Lapageria

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{speciesbox |image = Lapageria_rosea_Strybing.jpg |image_caption = |genus = Lapageria |parent_authority = Ruiz & Pav. |species = rosea |authority = Ruiz & Pav. |range_map = Lapageria rosea range map.png |range_map_caption = Distribution area of ''Lapageria rosea'' |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/?name_id=280757|title=Plants of the World Online {{pipe}} Kew Science|website=Plants of the World Online}}</ref> |synonyms = *''Philesia rosea'' <small>(Ruiz & Pav.) D.Dietr.</small> *''Lapageria hookeri'' <small>Bridges ex Hook.</small> *''Lapageria alba'' <small>Decne.</small> }}

'''''Lapageria''''' is a genus of flowering plants with only one known species, '''''Lapageria rosea''''', commonly known as '''Chilean bellflower''' or '''copihue''' ({{ipa|es|ko'piwe}}, from Mapudungun ''kopiwe'').<ref name=dicmapuche>{{cite book |title=Diccionario Mapuche: Mapudungun/Español, Español/Mapudungun |language=Spanish |edition=2nd |year=2006 |editor=Muñoz Urrutia, Rafael |publisher=Editorial Centro Gráfico |location=Santiago, Chile |isbn=978-956-8287-99-3 |pages=41, 155 }}</ref> ''Lapageria rosea'' is endemic to Chile and it is the national flower of this country. It grows in forests in the southern part of Chile, being part of the Valdivian temperate rainforests ecoregion flora.

Although the IUCN has not evaluated its conservation status,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lapageria rosea - Overview |url=http://eol.org/pages/1003508/overview |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref> ''Lapageria rosea'' was officially declared "in serious danger of extinction" by the Chilean government in 1971.<ref>Ministry of Agriculture (17 April 1971). «[https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=186603&idVersion=1971-04-17 Decreto 129: Prohíbe la corta, arranque, transporte, tenencia y comercio de copihues (Lapageria rosea)]». ''Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile''. Retrieved 4 January 2026.</ref> The copihue, which has inspired Mapuche legends<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vergara |first1=C. |last2=Von Baer |first2=D. |last3=Hermosín |first3=I. |last4=Ruiz |first4=A. |last5=Hitschfeld |first5=M.A. |last6=Castillo |first6=N. |last7=Mardones |first7=C. |date=June 2009 |title=Anthocyanins that confer characteristic color to red copihue flowers ( Lapageria rosea ) |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-97072009000200023&script=sci_arttext |journal=Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society |location=Concepción |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=194–197 |doi=10.4067/S0717-97072009000200023 |issn=0717-9707|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Mösbach |first=Ernesto Wilhelm |url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0027380.pdf |title=Botánica indígena de Chile |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |year=1992 |isbn=9789561309708 |edition=1st |location=Santiago |page=68 |chapter=Copiu, Copihue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Song, Jr. |first=Leo C. |year=c. 1981 |title=Lapageria rosea. La Flor National de Chile |url=https://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/climbers/lapageria/song.htm |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Roseland House Garden & Nursery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guzmán |first=Nicomedes |title=Autorretrato de Chile |publisher=Editorial Zig-Zag |year=1957 |edition=1st |location=Chile |page=390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Elbert E. |date=July 1964 |title=The Chilean Bellflower, Copihue, Lapageria rosea |url=https://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/climbers/lapageria/reed.htm |journal=California Horticultural Society Journal |publisher=Owen Pearce |volume=25 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Plath |first=Oreste |url=https://www.oresteplath.cl/antologia/geogmitos/geogmitoyleyenda11a.html |title=Geografía del mito y la leyenda chilenos |publisher=Editorial Nascimento |year=1973 |edition=1st |location=Santiago |page=249 |chapter=El copihue rojo (Provincia de Cautín)}}</ref> and has been celebrated in both Chilean literature and music, was officially declared the national flower of Chile on February 24, 1977.<ref>Ministry of the Interior (24 February 1977). «[https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=186604&idVersion=1977-02-24 Decreto 62: Declara al copihue flor nacional]». ''Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile''. Retrieved 4 January 2026.</ref>

==Description== ''Lapageria rosea'' is an evergreen climbing plant reaching over {{convert|10|m|ft|0}} high among shrubs and trees. The leaves are arranged alternately and are evergreen, leathery, lanceolate and feature three to seven prominent parallel veins. The vines twine counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere and clockwise when grown in the Northern hemisphere (likely due to the apparent motion of the sun).

