{{short description|Political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement}} {{about|the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement|conservatism influenced by liberalism|Liberal conservatism}} {{too-abstract|date=August 2016}} {{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} {{liberalism sidebar}} {{conservatism sidebar}} '''Conservative liberalism''', also referred to as '''right-liberalism''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Keith L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhW9DwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1421436210 |editor= |language=en |quote=... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).|pages=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Orlowski |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oexQKlYx_lUC |title=Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century |date=2011-06-21 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-9400714182 |editor= |page=110 |language=en |quote=This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.}}</ref> is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.<ref name="Mair">{{Cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Mair |url=https://archive.org/details/representativego0000gall_s3i5 |title=Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties, and Governments |last2=Gallagher |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Gallagher (academic) |last3=Laver |first3=Michael |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |year=2001 |isbn=0072322675 |edition=3rd |pages=221 |language=en |quote=Within the first strand, an emphasis on individual rights has led to a concern for fis- cal rectitude and opposition to all but minimal state intervention in the economy. This right-wing strand of liberalism has been particularly important in Austria, where the Freedom party used to be regarded as the most rightist of European liberal parties, but is now better grouped with the extreme right (we discuss this later in this chapter). The right-wing strand is also important in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, and this is the position toward which the Progressive Democrats in Ireland have now gravitated. Thus, this brand of liberalism has tended to emerge in countries that are also characterized by strong Christian democratic parties and hence where the anticlerical component of liberalism was once important. Indeed, anticlericalism in these countries has two distinct forms, being represented on the left by socialist and/or communist parties and on the right by secular liberal parties. |access-date=2025-03-22 |url-access=registration }}</ref> In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a less radical variant of classical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=R. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC |title=Beyond Liberalism: The Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Michael Polanyi |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-1807-0 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=EuroLiberal/> Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditionally conservative stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.{{specify|date=August 2016}}<ref name="Nordsieck contents">{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html | title=Content|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=23 June 2023|quote=Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.}}</ref> Despite some differences, there are strong similarities between original ordoliberalism and the conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, Canadian, French, Italian, and American manifestations and it can be considered one of its components.<ref name="Dyson2021">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Dyson|chapter=Introduction|editor=Kenneth Dyson|title=Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market|year=2021|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-885428-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref>
In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, ''liberal conservatism'' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and ''conservative liberalism'' refers to classical liberals who support a ''laissez-faire'' economy as well as socially conservative principles. Since conservatives gradually accepted classical liberal institutions, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1442600409|edition=3rd|location=Peterborough, Ont.|pages=154–155}}</ref> Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |author= Roger Scruton |access-date=2017-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111705/https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Telos |date=1998 |page=72 |publisher=Telos Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Shannan Lorraine Mattiace |title=Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin }}</ref>
== Overview == [[File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|upright|Alexis de Tocqueville had a major influence on the modern philosophy of conservative liberalism.]] Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and the United Kingdom, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Robert Tombs |title=France 1814–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTagBAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+liberal+Doctrinaires&pg=PT294 |quote= ... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ... |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317871439 }}</ref> Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Efraim Podoksik |title=In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott |quote= ... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ... |date=2013 |page=14 |publisher=Imprint Academic |isbn=9781845404680 }}</ref>
