad, with finely serrate margins and long acuminate tips; they turn a gold-yellow in autumn. The flowers are arranged in catkins produced early in the spring; it is dioecious, with the male and female catkins on separate trees.<ref name=foc/><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> <gallery> File:Saule pleureur chaton.jpg|Male flowers of ''Salix babylonica'' Image:Willow Salix babylonica.jpg|Pendulous branchlets of ''Salix babylonica'' File:Salix babylonica2.jpg|Bark of ''Salix babylonica'' File:SalixBabylonicaLeaf.jpg|Leaves of ''Salix babylonica'' File:Salso-chorão em Bagé-RS 04.jpg|In Brazil </gallery>

== Taxonomy == ''Salix babylonica'' was described and named scientifically by Carl Linnaeus in 1736, who knew the species as the pendulous-branched ("weeping") variant then recently introduced into the Clifford garden in Hartekamp in The Netherlands.<ref name=Cultivars />

=== Horticultural selections and related hybrids  === {{Redirect|Weeping willow||Weeping Willow (disambiguation){{!}}Weeping Willow}} [[File:Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh.jpg|thumb|Hybrid weeping willows (''Salix × sepulcralis'' 'Chrysocoma') in December, with pendulous yellow branchlets (Central Park)]] Early Chinese cultivar selections include the original weeping willow, ''Salix babylonica'' 'Pendula', in which the branches and twigs are strongly pendulous, which was presumably spread along ancient trade routes.<ref name=Cultivars /> These distinctive trees were subsequently introduced into England from Aleppo in northern Syria in 1730,<ref name=Michigan /> and have rapidly become naturalised, growing well along rivers and in parks. These plants are all females, readily propagated vegetatively, and capable of hybridizing with various other kinds of willows, but not breeding true from seed. This type of tree is grown very easily through plant propagation.

Two cultivated hybrids between pendulous ''Salix babylonica'' and other species of ''Salix'' willows also have pendulous branchlets, and are more commonly planted than ''S. babylonica'' itself:

* ''Salix'' × ''pendulina'', a hybrid with ''S. babylonica'' accepted as the female parent, but with the male parent unidentified, probably being either ''S. euxina'' or ''S''. × ''fragilis'', but perhaps ''S. pentandra''.<ref name=Cultivars />{{#tag:ref|The names ''Salix euxina'' and ''Salix'' × ''fragilis'' as used here follow current (2011) classifications of ''Salix'';{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Santamour and McArdle called these species ''Salix fragilis'' and ''Salix'' × ''rubens'', respectively.|group=note}} Of these possibilities, ''S''. × ''fragilis'' is itself a hybrid, with ''S. alba'' and ''S. euxina'' as parental species.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} * ''Salix'' × ''sepulcralis'', is a hybrid between ''S. alba'' and ''S. babylonica''.<ref name=Cultivars />

Cultivars derived from either of these hybrids are generally better adapted than ''S. babylonica'' to the more humid climates of most heavily populated regions of Europe and North America.<ref name=bean4/><ref name=rdm/>

===Relation to ''Salix matsudana''=== A similar willow species also native to northern China, ''Salix matsudana'' (Chinese willow), is now included in ''Salix babylonica'' as a synonym by many botanists, including the Russian willow expert Alexey Skvortsov.<ref name=Cultivars /><ref name=bean4 /> The only reported difference between the two species is ''S. matsudana'' has two nectaries in each female flower, whereas ''S. babylonica'' has only one; however, this character is variable in many willows (for example, crack willow, ''Salix'' × ''fragilis'', can have either one or two), so even this difference may not be taxonomically significant.<ref name=bean4>Bean, W. J. (1980). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 6. John Murray {{ISBN|0-7195-2428-8}}.</ref> A horticultural variant with twisted twigs and trunk, the corkscrew willow (''S. matsudana'' var. ''tortuosa''), is widely planted.{{cn|date=September 2020}}

== Cultivation == [[File:Claude Monet, Weeping Willow.JPG|thumb|250px|''Weeping Willow'', by Claude Monet (1918)]]

''Salix babylonica'', especially its pendulous-branched ("weeping") form, has been introduced into many other areas, including Europe and the southeastern United States, but beyond China, it has not generally been as successfully cultivated as some of its hybrid derivatives, being sensitive to late-spring frosts. In the more humid climates of much of Europe and eastern North America, it is susceptible to a canker disease, willow anthracnose (''Marssonina salicicola''), which makes infected trees very short-lived and unsightly.<ref name=bean4/><ref name=rdm>Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook No. 4. {{ISBN|0-901158-07-0}}.</ref>

