{{Short description|Important aspect of overall job performance}} {{advert|date=May 2019}} '''Contextual performance''' is defined as the activities that employees carry out to contribute to the social and psychological functionality of an organisation. It is a component of an individual's job performance.<ref name="Borman, W. 1997">Borman, W., & Motowildo, S. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.</ref> There is a perspective proficiency in a specific task is not sufficient and employees may be selected based on their competencies that may contribute to the wider functionality of an organisation.
Contextual performance may consist of activities such as volunteering for additional work, strict adherence to organizational rules and procedures, and various other discretionary behaviours.
== Overview == This construct was first identified in the industrial and organizational psychology research world by Borman & Motowidlo.<ref name="Motowidlo, S. 1994"/> With the rise of the knowledge economy, expectations for employees may increase. While the principles of contextual performance are very similar to those of organizational citizenship behavior (OCBs) and prosocial behavior, it is contested that contextual performance is in fact a construct in its own right.<ref name="Borman, W. 1997"/>
The counterpart of contextual performance is task performance. Task performance is defined as the work activities that contribute to an organization's technical capacity.<ref name="Borman, W. 1997"/> Contextual performance is more likely to be voluntary, whereas task performance is more likely to be prescribed by the job description. Although contextual performance is subjective, research suggests that managers increasingly include these behaviours when conducting performance evaluations.<ref name="Johnson, J. 2001">Johnson, J. (2001). The relative importance of task and contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of overall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 984-996.</ref> While conceptually different, these two types of performance have moderately high correlations, whereby individuals who are good task performers are often also good contextual performers.<ref>Dalal, R. S. (2007). Contextual performance / prosocial behavior / organizational citizenship behavior. In S. G. Rogelberg (Ed.) Encyclopedia of industrial/organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp.103-106). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage</ref>
== Taxonomy == Research has yielded several taxonomies of contextual performance and organizational citizenship behaviour. Borman & Motowildo describe the contextual performance as encompassing both OCB's and prosocial work behaviours. The following is Borman & Motowildo's taxonomy:<ref name="Borman, W. 1997"/> *Persisting with enthusiasm and extra effort as necessary to complete own task activities successfully *Volunteering to carry out task activities that are not formally part of one's own job *Helping and cooperating with others *Following organizational rules and procedures *Endorsing, supporting, and defending organizational objectives *Interpersonal facilitation *Job dedication
To garner information regarding an employee's contextual performance, researchers adapt items from the previous taxonomy. Items are measured by supervisors on a Likert scale, from one to five. A few sample items are: * The employee voluntarily does more than the job requires to help others or contribute to organizational effectiveness * The employee tackles a difficult work assignment enthusiastically * The employee volunteers for additional duty<ref name="Motowidlo, S. 1994">Motowidlo, S., & Van Scotter, J. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480.</ref>
== Predictors ==
=== Dispositional predictors === Researchers believe that there are different traits and abilities that predict task and contextual performance. Intelligence has been found to be a significant predictor of task performance and procedural knowledge, or knowledge of how to do a task, which predicts contextual performance.<ref>Bergman, M., Donovan, M., Drasgow, F., Overton, R., & Henning, J. (2008). Test of Motowildo et al.’s (1997) theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 21, 227-253.</ref> Otherwise, there is limited support for the relationship between intelligence and contextual performance. Because of this, research has also explored non-cognitive predictors of performance, such as personality.<ref>Motowildo, S., Borman, W, & Schmit, M. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71-83.</ref> Research findings show that the personality trait of conscientiousness does indeed have a weak to moderate positive relationship with contextual performance. Openness to experience and extraversion were found to have a weak correlation.<ref name="Dalal, R. S. 2007 pp.103-106">Dalal, R. S. (2007). Contextual performance / prosocial behavior / organizational citizenship behavior. In S. G. Rogelberg (Ed.)Encyclopedia of industrial/organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp.103-106). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref>
In a team setting, the personality traits of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness predict contextual performance.<ref>Morgeson, F. P., Reider, M. H., & Campion, M. A. (2005). Selecting individuals in team settings: The importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 583-612.</ref> Other personality traits, besides the Big Five, have also been researched. It was found that the relationship between dependability, work orientation, cooperativeness and contextual performance is greater than their relationship with task performance.<ref name="Motowidlo, S. 1994" />
=== Situational and job-related predictors === If an individual perceives that he or she is being treated fairly, if they are satisfied with their job, and if they feel that their supervisor or leader provides support, their contextual performance is expected to increase.<ref name="Dalal, R. S. 2007 pp.103-106" /> Procedural justice describes the fairness used in the allocation process and found a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between the two dimensions of contextual performance: interpersonal facilitation and job dedication.<ref>Aryee, S., Chen, Z., & Budhwar, P. (2004). Exchange fairness and employee performance: An examination of the relationship between organizational politics and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 1-14.</ref><ref name="Dalal, R. S. 2007 pp.103-106" /> Both individual differences and situational constraints influence contextual performance.<ref>Witt, L., Kacmar, K., Carlson, D., & Zivnuska, S. (2002). Interactive effects of personality and organizational politics on contextual performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 911-926.</ref>
== Outcomes == Research shows that contextual performance is a significant predictor of turnover over and above task performance.<ref name="Van Scotter">Van Scotter, J. (2000). Relationships of task performance and contextual performance with turnover, job satisfaction, and affective commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1), 79-95.</ref> The facet of interpersonal facilitation significantly predicts organizational commitment.<ref name="Van Scotter"/> Research supports that contextual performance relate to overall organization performance as measured by quality, quantity, financial measures, and customer service measures.<ref name="Dalal, R. S. 2007 pp.103-106"/>
== Theoretical implications == Many conceptualizations of employee performance focus only on task performance, and may thus be deficient because they lack the contextual performance construct.<ref name="Werner, J. 2000">Werner, J. (2000). Implications of OCB and contextual performance for human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1), 3-24.</ref> Since evidence indicates that supervisor ratings include contextual performance, a holistic conceptualization of performance should include both task and contextual performance.<ref name="Johnson, J. 2001"/> Another theoretical implication is the overlapping nature of contextual performance with both OCB and prosocial behaviour. Some researchers argue that OCB clearly overlaps with contextual performance and should be redefined as the same construct.<ref>Organ, D. (1997) Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85-97.</ref> Contextual performance is considered be an extra-role behaviours that is not expected or rewarded by the organization. However, this conceptualization may not be accurate.<ref name="Werner, J. 2000"/>
== Related areas == *Organizational citizenship behaviour
==References== {{Reflist|32em}} zh-yue:情境表現 Category:Human resource management