[[File:Raymond Aron Studio Harcourt 1956 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|150px|upright|Raymond Aron is known as Jean-Paul Sartre's "great intellectual opponent".<ref>{{cite book |title=The New York Times Book Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbwfAQAAMAAJ&q=Raymond+Aron+%22intellectual+opponent%22 |quote= ... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ... |date=1986 |page=1 |publisher=New York Times Company |isbn=978-1317755098 }}</ref>]] According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek ''polis'', the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kraynak |first=Robert |date=December 2005 |title=Living with liberalism |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060958/https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=23 June 2023 |magazine=The New Criterion}}</ref>
In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.<ref name="Nordsieck contents"/> The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 13.]</ref> Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.<ref name=Mair/>
== Political stance == [[File:Wilhelm Röpke.jpg|left|thumb|150px|upright|Wilhelm Röpke was representative of ordoliberalism.]] Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hans Slomp |title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&dq=%22Social++liberalism%22+%22Conservative+liberalism%22&pg=PA107 |quote= Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism. |date=2011 |page=107 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313391811 }}</ref> Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.<ref name="EuroLiberal">{{cite book |editor=Emilie van Haute |editor2=Caroline Close |title=Liberal Parties in Europe |date=2019 |page=326 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position, conservative liberalism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Immanuel Wallerstein |title=The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914 |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="KESK">{{cite book |editor=Emilie van Haute |editor2=Caroline Close |title=Liberal Parties in Europe |date=2019 |pages=338–339 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
=== Social, classical and conservative liberalism === Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that largely embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean ''de facto'' classical liberals;<ref name="Friedman" /> in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets, such as Röpke.<ref name="Ropke" />
== By country == {{Synthesis|section|date=January 2022}}
=== France === Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.<ref name="Tocqueville"/><ref name="AdolpheThiers"/> They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July Monarchy alone;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Jeremy |title=Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn |url-access=limited |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn/page/n198 188]|isbn=978-0198203131 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agulhon |first1=Maurice |title=The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852 |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=135}}</ref> after the French Revolution of 1848, the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
=== Germany === Before World War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism ({{langx|de|Rechtsliberalismus}}) was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism ({{langx|de|Nationalliberalismus}}). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.<ref name="Ropke"/>
=== United Kingdom === In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.<ref name="Klein">{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Daniel B. |date=2021-03-01 |title=Conservative liberalism: Hume, Smith, and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268120304285 |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=183 |pages=861–873 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.021 |s2cid=233880111 |issn=0167-2681|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== United States === {{Liberalism US|schools}} In the United States, ''liberal'' usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as ''conservative liberals'' in Europe are often simply referred to as ''conservatives'' in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.<ref name="Friedman" /><ref name="Kristol" /> Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.<ref name="political-ideology-today">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=reprinted, revised|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719060205}}</ref> In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107 107]}} In the case of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U175DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Blue+Dog&pg=PA93 |quote= It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat"). |date=2020 |page=93 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004432864 }}</ref> and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0604/Centrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs |title=Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs. |quote=Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests. ate=4 June 2019 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> Conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.<ref name="CentrePartyF">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|title=Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, argued that American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals:
<blockquote>[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lawler (academic) |year=2002 |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |url=http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Intercollegiate Review |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094427/http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref></blockquote>
