{{short description|Device that applies heat to the base of cookware}} {{redirect|Stove Top|the brand of stuffing|Stove Top stuffing}} thumb|An electric plate cooktop A '''cooktop''' (American and Canadian English), '''hob''' (British English), or '''stovetop''' (general) is a device commonly used for cooking that is typically found in kitchens and used to apply heat to the base of pans or pots. Cooktops are often found integrated with an oven into a kitchen stove but may also be standalone devices. Cooktops are most often powered by gas or electricity, although oil or other fuels are sometimes used.
A cooktop may also be called a '''stove''' or '''range''', though in more formal usage these refer collectively to the stovetop and the furnace or appliance beneath.
==Gas== thumb|Gas cooktop flame Gas cooktops consist of one or more gas burners with arrangements to control the rate of flow. They often have integral lighters or (in older models) pilot lights,<ref name="Klahre">{{cite web |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-light-a-stovetop-and-oven-pilot-light-253182 |title=How To Light a Stovetop and Oven Pilot Light |last=Klahre |first=Ayn-Monique |date=2018-02-04 |website=Kitchn |publisher=AT Media |access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref> and may have safety interlocks designed to reduce the risk of hazardous gas leaks.<ref name="Prelusky">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcrichard.com/library/blogArticle/can-gas-ranges-run-without-electricity/2500354.pcra |title=Can Gas Ranges Run Without Electricity? |last=Prelusky |first=Alison |date=2018-02-01 |website=P. C. Richard & Son |access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref>
Gas cooking has been associated with negative health effects, such as reduced pulmonary function<ref name="Ware">{{cite journal |last1=Ware |first1=J. H. |last2=Dockery|author2-link=Douglas Dockery |first2=D. W. |last3=Spiro III |first3=A. |last4=Speizer |first4=F. E.|author4-link=Frank E. Speizer |last5=Ferris Jr. |first5=B. G. |date=1984 |title=Passive Smoking, Gas Cooking, and Respiratory Health of Children Living in Six Cities |url=https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/arrd.1984.129.3.366 |journal=American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=366–374 |doi=10.1164/arrd.1984.129.3.366 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref> and a higher rate of respiratory symptoms in children.<ref name="Garrett">{{cite journal |last1=Garrett |first1=Maria H. |last2=Hooper |first2=Martin A. |last3=Hooper |first3=Beverley M. |last4=Abramson |first4=Michael J. |date=1998-09-01 |title= Respiratory Symptoms in Children and Indoor Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Gas Stoves |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=891–895 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9701084 }}</ref>
==Electric== thumb|A coil-top electric range
===Coil=== An '''electric coil cooktop''' uses electric elements that directly heat pots placed on them. They are inexpensive to buy and maintain, but are considered more difficult to clean than smooth-top or plate models.<ref name=smith> {{cite web |url=https://www.smithandsmith.com.au/kitchen-materials/kitchen-appliances/cooktops |title=Cooktops |last=Byer |first=Beverley |date= |website=Smith & Smith Kitchens |access-date=2023-11-12 |quote=}} </ref><ref name=bellingham> {{cite web |url=https://blog.bellinghamelectric.com/blog/smooth-top-ranges-pros-cons-versus-coil-top |title=Smooth Top Ranges - Pros & Cons vs Coil Top |last=Allaire |first=Jeff |date=2020-03-09 |website=Belingham Electric |publisher= |access-date=2023-11-12 |quote=}} </ref><ref name="Frost">{{cite web |url=https://www.hunker.com/12310690/electric-coil-range-vs-smooth-top |title=Electric Coil Range vs. Smooth-Top |last=Frost |first=Shelley |date=2019-10-03 |website=Hunker |publisher=Leaf Group Ltd. |access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref>
===Plate=== An '''electric plate cooktop''' is similar to a coil cooktop but uses plate-like base supports as opposed to coil supports.
===Ceramic radiation heating=== thumb|A ceramic hob with two dual-zone radiant heaters A '''ceramic radiation heating cooktop''' or radiant cooktop has a surface made of low-expansion thermal glass-ceramic that is transparent to infrared.<ref name=smith /> This surface houses radiant or halogen heaters below it. These heaters primarily radiate heat as infrared light, hence the term radiant. The advantage of this arrangement is that the heat can be quickly controlled. These cooktops are often simply called '''ceramic cooktop''' or '''ceramic-glass cooktop''', because they were the first type of cooktop to use glass-ceramic—however, other types of cooktops also use glass-ceramic surfaces, notably induction cooktops.
===Induction=== {{main|Induction cooking}} [[File:Schott Ceran glass-ceramic cooktop.jpg|thumb|Top view of a Ceran induction cooktop]]
An '''induction cooktop''' involves the electrical heating of a cooking vessel by magnetic induction instead of by radiation or thermal conduction from an electrical heating element or from a flame. Because inductive heating directly heats the vessel, very rapid increases in temperature can be achieved and changes in heat settings are fast, similar to gas.<ref name=acee>{{cite web|url=http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/9-702.pdf |title=Induction Cooking Technology Design and Assessment; M. Sweeney, J. Dols, B. Fortenbery, F. Sharp; Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910042618/http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/9-702.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-10 |url-status=dead }} Paper presented at the 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings</ref>
In an induction cooktop ("induction hob" or "induction stove"), a coil of copper wire is placed under the cooking pot, and an alternating electric current is passed through it. The resulting oscillating magnetic field induces a magnetic flux that repeatedly magnetises the pot, treating it like the lossy magnetic core of a transformer. This produces large eddy currents in the pot, which, because of the resistance of the pot, heat it.
