Comics journalism

{{Infobox comics genre  |image = Gianluca_Costantini_Bassel_graphical_journalism.jpg |caption = Example of comics/graphic journalism by Gianluca Costantini. |alt = |other_names = graphic journalism,<ref name=CA>Hodara, Susan. [https://www.commarts.com/columns/graphic-journalism "Graphic Journalism,"] ''Communication Arts'' (March 2020).</ref> comic strip journalism, cartoon journalism, cartoon reporting,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography|first=Mike |last=Rhode|date=Dec 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/journal_202202|department=Comics Stuff #11|magazine=APA-I|number=104}}</ref> comics reportage,<ref name=WashPost>{{cite news|last=Cavna |first=Michael|author-link=Michael Cavna| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/09/16/meet-the-man-whos-creating-a-space-for-longform-journalism-in-graphic-novel-form/ |department=COMICS |title=Meet the man who's creating a space for longform journalism — in graphic novel form |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> journalistic comics, sequential reportage,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rhode |first=Michael |date=March 2000 |title=Sequential Reportage [letter]|magazine=The Comics Journal |number=221}}</ref> sketchbook reports<ref name=Conduit>{{cite web|interviewer= Kathleen McGee |url=https://www.conduit.org/interview/5/spiegelman |title=SPIEGELMAN SPEAKS: Art Spiegelman is the author of Maus for which he won a special Pulitzer in 1992. Kathleen McGee interviewed him when he visited Minneapolis in 1998 |work=Conduit |date=1998}}</ref> |genre = |pub1 = |pub2 = |pub3 = |pub4 = |pub5 = |title1 = Palestine |title3 = The Nib |title4 =The Photographer |title5 = |person# =  |series# =  |base# =  |subs1 = |subs2 = |related1 = |cat = Comics genres }} '''Comics journalism''' (also known as '''graphic journalism''') is a form of journalism that covers news or nonfiction events using the framework of comics, a combination of words and drawn images. Typically, sources are actual people featured in each story, and word balloons are actual quotes. The term "comics journalism" was coined by one of its most notable practitioners, Joe Sacco.<ref>Steinhauer, Jillian (quoting Hillary Chute). [https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/joe-sacco-paying-land-review/ "The Outsider: Joe Sacco's comics journalism,"] ''The Nation'' (Dec. 28, 2020).</ref>

Visual narrative storytelling has existed for thousands of years, but comics journalism brings reportage to the field in more direct ways. The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists distinguished comics journalism from political cartoons this way: {{cquote|"Editorial cartoons are quick, in-the-moment commentary, whose artists have to educate themselves on complex issues and craft well-informed opinions in a single take that emphasizes clarity under daily deadlines. Illustrated reporting, or comics journalism, takes days, weeks, or months to craft a story, which can run for pages, and which may or may not be presenting an opinion."<ref name=EP />}}

The use of the comics medium to cover real-life events for news organizations, publications or publishers (in graphic novel format) is currently at an all-time peak.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Comics journalism publications are active in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and India, and comics journalists also hail from such countries as Russia, Lebanon, Belgium, Peru, and Germany.<ref>Thorne, Laura. [https://www.cjr.org/special_report/comics-journalism.php Reporting, Illustrated,"] ''Columbia Journalism Review'' (Summer 2019).</ref> Many of the works are featured online and in collaboration with established publications, as well as the small press. In recent decades, works of comics journalism have appeared in such publications as ''Harper's Magazine'', ''The Atlantic'', ''The New Yorker'', ''The New York Times'', ''The Boston Globe'', ''The Guardian'', ''Slate'', ''Columbia Journalism Review'', and ''LA Weekly''.

== History == [[File:OctopusTheVerdict1899.jpg|thumb|right|alt="The Menace of the Hour" by George Luks, published in ''The Verdict'' magazine, 30 Jan. 1899.|"The Menace of the Hour" by George Luks, published in ''The Verdict'' magazine, 30 Jan. 1899.]] Antecedents to comics journalism included printmakers like Currier and Ives, who illustrated American Civil War battles; political cartoonists like Thomas Nast; and George Luks, who was dubbed a "war artist" for his work from the front lines of the Spanish–American War.<ref name=Mackay /> Historically, pictorial representation (typically engravings) of news events were commonly used before the proliferation of photography in publications such as ''The Illustrated London News'' and ''Harper's Magazine''.