== Notable thinkers == {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * David Hume (1711–1776)<ref name="Klein"/> * Adam Smith (1723–1790)<ref name="Klein"/> * Edmund Burke (1729–1797)<ref name="Klein"/> * Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834) * François Guizot (1787–1874) * Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)<ref name="AdolpheThiers">{{cite book|editor=Andrew Cleveland Gould |title=Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815–1914 |quote= Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ... |date=1992 |page=82 |publisher=University of California }}</ref> * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)<ref name="Tocqueville">{{cite book|editor=Martin Fitzpatrick |editor2=Peter Jones |title=The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyZ7DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Tocqueville&pg=PT149 |quote= ... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ... |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1350012554 }}</ref> * William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kansas State College of Pittsburg |title=The Educational Leader |quote= The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century, William E. Gladstone, was in principle and practice a conservative liberal. As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894, he was directly ... |date=1945 |page=67 |publisher=Kansas State College}}</ref> * Camillo Benso (1810–1861) * Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) * Winston Churchill (1874–1965) * Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929) * Paul Reynaud (1878–1966) * Benedetto Croce (1866-1952) * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) * Walter Eucken (1891–1950)<ref name="Ropke"/> * Robert Menzies (1894–1978) * Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)<ref name="Ropke"/> * Wilhelm Ropke (1899–1966)<ref name="Ropke">{{cite book|editor=Kenneth Dyson |title=Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> * Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992)<ref name="Hayek">{{cite book|editor=Paul Kelly |title=Liberalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkttlv-M8ZYC&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Friedrich+Hayek&pg=PA71 |quote= Conservative liberal critics of social justice, such as Friedrich Hayek, have sought to reject precisely this distinction. |date=2005 |page=71 |publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745632902 }}</ref> * Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990) * Ayn Rand (1905–1982) * Raymond Aron (1905–1983)<ref name="Aron">{{cite book |title=In Defense of Decadent Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DZwa-S7WEwC&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Raymond+Aron&pg=PR11 |quote= ... Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the ... |date=1996 |page=XI |publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412826044 }}</ref> * Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) * Milton Friedman (1912–2006)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite book|editor=David Cayla |title=Populism and Neoliberalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDAXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Neoliberalism+%22conservative+liberalism%22&pg=PA62 |quote= He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism. |date=2021 |page=62 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1000366709 }}</ref> * Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1919–1999) * Irving Kristol (1920–2009)<ref name="Kristol">{{cite book|editor=Otis L. Graham Jr. |title=Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjp_Mjti9n4C&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Irving+Kristol&pg=RA3-PA1911 |quote= The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol. |date=1976 |page=1911 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199923212 }}</ref> * Helmut Schoeck (1922–1993) * Francis Fukuyama (born 1952)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Phillip Darby |title=At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender, and Dependency |quote=... Instead, in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal, Francis Fukuyama, comfortably pronounces the victory of ...|date=1997 |page=62 |publisher=Pinter}}</ref> {{div col end}}
== List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions== === Current parties === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * Argentina: Republican Proposal, Union of the Democratic Centre,<ref name="Pion66">{{Citation |first=David |last=Pion-Berlin |title=Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-military Relations in Argentina |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |page=66}}</ref> Christian Democratic Party<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf |title= Quién es quién. Los partidos políticos argentinos |access-date= 20 October 2016 |date= August 1983 |work= Corbière, Emilio J. |language= es |archive-date= 6 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100706194524/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/ |title= Documento Final del Congreso Ideológico Nacional del PDC |access-date= 24 October 2016 |work= Partido Demócrata Cristiano |date= 6 July 2014 |language= es |archive-date= 1 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151001081733/http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> * Australia: Liberal Party of Australia<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA191|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137314840|pages=191–192}}</ref> * Belgium: Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats,<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} Reformist Movement,<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} Libertarian, Direct, Democratic<ref name="Nordsieck">{{Cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu |title = Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> * Brazil: Progressive Party,<ref name="Berg-SchlosserKersting2003">{{cite book |editor1=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor2=Norbert Kersting |title=Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities |chapter=Brazil |author=Barbara Happe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGJuAyfj1ykC&pg=PA24 |year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1842772058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 }}</ref> Social Democratic Party (factions), Liberal Party, New Party * Bulgaria: National Movement for Stability and Progress<ref name="Close2019">{{cite book|author=Caroline Close|chapter=The liberal family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=344}}</ref> * Canada: British Columbia United, Coalition Avenir Québec, Saskatchewan Party * Chile: Evópoli * Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party<ref name=Nordsieck/> * Czech Republic: Mayors and Independents, TOP 09,<ref>[http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/czech_republic/parties.html NSD, European Election Database, Czech Republic]{{dead link|date=April 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Civic Democratic Party,<ref name="Andorka1999">{{cite book|author=Rudolf Andorka|title=A Society Transformed: Hungary in Time-space Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EalE168DIAC&pg=PA163|year=1999|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-9639116498|page=163}}</ref><ref name="AratóKaniok2009">{{cite book|author1=Krisztina Arató|author2=Petr Kaniok|title=Euroscepticism and European Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mGBy6HeVIEC&pg=PA191|year=2009|publisher=CPI/PSRC|isbn=978-9537022204|page=191}}</ref><ref name="HloušekKopecek2013">{{cite book|author1=Vít Hloušek|author2=Lubomír Kopecek|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA177|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1409499770|page=177}}</ref> ANO 2011<ref name="Close2019"/> * Denmark: Venstre–Liberal Party of Denmark<ref name=Mair/><ref name=Nordsieck/><ref name="Kirchner1988">{{cite book|author=Emil J. Kirchner|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA280|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521323949|page=280}}</ref> * Estonia: Estonian Reform Party<ref name="Purju2003">{{cite book|author=Alari Purju|chapter=Economic Performance and Market Reforms|editor1=Marat Terterov|editor2=Jonathan Reuvid|title=Doing Business with Estonia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzt1_i6XprIC&pg=PA20|year=2003|publisher=GMB Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1905050567|page=20}}</ref> * El Salvador: Nuevas Ideas, GANA * Faroe Islands: Union Party,<ref name=Nordsieck/> People's Party<ref name="Lansford2014">{{cite book|author=Tom Lansford|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392|year=2014|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1483333274|page=392}}</ref> * Finland: National Coalition Party, Centre Party<ref name=KESK/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA446 446]}} * France: The Republicans, Horizons, The Centrists<ref name=Nordsieck/> * Germany: Free Democratic Party<ref name=Mair/><ref name="Slomp2000">{{cite book|author=Hans Slomp|title=European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJH_mHgI68C&pg=PA55|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275968007|page=55}}</ref><ref name="George1991">{{cite book|author=Stephen George|title=Politics and Policy in the European Community (Comparative European Politics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRe0AAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0198780557|pages=71}}</ref> * Ghana: New Patriotic Party * Greece: New Democracy<ref name="Arnold2006">{{cite book |author=Jörg Arnold |chapter=Criminal Law as a Reaction to System Crime: Policy for Dealing with the Past in European Transitions |editor1=Jerzy W. Borejsza|editor2=Klaus Ziemer |title=Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA410 |year=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=1571816410 |page=410}}</ref> * Greenland: Feeling of Community<ref name=Nordsieck/> * Hungary: Tisza Party<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/peter-magyar-hungarian-youth-tisza/33058199.html |title=Generation Apathy: How Peter Magyar Is Mobilizing Hungary's Youth |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> * Iceland: Independence Party{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA680 680]}} * Ireland: Fianna Fáil,<ref name=KESK/> Fine Gael<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/de/wahl-auf-der-grünen-insel/a-521140 | title=Wahl auf der grünen Insel | DW | 20.05.2002 | website=Deutsche Welle }}</ref> * Israel: Likud,<ref>Hilo Glazer, [https://www.haaretz.com/2015-09-29/ty-article/.premium/from-peace-activist-to-likuds-youngest-mk/0000017f-e39b-d75c-a7ff-ff9f97380000 How Likud's Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right], ''Haaretz'', Sep 29, 2015</ref><ref>Anshel Pfeffer, [https://www.haaretz.com/2012-11-25/ty-article/.premium/likud-primaries-may-backfire-on-pm/0000017f-e3a4-d804-ad7f-f3feecd90000 How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu], ''Haaretz'', Nov 25, 2012</ref> Telem, New Hope<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-der-rivale-macht-ernst-1.5144206|title=Der Rivale macht Ernst|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> * Italy: {{lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}}<ref name="Blome2016">{{cite book|author=Agnes Blome|title=The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNyVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142|year= 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1317554363|page=142}}</ref> * Japan: Liberal Democratic Party<ref name="Kobayashi1976">{{cite book|author=Tetsuya Kobayashi|title=Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBSoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=1976|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1483136226|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Almanac |quote=In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491. |date=1975 |page=43 |publisher=Mainichi Newspapers }}</ref><ref name="Kevenhörster">{{cite book|author1=Paul Kevenhörster|author2=Werner Pascha|author3=Karen Shire|title=Japan: Wirtschaft - Gesellschaft - Politik|year=2003|publisher=VS Verlag|isbn= 978-3-32-299566-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ8nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|page=302}}</ref>{{efn|Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to ultranationalism and neo-fascism. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan's wartime atrocities 'had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.' The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism—centred around the figure of the emperor—retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=The Spectator |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} * Latvia: Unity * Lithuania: Liberals' Movement, Freedom and Justice * Luxembourg: Democratic Party<ref name=Mair/> * Mexico: National Action Party{{cn|date=August 2025}} * Moldova: Liberal Party,<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref>[http://www.europeanforum.net/country/moldova European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405153134/http://www.europeanforum.net/country/moldova |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref> Liberal Reformist Party{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} * Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy,<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p. 49</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |title=NSD, European Election Database, Netherlands |access-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185331/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Winter">{{cite book|author1=Rudy W Andeweg|author2=Lieven De Winter|author3=Patrick Dumont|title=Government Formation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3rUuZ6jG0C&pg=PA147|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1134239726|page=147}}</ref><ref name="ClasenClegg">{{cite book|author1=Jochen Clasen|author2=Daniel Clegg|title=Regulating the Risk of Unemployment: National Adaptations to Post-Industrial Labour Markets in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLAooCYXeVgC&pg=PA76|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199592296|page=76}}</ref>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA459 459]}}<ref name="Hanley">{{cite book|author=David Hanley|title=Christian Democracy in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VozH67LS7QEC&pg=PA67|access-date=17 August 2012|year=1998|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1855673823|page=67}}</ref><ref name="OersErsbøll">{{cite book|author1=Ricky Van Oers|author2=Eva Ersbøll|author3=Dora Kostakopoulou|author4=Theodora Kostakopoulou|title=A Re-Definition of Belonging?: Language and Integration Tests in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89wuqKuGJbIC&pg=PA60|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004175068|page=60}}</ref> JA21<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=NOS |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref> * New Zealand: New Zealand National Party * Norway: Progress Party<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html |title=NSD – European Election Database, Norway |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105133345/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Philippines: Liberal Party (factions), Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino * Poland: Civic Coalition<ref name="Laar2011">{{cite book|author=Mart Laar|title=The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9QCOrlyOMC&pg=PA229|publisher=Unitas Foundation|isbn=978-9949214792|page=229|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gorska2012">{{cite book|author=Joanna A. Gorska|title=Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland's Policy toward Russia, 1989-2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIowWvWUXvQC&pg=PA104|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739145340|page=104}}</ref><ref name="Pytlas2016">{{cite book|author=Bartek Pytlas|title=Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOC9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317495864|page=30}}</ref> * Portugal: Social Democratic Party<ref name="Machado1991">{{cite book|author=Diamantino P. Machado|title=The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YixpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275937843|page=192}}</ref> * Romania: National Liberal Party<ref name="Close2019"/> * Russia: Democratic Choice *Serbia: People's Party * Slovakia: Freedom and Solidarity{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA561 561]}} * Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party<ref name="HloušekKopecek2013"/> * South Africa: Democratic Alliance<ref>{{cite news|last=Pather|first=Raeesa|date=24 October 2019|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/24/will-the-da-survive-mmusi-maimanes-resignation|title=Will the DA survive Mmusi Maimane's resignation?|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=14 July 2021|quote=Zille...is seen as representing a conservative-liberal grouping within the DA.}}</ref> * South Korea: Minsaeng Party, Democratic Party of Korea (factions)<ref>{{cite news |title= 중도보수' 표방 새정치연합, '세모녀 법'등 민생정치도 '흔들' |newspaper=참세상|date= 2014-03-31|url= http://www.newscham.net/news/view.php?board=news&nid=73718|access-date=2014-04-26}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/628380.html 새정치민주연합 "성찰적 진보와 합리적 보수 아우를 것"]. ''한겨레''. (March 16, 2014)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='더불어민주당 2중대'로서 정의당 |trans-title=The Justice Party, which became the "second party of the Democratic Party of Korea". |url=https://www.labortoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=200444 |quote= ... 