For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel must be made of, or contain, a ferromagnetic metal such as cast iron or some stainless steels. However, copper, glass, non-magnetic stainless steels, and aluminum vessels can be used if placed on a ferromagnetic disk that functions as a conventional hotplate.
Induction cooking is quite efficient, which means it puts less waste heat into the kitchen, can be quickly turned off, and has safety advantages compared to gas stoves. Cooktops are also usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself does not get very hot.
If the induction coil is of lesser diameter than the cooking pot, and the pot has low thermal conductivity, use of high power can potentially warp the pot due to non-uniform heating. 6" coils are common in low-end portable units, which is smaller than most pots and pans.
===Electric plasma=== Electric plasma cooktops are designed to be similar to gas stoves, but without using liquid or gaseous fuel. Whereas a gas stove creates a plasma as a gas flame, electric plasma cooktops convert mains electricity into high-voltage electricity using a high-voltage power supply, and then pass it between two electrodes via dielectric breakdown through air, creating a visible electric arc, which is plasma, up to a few centimeters in length, depending on the design of the electrodes.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-an-electric-flame-plasma-stove-price-and-availability-in-india-2894301-2026-04-10</ref><ref>https://www.india.com/news/india/plasma-electric-stove-fuel-crisis-in-india-lpg-png-shortage-key-specifications-prices-apapl-electric-flame-plasma-stove-middle-east-conflict-strait-of-hormuz-closure-8376483/</ref><ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/CN216868562U/en</ref> The electrodes and electric arc are exposed to air, similarly to a gas flame in a gas burner.
The electrodes are arranged in pairs and several pairs make up a burner. The high temperature of the plasma is then used to heat cookware and can also ignite flammable materials, similarly to a gas flame and thus these cooktops are also known as electric flame cooktops, and can be used with cookware that is not made of metal and thus incompatible with induction cooktops.<ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111829025A/en</ref><ref>https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/electric-fire-stoves-not-certified-for-safety-cannot-be-sold-here-consumer-safety-office</ref>
These cooktops are different from those with "virtual flames" which are LED lights placed around an induction cooktop and do not generate heat themselves, since the heat is generated using induction.<ref>https://gizmodo.com/fake-led-flames-indicate-how-hot-samsungs-new-induction-1649057270</ref>
==Ventilation and exhaust== Cooktops often have a kitchen hood installed overhead to expel or filter smoke, fumes and undesirable odors that result from cooking. However, when installation of an updraft ventilation system is undesirable or impossible (for example in an open kitchen design), a cooktop with an integrated ''downdraft'' ventilation system can be used instead. Such systems draw cooking fumes downwards rather than upwards, eliminating the need of an overhead installation. They are, however, less effective than overhead systems, and may not be able to extract fumes emanating from taller pots.<ref name="Miller">{{cite web |url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/good-cooktop-downdraft-ventilation-system-94822.html |title=How Good Is a Cooktop Downdraft Ventilation System? |last=Miller |first=Renee |website=SFGate |publisher=Hearst |access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref>
==Placement== ===Installed=== Cooktops are virtually ubiquitous in kitchens. They may be built into a stove along with an oven. Alternatively, cooktops are often installed independently in work surfaces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Hozen Ricchie |last2=Morawicki |first2=Rubén O. |date=2023-12-16 |title=Comparison of the energy consumption of five tabletop electric cooking appliances |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10181-x |journal=Energy Efficiency |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=101 |doi=10.1007/s12053-023-10181-x |issn=1570-6478}}</ref>
===Hot plate=== {{main|Hot plate}} thumb|An electric tabletop burner
A hot plate or hotplate is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance cooktop with one, two or more electric heating elements, or gas burners.<ref>{{Citation |title=hotplate, n. |date=2023-03-02 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://oed.com/dictionary/hotplate_n |access-date=2026-04-03 |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/OED/5535806813}}</ref> A hot plate can be used as a standalone appliance, but is often used as a substitute for one of the burners from an oven range or a kitchen stove.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grey |first=Johnny |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nLkPfyWIC28C&oi=fnd&pg=PA75&dq=hotplate+kitchen&ots=SIqsc9WV0g&sig=JlkEJ05wWpF1VUmKPWT8ARRploU |title=The Art of Kitchen Design |date=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-84188-085-3 |language=en}}</ref>
Hot plates are often used for food preparation, generally in locations where a full kitchen stove would not be convenient or practical. A hot plate can have a flat or round surface. Hot plates can be used for traveling or in areas without electricity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr |first=Robert |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/gentlemans-house/357D6D403F3AA6A693DEBA0B63F344B2 |title=The Gentleman's House: Or, How to Plan English Residences, from the Parsonage to the Palace |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-04484-4 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - British and Irish History, 19th Century |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139177009}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Cooking appliances