The flowers have six thick, waxy tepals which are most commonly red, spotted with white. They are most frequently produced in late summer and fall, although they may be produced at other times. The fruit is an elongated berry with a tough skin containing numerous small seeds about the size of a tomato seed, which are covered in an edible fleshy arils. In the wild the plant is pollinated by hummingbirds.

===Pollination=== Pollen is distributed by birds, mostly hummingbirds, and also insects and other animals. The flower form is of the syndrome of specialization for hummingbird pollination. Insect pollinators include: ''Bombus dahlbomii'' (native species to southern South America) and ''Bombus terrestris'' and ''Bombus ruderatus'' (both of which are not native to southern South America, and, instead, invasive).<ref name=five>{{cite journal|doi=10.4067/S0718-16202011000300008|title= Changes in wing length in the pollinator ''Bombus dahlbomii'' occurring with the fragmentation of the Maulino forest, Chile|journal= Ciencia e Investigación Agraria|volume= 38|issue= 3|pages= 391|year= 2011|last1= Murúa|first1= Maureen M|last2= Grez|first2= Audrey A|last3= Simonetti|first3= Javier A|doi-access= free|hdl= 10533/140313|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref name=six>Morales, C. L., et al. (2004). [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20053161199.html "Potential displacement of the native bumblebee ''Bombus dahlbomii'' by the invasive ''Bombus ruderatus'' in NW Patagonia, Argentina"], pp. 70-76 in Proceedings of the 8th IBRA International Conference on Tropical Bees and VI Encontro sobre Abelhas, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil, September 6–10, 2004.</ref>

==Historical usage== In the past its fruit was sold in markets, but the plant has now become rare through over-collection and forest clearance.

The roots were once collected and used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. In 1977 the plant was given legal protection in Chile.

==Etymology== ''Lapageria'' is named for Marie Joséphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie (1763-1814), also known as Napoleon's Empress Josephine, who was a keen collector of plants for her garden at Château de Malmaison.<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 230, 334</ref> ''Rosea'' means 'flushed rose' or 'flushed pink'.<ref name="gledhill" />

The name of the fruit in Mapudungun is actually ''kopiw'' (derived from ''kopün'', "to be upside down"), which is the etymon of Spanish ''copihue''; the Mapuche call the plant ''kolkopiw'' (''colcopihue'' in Spanish, which may also refer to the whole plant). The flower is called ''kodkülla'' in the indigenous language.<ref name="dicmapuche" />

==Botany== ''Lapageria rosea'' is related to ''Philesia magellanica'' (syn. ''P. buxifolia''), another plant from the Valdivian flora, having similar flowers, but shrubby rather than climbing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} ×''Philageria veitchii'' is a hybrid between ''L. rosea'' and ''P. magellanica''. It is more similar in appearance to the former.

==Cultivation== The plant was introduced to Britain by William Lobb during his plant collecting expedition to the Valdivian temperate rain forests in 1845–1848 and was growing at Kew in 1847.<ref>{{cite book | author= Sue Shephard | title=Seeds of Fortune - A Gardening Dynasty| publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2003|page= 100| isbn=0-7475-6066-8}}</ref>

In cultivation the plant requires a shaded, sheltered position with acid or neutral soil. It is hardy down to {{convert|-5 |C|F|abbr=on}}, so in the UK can be grown outside in mild or coastal areas. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lapageria rosea''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9827/Lapageria-rosea/Details|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 58 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 19 March 2018}}</ref>

===Cultivars=== There are numerous named garden cultivars, mostly developed at one nursery in Chile, with flower colour varying from deep red through pink to pure white (''L. rosea'' 'Albiflora'), and some with variegated flowers.

