{{Short description|Clade of monocot flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Cretaceous|recent}} | image = Dactylis_glomerata_bluete2.jpeg | image_caption = Cock's-foot grass (''Dactylis glomerata'') | taxon = Commelinids | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = * Arecales * Commelinales * Poales * Zingiberales | diversity = About 1,420 genera | diversity_ref = {{citation needed|date=August 2017}} }}
In plant taxonomy, '''commelinids''' (originally '''commelinoids'''<ref name="APG I"/><ref name="APG II"/>) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid.{{sfn|Harris|Hartley|1976}}<ref name="Dahlgren 1983"/> Well-known commelinids include palms and relatives (order Arecales), dayflowers, spiderworts, kangaroo paws, and water hyacinth (order Commelinales), grasses, bromeliads, pineapples, rushes, and sedges (order Poales), ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal, bananas, plantains, and bird of paradise flower (order Zingiberales).{{cn|date=June 2025}}
The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV system has informally named within the monocots. The remaining monocots are a paraphyletic unit. Also known as the '''commelinid monocots''' it forms one of three groupings within the monocots, and the final branch; the other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.
==Description== Members of the commelinid clade have cell walls containing UV-fluorescent ferulic acid.{{sfn|Harris|Hartley|1976}}<ref name="Dahlgren 1983"/>
==Taxonomy and phylogeny== The commelinids constitute a well-supported clade within the monocots,<ref name="Cantino 2007"/> and this clade has been recognized in all four APG classification systems. It consists of four orders: * Arecales (palms) * Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth) * Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads) * Zingiberales (gingers, banana)
{| |{{anchor|Clad2}}'''Phylogenetic tree showing position of the commelinids within the monocots'''{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
{{barlabel|size=12|at1=5|label1=Lilioid monocots |bar1=purple|at2=0.5|label2=Alismatid monocots|bar2=green|style=font-size:100%;line-height:125%;width:400px;|cladogram= {{clade | align=center |label1= '''monocots''' 131 |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1= |1=Acorales|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=Alismatales|barend1=green |label2=122 |2={{clade |label1= |1=Petrosaviales | barbegin1=purple |2={{clade |label1=120 |1={{clade |1=Dioscoreales 115| bar1=purple |2=Pandanales 91 | bar2=purple }} |2={{clade |1=Liliales 121| bar1=purple |label2=121 |2={{clade |1=Asparagales 120| barend1=purple |label2=commelinids 118 |2={{clade |label1= |1=Arecales |2=Poales |3={{clade |label1= |1=Commelinales |2=Zingiberales }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}
{{clear}}
As of APG IV (2016) the family Dasypogonaceae is no longer directly placed under commelinids but instead a family of order Arecales.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
==Historical taxonomy== The commelinids were first recognized as a formal group in 1967 by Armen Takhtajan, who named them the Commelinidae and assigned them to a subclass of Liliopsida (monocots).<ref name="Takhtajan 1967"/> The name was also used in the 1981 Cronquist system. However, by the release of his 1980 system of classification, Takhtajan had merged this subclass into a larger one, and no longer considered it to be a clade.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
===Takhtajan system=== The Takhtajan system treated this as one of six subclasses within the class Liliopsida (=monocotyledons). It consisted of the following:{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Indent|5}}subclass Commelinidae {{Indent|10}}superorder Bromelianae {{Indent|20}}order Bromeliales {{Indent|20}}order Velloziales {{Indent|10}}superorder Pontederianae {{Indent|20}}order Philydrales {{Indent|20}}order Pontederiales {{Indent|20}}order Haemodorales {{Indent|10}}superorder Zingiberanae {{Indent|20}}order Musales {{Indent|20}}order Lowiales {{Indent|20}}order Zingiberales {{Indent|20}}order Cannales {{Indent|10}}superorder Commelinanae {{Indent|20}}order Commelinales {{Indent|20}}order Mayacales {{Indent|20}}order Xyridales {{Indent|20}}order Rapateales {{Indent|20}}order Eriocaulales {{Indent|10}}superorder Hydatellanae {{Indent|20}}order Hydatellales {{Indent|10}}superorder Juncanae {{Indent|20}}order Juncales {{Indent|20}}order Cyperales {{Indent|10}}superorder Poanae {{Indent|20}}order Flagellariales {{Indent|20}}order Restionales {{Indent|20}}order Centrolepidales {{Indent|20}}order Poales