=== Cultivars === ''Salix babylonica'' (Babylon willow) has many cultivars, including:

* 'Babylon' (synonym: 'Napoleon') is the most widely grown cultivar of ''S. babylonica'', with its typical weeping branches.<ref name=Cultivars>Santamour, F.S. & McArdle, A.J. (1988). Cultivars of Salix babylonica and other Weeping Willows. Journal of Arboriculture 14: 180-184</ref> * 'Crispa' (synonym: 'Annularis') is a mutant of 'Babylon', with spirally curled leaves.

Various cultivars of ''Salix matsudana'' (Chinese willow) are now often included within ''Salix babylonica'', treated more broadly, including:

* 'Pendula' is a weeping tree, with a silvery shine, hardier, and more disease resistant. * 'Tortuosa' is an upright tree with twisted and contorted branches, marketed as corkscrew willow.

Other weeping willow cultivars are derived from interspecific ''Salix'' hybrids, including ''S. babylonica'' in their parentage.<ref name=Cultivars /> The most widely grown weeping willow cultivar is ''Salix × sepulcralis'' 'Chrysocoma', with bright yellowish branchlets.<ref name=bean4/><ref name=rdm/>

== Uses == Peking willow is a popular ornamental tree in northern China, and is also grown for wood production and shelterbelts there, being particularly important around the oases of the Gobi Desert, protecting agricultural land from desert winds.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Weeping willow tea has been reported successfully used for rooting a wide variety of plants including but not limited to; goji, Himalayan raspberry, limequat, honeyberry, lemon verbena.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Origin== The epithet ''babylonica'' in this Chinese species' scientific name (''S. babylonica''), as well as the related common names "Babylon willow" or "Babylon weeping willow", derive from a misunderstanding by Linnaeus that this willow was the tree described in the Bible in the opening of Psalm 137 (here in Latin and English translations):

* From the Clementine Vulgate (Latin, 1592): ::<blockquote>Super flumina Babylonis illic sedimus et flevimus, cum recordaremur Sion. :::In salicibus in medio ejus suspendimus organa nostra....</blockquote> :Here, ''"salicibus"'' is the dative plural of the Latin noun ''salix'', the willows, used by Linnaeus as the name for the willow genus ''Salix''.

* From the King James Version (English, 1611): ::<blockquote>By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. :::We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof.</blockquote>

* From the Revised Standard Version (English, 1952): ::<blockquote>By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion :::On the willows there we hung up our lyres....</blockquote>

Despite these Biblical references to "willows", whether in Latin or English, the trees growing in Babylon along the Euphrates River in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and named ''gharab'' in early Hebrew, are not willows (''Salix'') in either the modern or the classical sense, but the Euphrates poplar (''Populus euphratica''), with willow-like leaves on long, drooping shoots, in the related genus ''Populus''.<ref name=Michigan>{{cite book|author=Barnes, Burton V.|author2= W.H. Wagner Jr.|author2-link=Warren H. Wagner|name-list-style=amp|title=Michigan Trees: A guide to the trees of the Great Lakes region (revised and updated)|url=https://archive.org/details/michigantreesgui0000barn|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-08921-5|pages=x + 448 pp}}</ref><ref name=bean4/> Both ''Populus'' and ''Salix'' are in the plant family Salicaceae, the willow family.

These Babylonian trees are correctly called poplars, not willows, in the New International Version of the ''Bible'' (English, 1978): ::<blockquote>By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion :::There on the poplars we hung our harps.</blockquote>

== Explanatory notes == {{Reflist|group=note}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * ''Flora of China:'' {{Citation | last = eFloras | title = Salix babylonica | volume = 4 | page = 186 | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005760 }} * {{PFAF|Salix babylonica}} * {{PFAF|Salix matsudana}}

== External links == * {{Wikispecies inline}} * {{Commons category inline|Salix babylonica}}

babylonica Category:Drought-tolerant trees Category:Flora of China Category:Flora of Japan Category:Flora of Korea Category:Flora of Mongolia Category:Flora of Russia Category:Garden plants of Asia Category:Ornamental trees Category:Phytoremediation plants Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Trees of China Category:Trees of continental subarctic climate Category:Trees of Russia Category:Trees of Siberia Category:Weeping trees