In the United States, UC Botanical Garden at the University of California at Berkeley has one of the largest collections of the ''Lapageria'' genus with around 24 named and unnamed cultivars in its collection. This collection was started by T Harper Goodspeed, botany professor at UCB and alternately curator or director of the gardens from 1919–1957. The University established a relationship with El Vergel Farm, a Methodist mission and agricultural school in Angol, Chile which housed the largest collection of named cultivars and wild lapagerias in the world.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.pacifichorticulture.com/articles/ilapageria-roseai| title=The History of Lapageria rosea at the University of California Botanical Garden}}</ref>

===Propagation=== To obtain fruit in cultivation it is generally necessary to pollinate by hand if there are not native hummingbirds. Chilean bellflower can be propagated from cuttings, layering and fresh seeds.<ref name="thelovelyplants">{{Cite web| url=https://www.thelovelyplants.com/lapageria-rosea-the-chilean-bellflower/| title=Lapageria rosea, the Chilean Bellflower| work=www.thelovelyplants.com}}</ref> Some cultivars are self-fruitful, but better pollination is achieved with differing parents. Germination is best with fresh moist seed; dried seeds take special treatment and have a much poorer germination rate{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. Propagation of cultivars is by cuttings (usually rooted under mist), layering, or division. Seedlings take from three to ten years to flower. Cuttings usually flower more quickly.

== Economic importance and uses == {{Multiple image | total_width = | image1 = Liliaceae Lapageria rosea.jpg | image2 = Liliaceae Lapageria rosea 1.jpg | width2 = 117 | width1 = 117 | footer = ''Lapageria rosea'' was featured in the journals ''Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe'' and ''Annales de la Société royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand'' in 1849, with hand-colored lithographs by Charles Lemaire }} The species is regarded as "highly valued for the beauty of its flowers and for its fruits".{{Sfn|Gay|1853}}

Following its introduction to Europe in the late 1840s,{{Sfn|Van Houtte|1849}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Smith (1798-1888) |url=http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/smith_john.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003024348/http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/smith_john.html |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |series= |citeseerx= |quote=In 1847 'the most beautiful flower in Peru and Chile', a woody climber with translucent pink waxy flowers, the Chilean Bellflower (''Lapageria rosea'') was brought to England.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shephard |first=Sue |title=Seeds of Fortune - A Gardening Dynasty |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=0-7475-6066-8 |page=100}}</ref> the naturalist Claudio Gay noted in 1853 that "it may be assumed that it will soon become one of the most sought-after plants by horticulturists and garden enthusiasts".{{Sfn|Gay|1853}} Hand-colored lithographs of the species appeared throughout the second half of the 19th century in scientific and horticultural journals such as ''Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe'' (1849),<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002747282/page/491/mode/2up |title=Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe (1845-1849) |publisher= |year=1849 |editor-last=Van Houtte |editor-first=Luis |volume=5 |location=Ghent |pages=206–207 |language=fr |chapter=Lapageria rosea. V. Pl. 491}}</ref> ''Annales de la Société royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand – Journal d'horticulture'' (1849), ''Maandschrift voor tuinbouw'' (c. 1852), ''La Belgique horticole, journal des jardins et des vergers'' (1853), and ''Revue de l'horticulture belge et étrangère'' (1882).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meemelink |first=Jan |title=Philesiaceae. |url=http://www.meemelink.com/prints_pages/prints.Philesiaceae.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051313/http://www.meemelink.com/prints_pages/prints.Philesiaceae.htm |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=meemelink.com}}</ref>