집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다. 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다. 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나, 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다. |trans-quote= ... Housing prices rose, unearned income overflowed, and the gap between the rich and the poor widened. Labor reform is also a mess. Although there is a negative factor called COVID-19, it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party, the Democratic Party of Korea. |publisher=매일노동뉴스 |date=2021-11-04|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref> * Spain: People's Party,<ref name="Bosco2013">{{cite book|author=Anna Bosco|title=Party Change in Southern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136767777|page=15}}</ref> Catalan European Democratic Party, Basque Nationalist Party{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA519 519]}} * Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals<ref name=Mair/><ref name="Close2019"/> * Sweden: Liberals<ref name="Close2019"/> * Thailand: Democrat Party<ref>{{Citation |author=Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee |title=Thailand |work=Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |page=157}}</ref> * Turkey: Good Party{{cn|date=September 2023}} * Ukraine: Civil Position<ref>{{Citation |first=Tadeusz A. |last=Olszański |title=Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign |publisher=OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies |date=17 September 2014 |url=http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign}}</ref> * United Kingdom: Conservative Party * United States: Republican Party {{div col end}}
=== Historical parties === {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * Austria: Constitutional Party, Federation of Independents, Freedom Party of Austria<ref name=Mair/> * Belarus: Belarusian Peasant Party<ref name="WhiteKorosteleva2005">{{cite book|author1=Stephen White|author2=Elena A. Korosteleva|author3=John Löwenhardt|title=Postcommunist Belarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjVRSvhFRAC&pg=PA37|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0742535558|page=37}}</ref> * Belgium: People's Party<ref name=Nordsieck/> * Brazil: National Democratic Union * Canada: Liberal-Conservative Party<ref name="White1998">{{cite book|author=Walter L. White|author2=Ralph Carl Nelson|author3=R. H. Wagenberg|title=Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government|year=1998|publisher=Harcourt Brace|isbn=978-0-77-473589-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_okkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77|page=77}}</ref> * Chile: National Party * Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,<ref name="Slomp2000"/><ref name="Buksiński2009">{{cite book|author=Tadeusz Buksiński|title=Democracy in Western and Postcommunist Countries: Twenty Years After the Fall of Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bP5FC_sK-hAC&pg=PA240|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-631-58543-6|page=240}}</ref> Public Affairs<ref name="Chibulka2012">{{cite book|author=Frank Chibulka|chapter=The Czech Republic|editor1=Donnacha O Beachain|editor2=Vera Sheridan|editor3=Sabina Stan|title=Life in Post-Communist Eastern Europe after EU Membership|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLleZ9EWvdMC&pg=PA36|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136299810|page=36}}</ref> * El Salvador: National Coalition Party * France: Feuillant, Thermidorians, Doctrinaires, Resistance Party, Union for the New Republic/Union of Democrats for the Republic/Rally for the Republic,<ref name="Louis2011A">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EW-zz_H54LMC&pg=PA105|access-date=19 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=105|id=Stanford: RW793BX2256}}</ref> Independent Republicans/Republican Party/Liberal Democracy,<ref name="Louis2011A"/> Union for French Democracy{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA385 385]}} Republican Party,<ref name="Louis2011B">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=77}}</ref> Union for a Popular Movement, Agir * Germany: National Liberal Party, German People's Party<ref name="Payne1996">{{cite book|author=Stanley G. Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA163|year=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0299148737|page=163}}</ref><ref name="Waddy2010">{{cite book|author=Helena Waddy|title=Oberammergau in the Nazi Era: The Fate of a Catholic Village in Hitler's Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199707799|page=54}}</ref> * Iceland: Liberal Party (1927), Liberal Party (1998)<ref name="Kessel2015">{{cite book|author=Stijn van Kessel|title=Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1137414113|page=67}}</ref> * Ireland: Progressive Democrats<ref name="HamannKelly2010">{{cite book|author1=Kerstin Hamann|author2=John Kelly|title=Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1982|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136949869|page=1982}}</ref> * Israel: General Zionists, Liberal Party * Italy: Italian Liberal Party,<ref name=Mair/><ref name="CottaVerzichelli2007">{{cite book|author1=Maurizio Cotta|author2=Luca Verzichelli|title=Political Institutions in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FAZHBDqggC&pg=PA38|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199284702|page=38}}</ref> Italian Liberal Right, Forza Italia,<ref name="Blome2016"/> Civic Choice<ref name="KickertRandma-Liiv2015">{{cite book|author1=Walter Kickert|author2=Tiina Randma-Liiv|title=Europe Managing the Crisis: The Politics of Fiscal