In the 1920s, the political magazine ''New Masses'' sent cartoonists to cover strikes and labor battles, but they were restricted to single-panel cartoons.<ref name=Mackay />

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Harvey Kurtzman did a number of true comics journalism pieces for magazines like ''Esquire'' and ''TV Guide''.<ref name=Mackay /> In 1965, Robert Crumb, later a key founder of the underground comix movement, produced "Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report" for Kurtzman's ''Help!'', a tongue-in-cheek journalistic overview of the socialist country of Bulgaria, based on his own travels there.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Crumb|first= Robert|author-link=Robert Crumb|title=Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report|magazine=Help!|number=25|date=July 1965|url=http://transversealchemy.com/2016/07/when-robert-crumb-did-bulgaria.html|via=Transverse Alchemy|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> Crumb had done an earlier, similar "sketchbook report" on Harlem, which was also published in ''Help!''<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Crumb|first= Robert|title=Harlem: A Sketchbook Report|magazine=Help!|number=22|date=Jan 1965}}</ref> Kurtzman also hired Jack Davis and Arnold Roth to do light-hearted journalistic comics for ''Help!''<ref name=Mackay />

Editor/cartoonist Leonard Rifas' two-issue series ''Corporate Crime Comics'' (Kitchen Sink Press, 1977, 1979) was an early example of comics reportage,<ref name=Mackay /> with a number of notable contributors, including Greg Irons, Trina Robbins, Harry Driggs, Guy Colwell, Kim Deitch, Justin Green, Jay Kinney, Denis Kitchen, and Larry Gonick.

Joe Sacco is widely considered to be one of the pioneers of the form,<ref>{{cite web|author=Nalvic |url=http://nalvicreviews.wordpress.com/2012/06/12/a-quick-guide-to-comic-journalism|title=A Quick Guide to Comic Journalism|website=Nalvic's Reviews|date=June 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Crumm|first= David|url=http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/2012/6/29/joe-sacco-nails-down-comic-credentials-in-journalism.html |title=Joe Sacco nails down comic credentials in Journalism: Sacco contributes to new global language|work=Read the Spirit|date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713142725/http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/2012/6/29/joe-sacco-nails-down-comic-credentials-in-journalism.html |archive-date=2012-07-13}}</ref> starting with his 1991 series ''Palestine''.<ref name=Mackay /> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Sacco produced a number of works of comics journalism for such established publications as ''Details'', ''Time'', ''The New York Times Magazine'', ''The Guardian'', and ''Harper's Magazine''. Since then, he has published a number of book-length works of comics journalism.

In October 1994 cartoonist Bill Griffith toured Cuba for two weeks, during a period of mass exodus, as thousands of Cubans took advantage of President Fidel Castro's decision to permit emigration for a limited time. In early 1995, Griffith published a six-week series of stories about Cuban culture and politics in his strip ''Zippy''. The Cuba series included transcripts of conversations Griffith had conducted with various Cubans, including artists, government officials, and a Yoruba priestess.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Bill Griffith|work=Current Biography|date=2001|url=http://www.zippythepinhead.com/pages/aabillgr.html|via=Zippy the Pinhead official Website|access-date=Dec 11, 2019}}</ref>

Cartoonist Art Spiegelman was comics editor of ''Details'' in the mid-1990s; in 1997 — modeling himself after Harvey Kurtzman — Spiegelman began assigning comics journalism pieces to a number of his cartoonist associates,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Details Begins Cartoon Journalism Features|magazine=The Comics Journal|number=205|date=June 1998|page= 27}}</ref> including Sacco, Peter Kuper, Ben Katchor, Peter Bagge, Charles Burns, Kaz, Kim Deitch, and Jay Lynch. The magazine published these works of journalism in comics form throughout 1998 and 1999, helping to legitimize the form in popular perception.<ref name=Mackay />

Starting in 1998, and really intensely in the years 2000 to 2002, Peter Bagge did a number of comics journalism stories — on such topics as politics, the Miss America Pageant, bar culture, Christian rock, and the Oscars — mostly for Suck.com.

In the period 2000–2001, cartoonist Marisa Acocella Marchetto produced the semi-regular comics journalism strip ''The Strip'' for ''The New York Times'', often on the topic of fashion.

Some of the first known magazines focused specifically on comics journalism include ''Mamma!'', a magazine of comics journalism printed in Italy since 2009 and produced by a group of authors; and ''Symbolia'', a digital magazine of comics journalism for tablet computers, which operated from 2013 to 2015.<ref name="poynter.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.poynter.org/news/symbolia-digital-magazine-draws-readers-illustrated-journalism|title=Symbolia digital magazine draws in readers with 'illustrated journalism'|date=3 December 2012|website=Poynter.org}}</ref> Other digital magazines which focused on comics journalism during this period included Darryl Holliday & Erik Rodriguez' ''The Illustrated Press''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://illuspress.com/ |title=Illustrated Press | "Reporter Darryl Holliday and illustrator Erik Rodriguez are Chicago's pioneers of the comics journalism medium|work=Chicago |access-date=2020-12-28 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715075959/https://illuspress.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and Josh Kramer's ''The Cartoon Picayune''.

