{{Short description|none}} {{about|a general overview of liberalism in Europe|a comprehensive discussion of the ideology|Liberalism}} {{Liberalism sidebar}} '''Liberalism in Europe''' is a political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual liberties and constitutionally-limited and democratically accountable government. These European derivatives of classical liberalism are found in <!-- [[:Category:Centrist parties in Europe -->centrist movements and parties, as well as some parties on the centre-left and the centre-right.
Most liberalism in Europe is conservative or classical whilst European social liberalism and progressivism is rooted in classical radicalism, a left-wing classical liberal idea. Liberalism in Europe is broadly divided into two groups: "social" (or "left-") and "conservative" (or "right-").<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html | title=Content|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> This differs from the USA's method of dividing liberalism into "modern" (simply ''liberal'') and "classical" (or ''libertarian'', albeit there is some disagreement), although the two groups are very similar to their European counterparts.
== Liberal practices == [[File:Emmanuel Macron June 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Emmanuel Macron, President of France, is often described as the strongest advocate for liberalism in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2018/06/13/emmanuel-macron-the-resolutely-modern-philosopher-king|title=Emmanuel Macron, the resolutely modern philosopher king|date=2018-06-13|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-03-21|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>]]Liberal political parties have specific policies, which the social scientist can either read from party manifestos, or infer from actual actions and laws passed by ostensibly liberal parties. The sources listed below serve to illustrate some of the current liberal attitudes in Europe: * the policies of liberal parties in government, including those in coalition arrangements (taking into mind that coalition partners make compromises), since they show what liberals are prepared to accept, as well as the policies of liberal parties in opposition; * the positions of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe faction in the European Parliament,<ref>[http://alde.europarl.eu.int/ ALDE Group in the European Parliament : Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> as well as the Electoral Manifestos of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120915065658/http://www.eldr.eu/en/values/manifestos European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Manifestos]</ref> * the forum of Germany's Free Democratic Party,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.fdp-bundesverband.de/index.php?22 |title=FDP :: FDP Bundesverband |publisher=Forum.fdp-bundesverband.de |access-date=2012-04-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426160730/http://forum.fdp-bundesverband.de/index.php?22 |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}</ref> which is relatively unmoderated, and illustrates grassroots liberal concerns. Sites of other Liberal parties, such as Britain's Liberal Democrats,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk |title=Liberal Democrats : Home |publisher=Libdems.org.uk |date=2012-04-20 |access-date=2012-04-27}}</ref> or the Netherlands' Democrats 66,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.nl |title=democrats.nl |publisher=democrats.nl |access-date=2012-04-27}}</ref> are more heavily moderated and therefore more representative for the policy of liberal parties; * the Belgian website/think tank Liberales.be,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberales.be |title=Liberales |publisher=Liberales.be |date=2004-12-01 |access-date=2012-04-27}}</ref> which has longer essays on new liberal policies; * the views and policies of the Open Society Institute, since they explicitly claim to derive from the principles of the major liberal philosopher Karl Popper; * the Lisbon Strategy of the European Union, since it is strongly supported by the liberal parties, and sets out a vision of a future Europe.
Additionally, liberal value preferences can be inferred from the liberalisation programmes and policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The liberalism visible in these sources emphasizes in comparison with other ideologies more belief in individual development as a motor for society and the state providing a social safety net. The liberal policies differ from country to country and from party to party.
