Group algebra of a locally compact group

{{about|topological algebras associated to topological groups|the purely algebraic case (without any topology)|group ring}}{{Short description|Topological algebra associated to continuous groups}} {{no footnotes|date=September 2025}} In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the '''group algebra''' is any of various constructions to assign to a locally compact group an operator algebra (or more generally a Banach algebra), such that representations of the algebra are related to representations of the group. As such, they are similar to the group ring associated to a discrete group.

== The algebra ''C_c''(''G'') of continuous functions with compact support== If ''G'' is a locally compact Hausdorff group, ''G'' carries an essentially unique left-invariant countably additive Borel measure ''μ'' called a Haar measure. Using the Haar measure, one can define a convolution operation on the space ''C_c''(''G'') of complex-valued continuous functions on ''G'' with compact support; ''C_c''(''G'') can then be given any of various norms and the completion will be a group algebra.

To define the convolution operation, let ''f'' and ''g'' be two functions in ''C_c''(''G''). For ''t'' in ''G'', define

:<math> [f * g](t) = \int_G f(s) g \left (s^{-1} t \right )\, d \mu(s).</math>

The fact that <math>f * g</math> is continuous is immediate from the dominated convergence theorem. Also

:<math> \operatorname{Support}(f * g) \subseteq \operatorname{Support}(f) \cdot \operatorname{Support}(g) </math>

where the dot stands for the product in ''G''. ''C_c''(''G'') also has a natural involution defined by:

:<math> f^*(s) = \overline{f(s^{-1})} \, \Delta(s^{-1}) </math>

where Δ is the modular function on ''G''. With this involution, it is a *-algebra.

<blockquote>'''Theorem.''' With the norm:

:<math> \|f\|_1 := \int_G |f(s)| \, d\mu(s), </math>

''C_c''(''G'') becomes an involutive normed algebra with an approximate identity.</blockquote>

The approximate identity can be indexed on a neighborhood basis of the identity consisting of compact sets. Indeed, if ''V'' is a compact neighborhood of the identity, let ''f_V'' be a non-negative continuous function supported in ''V'' such that

:<math> \int_V f_{V}(g)\, d \mu(g) =1.</math>

Then {''f_V''}_''V'' is an approximate identity. A group algebra has an identity, as opposed to just an approximate identity, if and only if the topology on the group is the discrete topology.

Note that for discrete groups, ''C_c''(''G'') is the same thing as the complex group ring '''C'''[''G''].

The importance of the group algebra is that it captures the unitary representation theory of ''G'' as shown in the following

<blockquote>'''Theorem.''' Let ''G'' be a locally compact group. If ''U'' is a strongly continuous unitary representation of ''G'' on a Hilbert space ''H'', then

: <math> \pi_U (f) = \int_G f(g) U(g)\, d \mu(g)</math>

is a non-degenerate bounded *-representation of the normed algebra ''C_c''(''G''). The map

: <math> U \mapsto \pi_U</math>

is a bijection between the set of strongly continuous unitary representations of ''G'' and non-degenerate bounded *-representations of ''C_c''(''G''). This bijection respects unitary equivalence and strong containment. In particular, {{pi}}_''U'' is irreducible if and only if ''U'' is irreducible.</blockquote>

Non-degeneracy of a representation {{pi}} of ''C_c''(''G'') on a Hilbert space ''H''_{{pi}} means that

:<math> \left \{\pi(f) \xi : f \in \operatorname{C}_c(G), \xi \in H_\pi \right \} </math>

is dense in ''H''_{{pi}}.

== The convolution algebra ''L''¹(''G'') == It is a standard theorem of measure theory that the completion of ''C_c''(''G'') in the ''L''¹(''G'') norm is isomorphic to the space ''L''¹(''G'') of equivalence classes of functions which are integrable with respect to the Haar measure, where, as usual, two functions are regarded as equivalent if and only if they differ only on a set of Haar measure zero.

<blockquote>'''Theorem.''' ''L''¹(''G'') is a Banach *-algebra with the convolution product and involution defined above and with the ''L''¹ norm. ''L''¹(''G'') also has a bounded approximate identity.</blockquote>

== The group C*-algebra ''C*''(''G'') == Let '''C'''[''G''] be the group ring of a discrete group ''G''.