Jen Sorensen was editor of the "Graphic Culture" section of ''Splinter News'' (formerly ''Fusion'') from 2014 to 2018, while Matt Bors edited the online comics collection ''The Nib'' from 2014<ref name="WashPost">{{cite news|last=Cavna |first=Michael|author-link=Michael Cavna| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/09/16/meet-the-man-whos-creating-a-space-for-longform-journalism-in-graphic-novel-form/ |department=COMICS |title=Meet the man who's creating a space for longform journalism — in graphic novel form |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> to 2023.<ref name="bors-end-of-the-nib">{{cite web |last1=Bors |first1=Matt |title=The End of The Nib |url=https://mattbors.substack.com/p/the-end-of-the-nib |access-date=6 September 2023 |date=30 August 2023}}</ref> Both sites published comics journalism pieces.

In May 2016, ''The New York Times'' put comics journalism front-and-center for the first time with "Inside Death Row,"<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/deathrow|title = Inside Death Row |date= May 2016 |access-date = |website = The New York Times|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> by Patrick Chappatte (with Anne-Frédérique Widmann), a five-part series about the death penalty in the United States. In 2017, it published "Welcome to the New World,"<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/26/opinion/sunday/welcome-to-the-new-world.html|title = Welcome to the New World |date=September 2017 |access-date = |website = The New York Times|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> by Jake Halpern and Michael Sloan, chronicling a Syrian refugee family settling in the United States. The series ran in the print Sunday Review edition from January to September 2017 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayres|first= Andrea|url= https://www.comicsbeat.com/how-a-graphic-novel-welcome-to-the-new-world-won-a-pulitzer|title=How a Graphic Novel "Welcome to the New World" Won a Pulitzer|work=The Beat|date=April 19, 2018}}</ref>

In November 2019 the book ''Libia'', about the war in Libya,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libia|url=https://www.channeldraw.org/2019/10/28/libia/|access-date=2020-12-12|website=ChannelDraw|date=28 October 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> written by Francesca Mannocchi and drawn by Gianluca Costantini, was published in Italy;<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-26|title=Representing conflict beyond the headlines: An excerpt of Libia, a graphic novel by Francesca Mannocchi and Gianluca Costantini|language=en-US|work=The Polis Project, Inc.|url=https://thepolisproject.com/representing-conflict-beyond-the-headlines-an-excerpt-of-libia-a-graphic-novel-by-francesca-mannocchi-and-gianluca-costantini/#.X8CyG6pKiS5|access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref> it was translated and published in France in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libye {{!}} Rackham|url=https://www.editions-rackham.com/produit/libye/|access-date=2020-12-12|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

In 2022, in a sign of tacit approval of the form of comics journalism, the Pulitzer Prize committee changed the name of the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (which had been in place since 1922) to the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary.<ref name=EP>{{cite magazine|title=Pulitzer change leaves illustrators feeling slighted: New category muddies distinctions between illustrated reporting and editorial cartooning|date=May 1, 2022| first=Rob|last=Tornoe|magazine=Editor & Publisher|url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/pulitzer-change-leaves-illustrators-feeling-slighted,229083}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Editor & Publisher Reports on Pulitzer Prize's New Illustrated Reporting and Commentary Category|first=D. D.|last=Degg|date=June 7, 2022|website=The Daily Cartoonist|url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/06/07/editor-publisher-reports-on-pulitzer-prizes-new-illustrated-reporting-and-commentary-category/}}</ref> The 2022 award went to a work of comics journalism about the persecution of Uyghurs in China published by ''Insider''.<ref name=EP />

== Techniques == As with traditional journalism, there are no rules per se about comics journalism, and there are a wide variety of practices. Some practitioners, like Joe Sacco and Susie Cagle, have a background in journalism, while others were trained first as cartoonists.<ref name="CA">Hodara, Susan. [https://www.commarts.com/columns/graphic-journalism "Graphic Journalism,"] ''Communication Arts'' (March 2020).</ref> One feature that unites all forms of comics journalism is a reliance on witness interviews and other primary sources.<ref name=Economist /> Many practitioners highlight the form's power to engender empathy in its subjects.<ref name=Economist />