The species is distinguished primarily by its value as an ornamental plant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffens |first=Karin |url=http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2008/egh698d/doc/egh698d.pdf |title=Diversidad genética en poblaciones de copihue (Lapageria rosea Ruiz et Pav.) determinada a través de marcadores moleculares |publisher=Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile |year=2008 |location=Valdivia |pages=1–69}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Marticorena |first1=Alicia |url=https://issuu.com/fernandoruz/docs/marticorena_alarcon_abello_atala.2010.plantas_trep |title=Guía de campo - Plantas trepadoras, epífitas y parásitas nativas de Chile |last2=Alarcón |first2=Diego |last3=Abello |first3=Lucía |last4=Atala |first4=Cristian |publisher=Ediciones Corporación Chilena de la Madera |year=2010 |isbn=978-956-8398-04-0 |edition=1st |location=Concepción |pages=30, 36-44, 134-135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Riedemann |first1=Paulina |title=Flora nativa de valor ornamental: Chile, zona sur |last2=Aldunate |first2=Gustavo |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |year=2003 |isbn=978-956-13-1827-4 |location=Santiago }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Núñez |first=María Soledad |url=http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2011/fan9731e/doc/fan9731e.pdf |title=Enraizamiento in vitro y ex vitro de Lapageria rosea Ruiz et Pav. mediante el uso de auxinas sintéticas |publisher=Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile |year=2011 |location=Valdivia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saldías Peñafiel |first=M. Gabriela |url=https://issuu.com/fernandoruz/docs/jardineria_chilena |title=Jardinería en Chile |publisher=Ediciones Universidad Central |year=2011 |isbn=978-956-330-015-4 |edition=1st |location=Santiago |pages=95, 198–199}}</ref> In 2012, the characteristics of ''Lapageria rosea'' var. ''albiflora'' were recognized with the Award of Garden Merit (AGM),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=''Lapageria rosea'' AGM |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019093236/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1113 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref> granted by the Royal Horticultural Society of the United Kingdom.

In addition, its fruits are edible,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Facciola |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/cornucopiasource0000facc |title=Cornucopia: A Source Book of Edible Plants |publisher=Kampong Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-9628087-0-8 |location=Vista, California}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lapageria rosea - Ruiz.&Pav. |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lapageria+rosea |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=Plants for a Future}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=National Council of Culture and the Arts |title=Arca del gusto. Catálogo alimentario patrimonial |publisher=Andros Ltda. |year=2014 |isbn=978-956-352-111-5 |edition=1st |location=Santiago |page=120 |chapter=Recolección: Frutos del copihue, kopiw}}</ref> described as "sweet, very pleasant to the taste, and highly refreshing".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gay |first=Claudio |url=https://archive.org/details/historiafisicaypb6gayc?view=theater#page/44/mode/2up |title=Historia física y política de Chile - Botánica |publisher=Imprenta de E. Thunot y Cª |year=1853 |edition=1st |volume=6 |location=Paris |pages=45–48}}</ref> The species also has other uses: in phytotherapy or herbal medicine, its roots are used to treat ailments such as gout, rheumatism, and certain sexually transmitted infections, while its stems are used in basketry<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Adriana |title=Flora silvestre de Chile: Zona araucana |publisher=Ediciones Fundación Claudio Gay. |year=1982 |edition=4th |location=Santiago, Chile}}</ref>—for example, in the making of ''chaihues'', a type of basket used as a strainer.{{Sfn|de Mösbach|1992}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baeza R. |first=Víctor Manuel |url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0059615.pdf |title=Los nombres vulgares de las plantas silvestres de Chile y su concordancia con los nombres científicos |publisher=Imprenta «El Globo» |year=1930 |edition=2nd |location=Santiago |pages=57–58}}</ref>

== Cultural importance == thumb|Red copihue The red flower of the wild variety has inspired Mapuche legends and has been celebrated in both Chilean literature and music.

=== Legends === One legend recounts that during the Arauco War (1536–1818), the women of the ''weichafes'' ("warriors") climbed the tallest trees to look for survivors after the battles. When they realized that destruction prevailed and that their companions lay dead, they descended shedding tears that turned into flowers of blood; thus, the red copihues are said to commemorate the spirits of the dead.<ref name=":0" />

Another legend tells of a ''wekufe'' who lived in the mountain peaks and descended into the valleys to steal ''muday'' (type of beverage made by fermenting cereal grains such as corn or wheat, or seeds such as pine nuts) from the Mapuche. To avoid losing his way back, he placed small glowing bells, lit with volcanic fire, on the branches of trees. During one of his raids, he was defeated by ''pillanes'' and banished. Although he begged to take the little bells with him to light his path, the higher spirits denied his request. Since then, the forests have been adorned with the red copihue flowers, the former lights of the ''muday'' thief.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diccionario mapuche |publisher=Editorial Guadal |year=2003 |isbn=987-1134-51-7 |editor-last=Armayor |editor-first=Óscar |edition=5th |location=Buenos Aires, Argentina |page=286 |chapter=Seres y animales mitológicos}}</ref>