== Ideology == European liberalism is largely divided into classical (in practical terms, liberalism as it is applied to the economy), social, and conservative.<ref name="Close2019"/> Liberalism in the European context is distinct from liberalism in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Goldfarb|first=Michael|date=2010-07-20|title=Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10658070|access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref> In the United States, people who are called ''liberals'' generally advocate for a larger government, some forms of protectionism, and more economic interventionism,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenberg|first=David|date=September 12, 2019|title=The danger of confusing liberals and leftists|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/12/stop-calling-bernie-sanders-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-liberals/|access-date=2020-08-06|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|editor=N. Scott Arnold |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/are-modern-american-liberals-socialists-or-social-democrats/116B637375AA141785971EC2FDF71222 |title=Are Modern American Liberals Socialists or Social Democrate? |quote= This paper answers the title question, “Yes,” on both counts. The first part of the paper argues that modern liberals are socialists, and the second part argues that they are also social democrats. |language=en |work=Cambridge University Press |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2010/03/31/a-plea-for-liberalism |title=A plea for liberalism: Lessons from the 20th century |quote= Social democracy, which Tony Judt calls “the prose of European politics”, is what Americans call liberalism. |language=en |newspaper=The Economist|date=31 March 2010 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|editor=Herb Jackson |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/06/27/how-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-won-ultra-liberal-pitch-changing-district/738232002/ |title=How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez won: Ultra-liberal pitch drew first-time voters in changing district |language=en |work=USA Today |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> and are sometimes also called social democrats, or even leftists. In contrast, European liberals usually favor limited government, free trade, and adhere to economic liberalism.<ref name=":0" />
In the context of European politics, a ''liberal'' (when the word is used without a modifier) is generally understood to refer to a classical liberal, who may be either centre-left or centre-right. As a result, a European ''classical liberal'' usually refers to a centre-right person with prominent economically liberal tendencies; Germany's Free Democratic Party, for example, follows classical liberalism in this sense. Under one interpretation, a European mainstream ''conservative liberal'' (a proponent of ordoliberalism or Christian democracy) usually has weaker economically liberal tendencies than a ''social liberal'';<ref name="Close2019" /> however, some consider ''classical liberal''s (economic liberals) to also be ''conservative liberal''s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 2.]</ref><ref name="Hayek">{{cite book|editor=Paul Kelly |title=Liberalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkttlv-M8ZYC&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Friedrich+Hayek&pg=PA71 |quote= Conservative liberal critics of social justice, such as Friedrich Hayek, have sought to reject precisely this distinction. |date=2005 |page=71 |publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745632902 }}</ref>
=== European Union === European liberalists tend to support the European Union.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203123621|title=The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties|date=2012-04-27|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203123621|isbn=978-0-203-12362-1}}</ref><ref name="expat2" /><ref name="Program" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|date=10 January 2017|title=Emmanuel Macron a Berlin pour se donner une stature européenne|work=Le Monde|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/01/10/emmanuel-macron-a-berlin-pour-se-donner-une-stature-europeenne_5060405_4854003.html|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Edwards2">{{cite news|last1=Edwards|first1=Maxim|date=13 December 2018|title=Armenia's Revolution Will Not be Monopolized|work=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/13/armenias-revolution-will-not-be-monopolized/|quote=Bright Armenia is an avowedly pro-EU and classical liberal political party...