Consolidation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkLLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317525707|page=263}}</ref> * Japan: New Party Sakigake<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%9A%E3%81%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%91-169959#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 |script-title=ja:ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典の解説 |trans-title=The ''Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia''{{'}}s explanation |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Kotobank |language=ja }}</ref> * Latvia: Latvian Way,{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA532 532]}}<ref name="CloseDelwit2019">{{cite book|author1=Caroline Close|author2=Pascal Delwit|chapter=Liberal parties and elections: Electoral performances and voters' profile|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=295}}</ref> Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way<ref name="Close2019"/> * Lithuania: National Resurrection Party, Liberal and Centre Union<ref name="Close2019"/> * Mexico: Liberal Party{{cn|date=September 2023}} * Netherlands: Liberal State Party, Party of Freedom<ref name="Lamberts1997">{{cite book|author=Emiel Lamberts|title=Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15–18 November 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyvYB4UnMwC&pg=PA56|year=1997|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-9061868088|page=56}}</ref> * New Zealand: United Party<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/political-parties/page-17 |title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |last=Daniels | first=John Richard Sinclair |chapter=United Party |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga | editor-first=A. H. |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |access-date= 6 March 2016 |title-link=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand }}</ref> * Norway: Frisinnede Venstre<ref name="Garau2015">{{cite book|author=Salvatore Garau|title=Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317909477|page=144}}</ref> * Poland: Liberty, League of the Right of the Republic,<ref name="Lees-Marshment2009">{{cite book|author=Jennifer Lees-Marshment|title=Political Marketing: Principles and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134084111|page=103}}</ref> Liberal Democratic Congress,<ref name="Szacki1994">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Szacki|title=Liberalism After Communism|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismafterc00szac|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-1858660165|page=[https://archive.org/details/liberalismafterc00szac/page/182 182]}}</ref> Poland Together<ref name="Skrzypinski2016">{{cite book|author=Dariusz Skrzypinski|chapter=Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections|editor1=Ruxandra Boicu|editor2=Silvia Branea|editor3=Adriana Stefanel|title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA245|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1137585912|page=245}}</ref> * Romania: Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party * Russia: Democratic Choice of Russia * Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party<ref>{{Cite book |first=Blagovest |last=Nyagulov |title=Early Socialism in the Balkans: Ideas and Practices in Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria |work=Entangled Histories of the Balkans |volume=2 |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |page=232}}</ref> * Slovakia: Democratic Party<ref name="RupnikZielonka2003">{{cite book|author1=Jacques Rupnik|author2=Jan Zielonka|title=The Road to the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djjm6BrTDfgC&pg=PA52|year=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719065972|page=52}}</ref> * South Korea: Korea Democratic Party, Democratic Nationalist Party, Democratic Party (1955), New Democratic Party, Reunification Democratic Party, Democratic Party (1990), United Democratic Party (1995), National Congress for New Politics, Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000), People Party (2016), Party for Democracy and Peace,<ref name="cons">{{cite news|title=Three conservative opposition parties, 'President Roh, apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun'. (Korean) |url=http://www.viewsnnews.com/article?q=165032|access-date=5 January 2019|work=views&news|date=8 January 2019}}</ref> New Alternatives * Spain: Liberal Party, Democratic Convergence of Catalonia{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA518 518]}} * Switzerland: Free Democratic Party,<ref name=Mair/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA489 489]}} Liberal Party<ref name=Mair/><ref name=Nordsieck/> * Turkey: Motherland Party * United Kingdom: Whigs, Liberal Unionist Party, National Liberal Party * United States: Whig Party {{div col end}}
== See also == {{portal|Conservatism|Liberalism}} * Liberal conservatism * Libertarian conservatism * Muscular liberalism * Ordoliberalism
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{reflist}}
== Bibliography == * {{cite book|first=Hans|last=Slomp|title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313391828}} * {{cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Dyson|year=2021 |title=Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-885428-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ}}
{{liberalism}} {{conservatism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conservative Liberalism}} Category:Conservative liberalism Category:Liberalism<!-- Just as social liberalism is not considered a general "socialism", conservative liberalism is not considered a general "conservatism", so we do not add a Category:Conservatism.--> Category:Centre-right ideologies Category:Centrism Category:Political culture Category:Political ideologies Category:Political science terminology Category:Syncretic political movements