=== Literature === The copihue has been the subject of several literary works, such as the poem ''"El copihue rojo"'' (1905){{Efn|This poem was later set to music by Arturo Arancibia Uribe and recorded by Chilean singers Ludovico Muzzio, Rayén Quitral, and Lucho Gatica, among others}} by Ignacio Verdugo Cavada,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alarcón Carrasco |first=Héctor |date=October 2009 |title=El Copihue Rojo |url=http://chilecronicas.com/2009/10/el-copihue-rojo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071151/http://chilecronicas.com/2009/10/el-copihue-rojo.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Chile Crónicas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2009 |title=El Copihue Rojo (Ignacio Verdugo Cavada, 1887-1970) |url=https://cienpoemaschilenosclaves.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-copihue-rojo-ignacio-verdugo-cavada.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Cien Poemas Chilenos Claves}}</ref> later published in ''El alma de Chile'' (1961), and ''"Recado sobre el copihue chileno"'' by Nobel laureate Gabriela Mistral,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scarpa |first=Roque Esteban |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYnBrv_SonMC |title=Elogio de las cosas de la tierra |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |edition=1st |location=Santiago |publication-date=April 1979 |page=50 |chapter=Recado sobre el copihue chileno}}</ref> published in the Argentine newspaper ''La Nación'' in September 1943.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gabriela Mistral: Poesía y prosa |publisher=Biblioteca Ayacucho |year=1993 |isbn=980-276-228-8 |editor-last=Quezada |editor-first=Jaime |location=Santiago de Chile |page=525}}</ref> ''El país de los copihues rojos'' (1949) by Claudina Agurto Montesino,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agurto M. |first=Claudina |title=El país de los copihues rojos |publisher=Talleres Gráficos Cultura |year=1949 |edition=1st |location=Santiago de Chile}}</ref> and in the memoirs of Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda, ''Confieso que he vivido'' (1974), which include the following passage:<blockquote>''En la altura, como gotas arteriales de la selva mágica, se cimbran los copihues rojos (Lapageria rosea)... El copihue rojo es la flor de la sangre, el copihue blanco es la flor de la nieve...''</blockquote><blockquote>(High above, like arterial drops of the magical forest, the red copihues sway (Lapageria rosea)... The red copihue is the flower of blood; the white copihue is the flower of snow...)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neruda |first=Pablo |title=Confieso que he vivido |publisher=Imprenta Salesianos S.A. |year=2005 |isbn=956-16-0396-9 |edition=1st |location=Santiago, Chile |page=12 |chapter=El joven provinciano}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Music === At the beginning of the 20th century, the musician Osmán Pérez Freire composed the song ''"Copihues rojos."''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponce |first=David |date=2012 |title=Osmán Pérez Freire |url=https://www.musicapopular.cl/artista/osman-perez-freire/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=MusicaPopular.cl |language=es}}</ref> Later, musicologist Clara Solovera wrote the ''tonada'' ''"Chile lindo"'' (1948),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponce |first=David |date=2012 |title=Clara Solovera |url=http://www.musicapopular.cl/artista/clara-solovera/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=MusicaPopular.cl |language=es}}</ref> which references the copihue both in its opening verse and in the chorus:<blockquote>''Ayúdeme usted, compadre, pa' gritar un ¡viva Chile!, la tierra de los zorzales y de los rojos copihues [...] Chile, Chile lindo, lindo como un sol, aquí mismito te dejo hecho un copihue mi corazón.''</blockquote><blockquote>(Help me, my friend, to shout a "long live Chile!", the land of the thrushes and the red copihues [...]