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Fayrer, Sir John (Lang Macpherson), (18 Oct. 1944–9 March 2017)|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u15557|encyclopedia=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u15557|access-date=2020-10-15|url-access=subscription}}{{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref> One example is Emmanuel Macron, the incumbent president of France, who campaigned against Marine Le Pen, a candidate from the far-right, nationalist, and Eurosceptic party known as the National Rally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macron |first=Emmanuel |date=2018 |pages=17–24 |title=Discours du Président de la République, Emmanuel Macron, à l'occasion de la remise du Prix Charlemagne de la ville d'Aix-la-Chapelle le 10 mai 2018 |language=fr |journal=Allemagne d'aujourd'hui |volume=224 |issue=2 |doi=10.3917/all.224.0017 |issn=0002-5712 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/all.224.0017|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Breton |first=Morgane |date=2017 |pages=151–155 |title=Ce qui est bon pour Enron est bon pour le climat |language=fr |journal=Entreprises et histoire |volume=86 |issue=1 |doi=10.3917/eh.086.0151 |issn=1161-2770 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.086.0151|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Graphique 4.2. Une consolidation budgétaire plus ambitieuse accroît la croissance potentielle |language=fr |format=XLS |journal=Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE |volume=2012 Numéro 1 |issue=91 |doi=10.1787/888932612306 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932612306 |access-date=2020-10-15|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some prominent European liberalists, such as Guy Verhofstadt (former Prime Minister of Belgium),<ref>{{cite web|author=Bruno Waterfield|date=18 February 2009|title=Blueprint for EU army to be agreed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/4689736/Blueprint-for-EU-army-to-be-agreed.html|access-date=30 December 2014|work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International news – euronews, latest international news|url=http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=europa&article=457865&lng=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206143409/http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=europa&article=457865&lng=1|archive-date=6 February 2012|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> Viviane Reading (current Vice-President of the European Commission),<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-12-796_en.htm Europa – Press Release – Why we need a United States of Europe now]</ref> and Matteo Renzi (former Prime Minister of Italy),<ref>{{cite web|date=22 June 2014|title=Italy to push for 'United States of Europe' when it holds the EU presidency|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10918134/Italy-to-push-for-United-States-of-Europe-when-it-holds-the-EU-presidency.html|access-date=30 December 2014|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> are proponents of a future federalisation of the European Union.
=== Social issues === Among European liberals, ''classical liberals'' and ''social liberals'' support cultural liberalism, for example LGBT rights issues including same-sex marriage, legalization of some drugs, opening immigration, etc., while most ''conservative liberals'', including ordoliberals, Christian democrats, and some agrarians, take a moderate-to-conservative stance on cultural issues. For example, Finland's Centre Party, a Nordic agrarian party, follows conservative liberalism in this sense.<ref name="Kaleva.fi">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|title=Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/cracking_open_the_numbers_in_the_same-sex_marriage_vote/7659314 Cracking open the numbers in the same-sex marriage vote] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203190422/http://yle.fi/uutiset/cracking_open_the_numbers_in_the_same-sex_marriage_vote/7659314 |date=3 December 2014 }}, YLE 28 November 2014, accessed 5 November 2014.</ref>
== Parties ==
=== Government === {| class="wikitable" !Country !Symbol !Parties !Head of state<br/>Head of government !Upper/ Lower house !Founded !Leader/Founder !Former party !European/ International affliction !Ideology/ Political position |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Belgium}} |150px | Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats
''Flemish''
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten |'''Prime Minister'''
Alexander De Croo |'''Chamber of Representatives (Lower House)'''
{{Composition bar|12|87|hex={{party color|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats}}}}'''Senate (Upper House)'''
{{Composition bar|5|60|hex={{party color|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats}}}}
'''Coalition'''
{{plainlist|* Open Vld * MR * sp.a * PS * CD&V * Ecolo * Groen}} |1992 (VLD)