===Cronquist system=== The Cronquist system treated this as one of four subclasses within the class Liliopsida. It consisted of the following:{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Indent|5}}subclass Commelinidae {{Indent|10}}order Commelinales {{Indent|10}}order Eriocaulales {{Indent|10}}order Restionales {{Indent|10}}order Juncales {{Indent|10}}order Cyperales {{Indent|10}}order Hydatellales {{Indent|10}}order Typhales
===APG system=== The APG II system does not use formal botanical names above the rank of order; most of the members were assigned to the clade '''commelinids''' in the monocots (its predecessor, the APG system used the clade '''commelinoids''').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | volume=141 | issue=4 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | pages=399–436| year=2003 | doi-access=}}</ref> == See also == * List of commelinid families
==References== {{reflist|1=2|refs= <ref name="Cantino 2007">{{cite journal | last= Cantino | first= Philip D. |author2=James A. Doyle |author3=Sean W. Graham |author4=Walter S. Judd |author5=Richard G. Olmstead |author6=Douglas E. Soltis |author-link6=Douglas E. Soltis |author7=Pamela S. Soltis |author-link7=Pamela S. Soltis |author8=Michael J. Donoghue | year=2007 | title=Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal=Taxon | volume=56 | issue=3 | pages= E1–E44 | doi=10.2307/25065865| jstor= 25065865}}</ref> <ref name="Dahlgren 1983">{{cite book | last1=Dahlgren | first1=R. M. T. | title=Evolutionary Biology | last2=Rassmussen | first2=F. | year=1983 | chapter=Monocotyledon evolution. Characters and phylogenetic estimation | volume=16 | pages=255–395 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6971-8_7 | isbn=978-1-4615-6973-2}}</ref> <ref name="Takhtajan 1967">{{cite book | last=Takhtajan | first=A. | year=1967 | title=Система и филогения цветковых растений (Systema et Phylogenia Magnoliophytorum) | location=Moscow | publisher=Nauka}}</ref> <ref name="APG I">{{cite journal |last=APG |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1998 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015|bibcode=1998AnMBG..85..531. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234}}</ref> <ref name="APG II">{{cite journal |last=APG II |title=An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2003 |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |doi-access=}}</ref> }}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last = APG IV |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Craig F.|last2=Baker|first2=William J.|last3=Comer|first3=Jason R.|last4=Conran|first4=John G.|last5=Lahmeyer|first5=Sean C.|last6=Leebens-Mack|first6=James H.|last7=Li|first7=Jeff|last8=Lim|first8=Gwynne S.|last9=Mayfield-Jones|first9=Dustin R.|last10=Perez|first10=Leticia|last11=Medina|first11=Jesus|last12=Pires|first12=J. Chris|last13=Santos|first13=Cristian|last14=Wm. Stevenson|first14=Dennis|last15=Zomlefer|first15=Wendy B.|last16=Davis|first16=Jerrold I.|title=Plastid genomes reveal support for deep phylogenetic relationships and extensive rate variation among palms and other commelinid monocots|journal=New Phytologist|date=January 2016|volume=209|issue=2|pages=855–870|doi=10.1111/nph.13617|pmid=26350789|ref={{harvid|Barrett et al|2016}}|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016NewPh.209..855B }} * {{cite book | last1=Dahlgren | first1=R. M. T. | last2=Clifford | first2=H. T. | last3=Yeo | first3=P. F. | year=1985 | title=The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy | location=Berlin | publisher=Springer-Verlag | isbn=978-3-540-13655-2 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Harris | first1=P.J.| last2=Hartley | first2=R.D. | year=1976 | title=Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy | journal=Nature | volume=259 | issue=5543| pages=508–510| doi=10.1038/259508a0| bibcode=1976Natur.259..508H| s2cid=4272319}} {{refend}}
==External links== * {{Wikispecies-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Monocotyledons}}
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Category:Commelinids Category:Plant unranked clades