Chile, Chile dear, dear as the sun, right here I leave you my heart made into a copihue.)</blockquote>The folklorist Violeta Parra included ''"Floreció el copihue rojo"'' in her album ''El folklore de Chile, vol. III – La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra'' (1958), a compilation of popular and traditional Chilean ''cuecas''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra. El folklore de Chile vol. III |url=https://www.musicapopular.cl/disco/la-cueca-presentada-por-violeta-parra-el-folklore-de-chil/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=MusicaPopular.cl}}</ref>

=== Other uses ===

==== Heraldry and vexillology ==== thumb|235x235px|Coat of arms of Arauco, Chile thumb|180x180px|Coat of arms of La Araucania The flower of this species is frequently depicted in heraldry as "having three petals (two lateral and one lower central), oriented toward the point of the shield, sometimes with leaves and stem or even within its vine, and colored gules (red)."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contreras Valenzuela |first=Bruno |date=22 October 2013 |title=El Copihue |url=https://heraldicadechile.wordpress.com/2013/10/22/el-copihue/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Heráldica de Chile |language=es}}</ref>

It appears on the municipal coats of arms of thirteen communes: Treguaco in the Ñuble Region; Arauco, Hualqui, Lebu, Los Álamos, and Tirúa in the Biobío Region; and Angol, Los Sauces, Pitrufquén, Purén, Renaico, Temuco, and Victoria in the Araucanía Region. In the latter region, it is also featured in the regional coat of arms, which consists of two black and red quarters adorned with six white ''guemiles'' and a ''trapelacucha'' of the same color, surrounded by a garland of copihues and crowned by a snow-capped mountain flanked by araucaria trees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Araucanía region (Chile) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cl-09.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=CRW Flags}}</ref>

The emblem of the football club Deportes Temuco displays a red copihue with green leaves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emblemas |url=https://indiopije.webnode.es/emblemas/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Indio Pije}}</ref> Symbolizing "love of the homeland", a white copihue forms part of the emblem of the Communist Youth of Chile (JJ. CC., founded in 1932),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juventudes Comunistas de Chile. Estatutos |url=https://www.archivochile.com/Izquierda_chilena/pc/jjcc/ICHpcjjcc0001.pdf |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Archivo Chile |language=es}}</ref> while a red copihue with a green stem at the top was the symbol of the left-wing political party Acción Popular Independiente (API, 1968–1973).

The copihue appears in both versions of the flag of the Araucanía Region: the official version used by the regional government, consisting of the regional coat of arms on a white field, and an unofficial version featuring the coat of arms on three horizontal stripes—blue (top), white (middle), and red (bottom).<ref name=":1" />

==== Numismatics, notaphily, and painting ==== In 1941, René Thenot, a French engraver contracted by the Chilean Mint, designed the reverse of the one-peso and fifty- and twenty-centavo coins with the denomination and year surrounded by a wreath of copihues.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banco Central de Chile |date=2009 |title=Iconografía de monedas y billetes chilenos. Colección de monedas y billetes del Banco Central de Chile |url=https://www.museobancocentral.cl/docs/iconografia.pdf |pages=161–165 |publisher=Banco Central de Chile |isbn=978-956-7421-31-2}}</ref>

Likewise, a cross section of the heart of a copihue appears in the unified design of the five banknotes of the Bicentennial Series (2009), issued by the Central Bank of Chile to commemorate the bicentennial of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=Banco Central pone en circulación el primer billete de la Nueva Familia de Billetes |url=http://www.bcentral.cl/prensa/notas-prensa/pdf/24092009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202911/http://www.bcentral.cl/prensa/notas-prensa/pdf/24092009.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2013 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Banco Central de Chile |language=es}}</ref>

The copihue is also depicted in the mural ''Presencia de América Latina'' (1964–1965)<ref>It was declared a historical monument by Decree 147 of 2009 of the Ministry of Education {{Citation |last=Ministry of Education |title=Decreto 147: Declara Monumento nacional en la categoría de Monumento histórico el Teatro del Liceo Enrique Molina y el Mural "Presencia de América Latina", ubicados en la comuna de Concepción, provincia de Concepción, VIII Región del Biobío |date=4 June 2009 |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1003053&idVersion=2009-06-04 |publisher=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile}} </ref> by Mexican artist Jorge González Camarena, located in the entrance hall of the Casa del Arte at the University of Concepción.