2007 (Open VLD) |'''Leader'''
Egbert Lachaert |'''Preceded by'''
Party for Freedom and Progress |'''European'''
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
'''International'''
Liberal International (LI) |'''Ideology'''
Liberalism (Belgium)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartley |first=Robert L. |chapter=Liberalism 1976: A Conservative Critique |date=2019-06-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429304316-3 |title=The Relevance of Liberalism |pages=61–96 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429304316-3 |isbn=978-0-429-30431-6 |s2cid=199340153 |access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref><ref name="Liberal parties and elections">{{Cite book |last1=Close |first1=Caroline |last2=Delwit |first2=Pascal |chapter=Liberal parties and elections |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351245500-15 |title=Liberal Parties in Europe |pages=281–309 |location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |series=Party families in Europe |isbn=978-1-351-24550-0 |access-date=2020-10-13|doi=10.4324/9781351245500-15|s2cid=158839366 }}</ref>
Conservative liberalism<ref name="Slomp, Hans, 1945–2011">{{Cite book|last=Slomp |first=Hans |title=Europe, a political profile : an American companion to European politics. Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Slomp, Hans, 1945-|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=759986337}}</ref><ref name="Starke, Peter, 1977–2013">{{Cite book|last=Starke |first=Peter |title=The welfare state as crisis manager : explaining the diversity of policy responses to economic crisis|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|others=Kaasch, Alexandra; Hooren, Franca van |isbn=978-1-137-31484-0|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=844063308}}</ref>
Pro-Europeanism<ref name=":6" />
'''Political position'''
Centre-right<ref>{{cite book|author-link1=Josep Colomer|author=Josep M. Colomer|title=Comparative European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S5JJkjpzf8C&pg=PA220|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-12362-1|page=220}}</ref> |- |150px |Reformist Movement
''French''
Mouvement Réformateur |N/A | '''Chamber of Representatives (Lower House)'''
{{Composition bar|14|87|hex={{party color|Mouvement Réformateur}}}}'''Senate (Upper House)'''
{{Composition bar|8|60|hex={{party color|Mouvement Réformateur}}}}
'''Coalition'''
{{plainlist|* Open Vld * MR * sp.a * PS * CD&V * Ecolo * Groen}} |21 March 2002 |'''Leader'''
Georges-Louis Bouchez |'''Preceded by'''
Citizens' Movement for Change |'''European'''
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
'''International'''
Liberal International (LI) |'''Ideology'''
<!-- MR is more social liberal than Open Vld, but there is also a conservative liberal tendency. Social liberalism and conservative liberalism are contradictory ideologies. Don't add a Conservative liberalism and Social liberalism -->Liberalism (Belgium)<ref name="Liberal parties and elections"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=European politics|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor1-last=Hay |editor1-first=Colin |editor2-last=Menon |editor2-first=Anand |isbn=978-0-19-928428-3|location=Oxford|oclc=71541592}}</ref>
'''Political position'''
Centre-right<ref>{{Cite book|title=Comparative European politics|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Colomer |editor-first=Josep Maria |isbn=978-0-415-43755-4|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=182716576}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Neo-nationalism in Europe and beyond : perspectives from social anthropology|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|editor1-last=Gingrich |editor1-first=André |editor2-last=Banks |editor2-first=Marcus |isbn=978-1-78238-611-7|location=New York|oclc=607904369}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |150px |Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS – LD)
''Croatian''
Hrvatska narodna stranka – Liberalni demokrati (HNS – LD) |N/A |'''Sabor'''
{{Composition bar|1|151|hex={{party color|Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats}}}}'''Coalition'''
Independent Democratic Serb Party
<small>''with support from HSLS, HDS, HDSSB, '''HNS''', Reformists, Democratic Union of Hungarians, Kali Sara, Union of Albanians and Independents''</small> |13 October 1990 |'''Leader'''
'''Founder'''
Savka Dabčević-Kučar |'''Preceded by'''
Coalition of People's Accord |'''Regional'''
Liberal South East European Network
'''European'''
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) |'''Ideology'''