For a locally compact group ''G'', the group C*-algebra ''C*''(''G'') of ''G'' is defined to be the C*-enveloping algebra of ''L''¹(''G''), i.e. the completion of ''C_c''(''G'') with respect to the largest C*-norm:

:<math> \|f\|_{C^*} := \sup_\pi \|\pi(f)\|,</math>

where {{pi}} ranges over all non-degenerate *-representations of ''C_c''(''G'') on Hilbert spaces. When ''G'' is discrete, it follows from the triangle inequality that, for any such {{pi}}, one has:

:<math> \|\pi (f)\| \leq \| f \|_1,</math>

hence the norm is well-defined.

It follows from the definition that, when G is a discrete group, ''C*''(''G'') has the following universal property: any *-homomorphism from '''C'''[''G''] to some '''B'''(''H'') (the C*-algebra of bounded operators on some Hilbert space ''H'') factors through the inclusion map:

:<math>\mathbf{C}[G] \hookrightarrow C^*_{\max}(G).</math>

=== The reduced group C*-algebra ''C_r*''(''G'') === The reduced group C*-algebra ''C_r*''(''G'') is the completion of ''C_c''(''G'') with respect to the norm

:<math> \|f\|_{C^*_r} := \sup \left \{ \|f*g\|_2: \|g\|_2 = 1 \right \},</math>

where

:<math> \|f\|_2 = \sqrt{\int_G |f|^2 \, d\mu}</math>

is the ''L''² norm. Since the completion of ''C_c''(''G'') with regard to the ''L''² norm is a Hilbert space, the ''C_r*'' norm is the norm of the bounded operator acting on ''L''²(''G'') by convolution with ''f'' and thus a C*-norm.

Equivalently, ''C_r*''(''G'') is the C*-algebra generated by the image of the left regular representation on ''ℓ''²(''G'').

In general, ''C_r*''(''G'') is a quotient of ''C*''(''G''). The reduced group C*-algebra is isomorphic to the non-reduced group C*-algebra defined above if and only if ''G'' is amenable.

== von Neumann algebras associated to groups == The group von Neumann algebra ''W*''(''G'') of ''G'' is the enveloping von Neumann algebra of ''C*''(''G'').

For a discrete group ''G'', we can consider the Hilbert space ℓ²(''G'') for which ''G'' is an orthonormal basis. Since ''G'' operates on ℓ²(''G'') by permuting the basis vectors, we can identify the complex group ring '''C'''[''G''] with a subalgebra of the algebra of bounded operators on ℓ²(''G''). The weak closure of this subalgebra, ''NG'', is a von Neumann algebra.

The center of ''NG'' can be described in terms of those elements of ''G'' whose conjugacy class is finite. In particular, if the identity element of ''G'' is the only group element with that property (that is, ''G'' has the infinite conjugacy class property), the center of ''NG'' consists only of complex multiples of the identity.

''NG'' is isomorphic to the hyperfinite type II₁ factor if and only if ''G'' is countable, amenable, and has the infinite conjugacy class property.

==See also== * Graph algebra * Incidence algebra * Hecke algebra of a locally compact group * Path algebra * Groupoid algebra * Stereotype algebra * Stereotype group algebra * Hopf algebra

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==References== *{{cite book|last=Lang|first=S.|title=Algebra|publisher=Springer|series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics |year=2002| url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387953854|isbn=978-1-4613-0041-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Vinberg |first1=E. |title=A Course in Algebra |series=Graduate Studies in Mathematics |date=10 April 2003 |volume=56 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=978-0-8218-3413-8 |url=https://www.ams.org/books/gsm/056/ |language=en |doi=10.1090/gsm/056}} *{{cite book |last1=Dixmier |first1=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Dixmier |title=C*-algebras |date=1982 |publisher=North-Holland |isbn=978-0-444-86391-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P34ZAQAAIAAJ&q=C*-Algebras%20Jacques%20Dixmier |language=en}} *{{cite book |last1=Kirillov |first1=Aleksandr A. |title=Elements of the Theory of Representations |series=Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften |date=1976 |volume=220 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-66243-0 |isbn=978-3-642-66245-4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-66243-0 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last1=Loomis |first1=Lynn H. |title=Introduction to Abstract Harmonic Analysis (Dover Books on Mathematics) by Lynn H. Loomis (2011) Paperback |date=19 July 2011 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-48123-4 |language=English}} *{{springer|id=G/g045230|title=Group algebra of a locally compact group|author=A.I. Shtern}} {{PlanetMath attribution|id=3628|title=Group $C^*$-algebra}}

Category:Algebras Category:C*-algebras Category:von Neumann algebras Category:Unitary representation theory Category:Harmonic analysis Category:Lie groups