==== Odonymy and toponymy ==== There are 103 streets named ''Los Copihues'', making it the tenth most common street name in Chile.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Conoce los nombres de las calles más comunes en Chile |url=https://corporativo.mapcity.cl/prensa/conoce-los-nombres-de-las-calles-mas-comunes-en-chile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501230224/http://corporativo.mapcity.cl/prensa/conoce-los-nombres-de-las-calles-mas-comunes-en-chile/ |archive-date=1 May 2016 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Mapcity |language=es}}</ref>

At least two towns in central Chile bear the name: Copihue<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Termómetro llega a los 40 °C en zonas del Maule y el Biobío: Chillán superó su máxima histórica |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2017/01/26/842044/Termometro-llega-a-los-40-C-en-zonas-del-Maule-y-el-Biobio-Chillan-supero-su-maxima-historica.html |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=El Mercurio |language=es}}</ref>—and its surrounding Copihue railway station (1874) and Copihue airstrip, located in the commune of Retiro (Maule Region), and El Copihue,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2016 |title=San Fabián pide al MOP mejora profunda de sus caminos |url=https://www.ladiscusion.cl/noticia.php?id=9037#sthash.FVTuuwEs.dpbs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203120353/http://www.ladiscusion.cl/noticia.php?id=9037#sthash.FVTuuwEs.dpbs |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=La Discusión}}</ref> in the commune of San Carlos (Ñuble Region). Additionally, there are two rural localities called Copiulemu (from Mapudungun ''kopiw'', the name of the copihue fruit, and ''lemu'', "forest"): one in the commune of Pelluhue (Maule Region)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reseña Historica |url=https://www.munipelluhue.cl/historia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213062842/http://www.munipelluhue.cl/historia.htm |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Municipalidad de Pelluhue |language=es}}</ref> and another that began to form around 1866 in what is now the commune of Florida (Biobío Region).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Astaburuaga |first=Francisco |url=https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Diccionario_Geogr%C3%A1fico_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Chile |title=Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile |publisher=Imprenta de F. A. Brockhaus |year=1899 |location=Santiago de Chile |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Risopatrón |first=Luis |url=https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Diccionario_Jeogr%C3%A1fico_de_Chile |title=Diccionario Jeográfico de Chile |publisher=Imprenta Universitaria |year=1924 |location=Santiago de Chile |page=253}}</ref>

Other geographic features include Punta Copihues (Aysén Region); the Copihuelpi River, also known as the San José River (Los Ríos Region); Laguna del Copíu (Valparaíso Region); and Copiuguapi Island (from Mapudungun ''kopiw'' and ''wapi'', "island"), also known as Capeahuapi and Capiraguapi (Los Lagos Region).

==== Awards, trophies, and mascots ==== The flower is the symbol of the "Copihue de Oro" awards (established in 2005),<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2005 |title=El "Copihue de oro" premió a los artistas pop más bacanes de Chilito |url=http://www.lacuarta.cl/diario/2005/12/06/06.32.4a.ESP.COPIHUE.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907152920/http://www.lacuarta.cl/diario/2005/12/06/06.32.4a.ESP.COPIHUE.html |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=La Cuarta |language=es}}</ref> presented annually in December by the newspaper ''La Cuarta'' to honor figures in Chilean entertainment, as well as the "Copihue de Plata" trophy (since 2015), awarded by the National Professional Football Association (ANFP) to the champion of the Second Division.

Additionally, a copihue served as the mascot of the 2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Conoce a "El Rojas": la mascota del Sudamericano Sub-17 de Chile |url=https://www.t13.cl/noticia/deportes13/seleccion-chilena/sudamericano-sub-17/conoce-rojas-mascota-del-sudamericano-sub-17-chile |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=T13 |language=es}}</ref>

==== Miscellany ==== Among commercial products in Chile are the Copihue brand of the Chilean Match Company (founded in 1913) and ''mote con huesillos'' sold under the name Copihue, a beverage produced by a factory established in the commune of Independencia in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=[Columna] La vida en una copa: Comer y beber bien en Mendoza |url=https://www.latercera.com/finde/noticia/columna-la-vida-en-una-copa-comer-y-beber-bien-en-mendoza/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> In Chilean Spanish, hot dog buns are also known as ''pan de completo'' or ''pan copihue''.