Social liberalism<ref name="Close2">{{cite book|last=Close|first=Caroline|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RceHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT431|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|date=12 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351245487|editor1-last=Close|editor1-first=Caroline|page=339|chapter=The liberal party family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|editor2-last=van Haute|editor2-first=Emilie}}</ref>
Pro-Europeanism<ref name="expat2">{{cite web|last=Gladoic|first=Andrea|title=Croatia's Largest Political Parties|url=https://www.expatincroatia.com/croatia-largest-political-parties/|access-date=12 October 2018|website=Expat in Croatia|date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
'''Political position'''
{{nowrap|Centre<ref name="expat">{{cite web|url=https://www.expatincroatia.com/croatia-largest-political-parties/|title=Croatia's Largest Political Parties|website=Expat in Croatia|last=Gladoic|first=Andrea|date=14 June 2018|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> to centre-left<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/09/27/who-is-who-political-parties-in-croatia/|website=Balkan Insight|date=27 September 2010|title=Key Political Parties in Croatia}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Finland}} | |Centre Party
''Finnish''
''Swedish''
Centern i Finland |'''Deputy Prime Minister'''
Annika Saarikko |'''Parliament'''{{composition bar|31|200|hex={{party color|Centre Party (Finland)}}}}'''European Parliament'''{{composition bar|2|14|hex={{party color|Centre Party (Finland)}}}}'''Coalition'''
Swedish People's Party |1906 |'''Leader'''
|'''Preceded by'''
Annika Saarikko |'''European'''
'''International'''
Liberal International (LI) |'''Ideology'''
{{nowrap|Agrarianism<ref name="Nordsieck 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/finland.html|title=Finland|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2015|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222235654/http://parties-and-elections.eu/finland.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
{{nowrap|Economic interventionism<ref name="Kaleva.fi">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|title=Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
{{nowrap|Conservative liberalism<ref name="Close2019">{{cite book|author=Caroline Close|date=2019|chapter=The liberal party family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RceHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT431|editor1-last=Close|editor1-first=Caroline|editor2-last=van Haute|editor2-first=Emilie|publisher=Routledge|pages=338–339|isbn=9781351245487}}</ref>}}
'''Political position'''
Centre<ref name="Nordsieck 2015" /><ref name="Colomer2008">{{cite book|author=Josep M. Colomer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|title=Political Institutions in Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-1-134-07354-2|page=260|author-link1=Josep Colomer}}</ref><ref name="Nordlund2007">{{cite book|author=Andrews Nordlund|title=Normative Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1-134-27283-9|editor1=Nanna Kildal|page=74|chapter=Nordic social politics in the late twentieth century: An analysis of the political reform agenda|editor2=Stein Kuhnle|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFEX-6VzpGEC&pg=PA74}}</ref> |- | |Swedish People's Party of Finland
''Finnish''
Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue |N/A |'''Parliament'''{{Composition bar|10|200|hex={{party color|Swedish People's Party of Finland}}}}'''European Parliament'''{{Composition bar|1|14|hex={{party color|Swedish People's Party of Finland}}}}'''Coalition'''
Swedish People's Party |1906 |'''Leader'''
'''Founder'''
Axel Olof Freudenthal |'''Preceded by'''
Svecoman movement |'''European'''
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
'''International'''
Liberal International (LI) |'''Ideology'''
Swedish-speaking minority interests<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2019|title=Finland|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/finland.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref>
Liberalism (Finland)<ref name="Bergqvist1999">{{cite book |first=Christina|last=Bergqvist |title=Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319 |year=1999 |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |isbn=978-82-00-12799-4 |page=319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Juvonen|first=Tuula|date=2016-05-01|title=Out and Elected: Political Careers of Openly Gay and Lesbian Politicians in Germany and Finland|journal=Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory|volume=19|issue=1|pages=49–71|doi=10.7227/R.19.1.4|issn=2308-0914|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Pro-Europeanism<ref name="Program">{{Cite web|last=RKP|first=SFP|year=2019|title=SFP:s Riksdag ValsProgram 2019|url=https://sfp.fi/politik/beslut-politiska-program/riksdagsvalsprogram_2019/|access-date=18 April 2019|website=SFP}}</ref>