In the commune of Victoria (Araucanía Region), Radio Copihue FM was inaugurated in 1981 and currently covers the region with stations in Curacautín and Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quiénes somos |url=https://www.radiocopihue.cl/quienes_somos |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Radio Copihue |language=es}}</ref> In the Las Lajas sector of the commune of San Clemente (Maule Region), the Festival del Copihue was held during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mauricio Váldes |first=Álvaro |title=[FOTOS] El Vilches que destruyó el hombre |url=http://www.vivimoslanoticia.cl/media/fotos-el-vilches-que-destruyo-el-hombre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145736/http://www.vivimoslanoticia.cl/media/fotos-el-vilches-que-destruyo-el-hombre/ |archive-date=19 August 2017 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=VLN Radio |language=es}}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Lapageria Rosea, chromolithograph by Helga von Cramm, with verse by F.R. Havergal.jpg|Lapageria Rosea, by Helga von Cramm, with verse by F.R. Havergal, 1870s. Image:Lapageria rosea twining.jpg|Stem twining counterclockwise Image:Lapageria rosea fruit.jpg|Buds in the Temperate House at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Image:Lapageria rosea foliage.jpg|{{center|Foliage}} </gallery>

== Note == {{Notelist|liststyle=lower-alpha}}

==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==

* {{Cite book |last1=Crandall |first1=Chuck |last2=Crandall |first2=Barbara |year=1995 |title=Flowering, Fruiting & Foliage Vines: a gardener's guide |location=New York |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-0-8069-0726-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/floweringfruitin00cran }} (Page 9 in the book illustrates clockwise and counterclockwise twining.) * {{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Grez |first1=Audrey A |last2=Bustamante |first2=Ramiro O |last3=Simonetti |first3=Javier A |last4=Fahrig |first4=Lenore |year=1998 |editor-last=Salinas Chávez |editor-first=Eduardo |editor2-last=Middleton |editor2-first=John |contribution=Landscape Ecology, Deforestation, and Forest Fragmentation: the Case of the Ruil Forest in Chile |title=Landscape Ecology as a Tool for Sustainable Development in Latin America |publisher=Brock University, California |url=http://www.brocku.ca/tren/EPI/lebk/grez.html |accessdate=2012-04-23 |name-list-style=amp }} * {{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Elbert E |year=1964 |title=The Chilean Bellflower, Copihue, ''Lapageria rosea'' |journal=California Horticultural Society Journal |volume=25 |issue=3 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Riedemann |first1=Paulina |last2=Aldunate |first2=Gustavo |year=2003 |title=Flora nativa de valor ornamental : Chile zona sur |location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=Editorial Andres Bello |isbn=978-956-13-1827-4 |language=Spanish }} * {{Cite book |last1=Ruiz |first1=Hippolyto |last2=Pavon |first2=Josepho |year=1802 |title=Flora Peruviana et Chilensis }} * {{Cite web |last=Song |first=Leo |title=''Lapageria rosea'', La Flor Nacional de Chile | url=http://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/climbers/lapageria/song.htm |access-date=2023-07-31}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203009/http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv/lrose.html ''Lapageria rosea'' in Chilebosque] * [http://www.thelovelyplants.com/lapageria-rosea-the-chilean-bellflower/ ''Lapageria rosea''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135213/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/lapageria-rosea-the-chilean-bellflower/ |date=22 August 2017 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1072906}}

Category:Liliales Category:Monotypic Liliales genera Category:Endemic flora of Chile Category:Garden plants of South America Category:Plants described in 1802 Category:National symbols of Chile Category:Flora of the Valdivian temperate forests Category:Joséphine de Beauharnais Category:Taxa named by José Antonio Pavón Jiménez Category:Taxa named by Hipólito Ruiz López