'''Political position'''
Centre<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lane |first1=Jan-Erik |author-link1=Jan-Erik Lane |last2=Ersson |first2=Svante |year=2008 |page=260 |chapter=The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State |editor=Josep M. Colomer |editor-link1=Josep Colomer |title=Political Institutions in Europe |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-07354-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|France}} |150px |La République En Marche! |'''President'''
'''Prime Minister'''
Jean Castex |'''National Assembly (Lower House)'''
{{composition bar|280|577|hex={{party color|La République En Marche!}}}}
'''Senate (Upper House)'''
{{composition bar|23|348|hex={{party color|La République En Marche!}}}}'''European Parliament'''
{{composition bar|11|79|hex={{party color|La République En Marche!}}}}'''Coalition'''
TDP |6 April 2016 |'''Leader'''
'''Founder'''
Emmanuel Macron | |'''European'''
Renew Europe |'''Ideology'''
<!-- LREM is also evaluated as Economic liberalism or Social liberalism, but do not describe it here because the two ideologies contradict each other.-->Classical liberalism
'''Political position'''
Centre |- |150px |Agir |'''Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs'''
Franck Riester |'''National Assembly (Lower House)'''
{{composition bar|11|577|hex={{party color|Agir (France)}}}}
'''Senate (Upper House)'''
{{composition bar|6|348|hex={{party color|Agir (France)}}}}'''European Parliament'''
{{composition bar|1|79|hex={{party color|Agir (France)}}}}'''Coalition'''
TDP |6 April 2016 |'''Leader'''
Franck Riester | |'''European'''
Renew Europe |'''Ideology'''
'''Political position'''
Centre-right<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|title=La droite pro-européenne fait officiellement sécession avec Agir|work=EURACTIV|url=https://www.euractiv.fr/section/elections/news/la-droite-pro-europeenne-fait-officiellement-secession-avec-agir/|trans-title=The pro-European right officially breaks away with Agir|last=Barbière|first=Cécile|date=17 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/26/new-centre-right-party-launches-france/|title=New centre-right party launches in France|date=26 November 2017|last=Chazan|first=David}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |150px |Free Democratic Party |'''Secretary of the Treasury'''
Christian Lindner |'''Bundestag'''
{{composition bar|92|736|hex={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}}}
'''State Parliaments'''
{{composition bar|134|1884|hex={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}}}
'''European Parliament'''
{{composition bar|5|95|hex={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}}}
|6 April 2016 |'''Chairman'''
'''General Secretary'''
Volker Wissing | |'''European'''
Renew Europe |'''Ideology'''
Conservative liberalism<ref>{{cite book|first=Hans|last=Slomp|title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA377|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39181-1|page=377}}</ref>
'''Political position'''
Centre to centre-right |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |150px |Go Italy ''Italian'' <br> Forza Italia |N/A
|'''Chamber of Deputies (Lower House)'''
{{composition bar|79|630|hex={{party color|Forza Italia (2013)}}}}
'''Senate of the Republic (Upper House)'''
{{composition bar|50|315|hex={{party color|Forza Italia (2013)}}}}
'''European Parliament'''
{{composition bar|9|76|hex={{party color|Forza Italia (2013)}}}}
|16 November 2013 |'''Leader'''
'''Founder'''
| |'''European'''
European People's Party (EPP) |'''Ideology'''
Conservative liberalism<ref name="Blome2016">{{cite book|author=Agnes Blome|title=The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNyVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142|year= 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-55436-3|page=142}}</ref>
'''Political position'''
Centre-right |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |150px |Liberal Initiative ''Portuguese'' <br> Iniciativa Liberal |N/A
|'''Parliament'''
{{composition bar|8|230|hex={{party color|Liberal Initiative}}}}
|13 December 2017 |'''Leader'''
'''Founder'''
Alexandre Krauss <br> Bruno Horta Soares <br> Rodrigo Dias Saraiva <small>(and others)</small>
| |'''European'''
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) |'''Ideology'''
'''Political position'''
Centre-right |}
==See also== * Liberalism by country for discussion of individual states of Europe * Classical liberalism (mainly economic liberalism) * Conservative liberalism (right-liberalism) ** Liberal conservatism * Social liberalism (left-liberalism) ** Liberal socialism * Libertarianism * Ordoliberalism * Radicalism (historical)
==Notes== {{reflist}} {{Liberalism in Europe}}
Category:Liberalism in Europe Europe Category:Centrism in Europe Category:Pro-Europeanism