Sacco is a trained journalist who extensively documents his subjects and spends years crafting his stories.<ref name=Mackay>{{cite web|last=Mackay|first=Brad|title=Behind the rise of investigative cartooning|publisher=This Magazine|date=Jan 2008|url=https://adastracomix.com/2016/04/07/comics-journalism-a-guest-post-by-brad-mackay|website=Ad Astra Comix}}</ref> Among the techniques he uses to protect his subjects — who are often survivors of conflict zones in the Middle East and the former Yugoslavia — are to change their names and use his art to anonymize their faces.<ref name=Mackay />

Wendy MacNaughton sketches extensively with her subjects and locations before retreating to her studio to craft the finished piece.<ref name=CA />

Austrian graduate student Lukas Plank created a comic, "Drawn Truth: Transparency in Journalist Comics," based on his research into the field, that outlines some potential "best practices" for comics journalists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Plank|first= Lukas|title=Drawn Truth|website=Drawn Truth (Tumblr)|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829105507/https://www.drawntruth.tumblr.com|archive-date=Aug 29, 2016|url=https://www.drawntruth.tumblr.com}}</ref>

In a February 2005 article on comics journalism for ''Columbia Journalism Review'', Kristian Williams introduced, explained, and defended comics journalism: {{blockquote|The ability to alternate between the realistic and the symbolic is a major strength of comics journalism. It is also one reason why editors are likely to shy away from it — or, as with the recent newspaper strips, to relegate comics journalism to cultural coverage and human-interest stories. When it comes to the front page, newspapers favor plain language, in part to protect the readers from the seductions of rhetoric, of art. And comics are irreducibly artistic.

But such reasoning also cuts the other way. The hard-nosed, facts-are-facts tone of "journalistic language" is also seductive. Plain-speaking is itself a kind of rhetoric, which wins trust precisely by seeming to leave rhetoric aside.

Art Spiegelman argues, "The phony objectivity that comes with a camera is a convention and a lie in the same way as writing in the third person rather than the first person. To write a comics journalism report you're already making an acknowledgment of biases and an urgency that communicates another level of information."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Williams|first=Kristian|title=The Case for Comics Journalism: Artist-reporters leap tall conventions in a single bound|magazine=Columbia Journalism Review|date=Feb 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310122241/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/ideas-essay-williams.asp|archive-date=Mar 10, 2005|url=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/ideas-essay-williams.asp}}</ref>}}

== Comics journalists == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * Dan Archer<ref name=Polgreen /> * Peter Bagge * Matt Bors<ref name=Polgreen>Polgreen, Erin. [https://www.hoodedutilitarian.com/2011/03/what-is-graphic-journalism/ "What is Graphic Journalism?"], ''The Hooded Utilitarian'' (Mar. 29, 2011).</ref> * Steve Brodner * Susie Cagle<ref name=Polgreen /> * Claudio Calia * Patrick Chappatte * Sue Coe<ref name=Mackay /> * Gianluca Costantini * Sarah Glidden<ref name=Economist>H.G. [https://www.economist.com/prospero/2016/10/21/the-power-of-comics-journalism "In the frame: The power of comics journalism: The medium is able to narrate personal experiences more effectively than traditional journalism can"] ''The Economist'' (Oct 21st 2016).</ref><ref name=Polgreen /> * Carlo Gubitosa * Wendy MacNaughton<ref name=Polgreen /> * Marisa Acocella Marchetto * Josh Neufeld * Ted Rall * Leonard Rifas<ref name=Mackay /> * Joe Sacco<ref name=Polgreen /> * Orijit Sen * Jen Sorensen * Seth Tobocman<ref name=Mackay /> * Sam Wallman * Chip Zdarsky<ref name=Mackay /> {{div col end}}

== Magazines of comics journalism == === Active === * ''Cartoon Movement'', platform for works of graphic journalism and editorial cartoons * ''[https://drawingthetimes.com/ Drawing the Times]'', international platform for graphic journalism *''[https://www.larevuedessinee.fr La Revue Dessinée]'', French quarterly of comics journalism. Published since 2013 by Éditions du Seuil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.larevuedessinee.fr/qui-sommes-nous/presentation/|title=La Revue Dessinée, c'est quoi ?|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> * [https://www.larevuedessineeitalia.it ''La Revue Dessinée Italia''], the Italian version of the French magazine ''Le Revue Dessinée'' * ''Revista Badaró'', Brazilian magazine and website dedicated to comics journalism.

=== Defunct === * ''The Cartoon Picayune'', American anthology of comics journalism and nonfiction comics, published from 2011 to 2017. Founded and edited by Josh Kramer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clough|first= Rob |url=http://highlowcomics.blogspot.com/2011/10/comics-journalism-of-josh-kramer.html |title=The Comics Journalism of Josh Kramer|work=High-Low|date=Oct 29, 2011}}</ref> * ''The Illustrated Press'', Chicago-based outlet founded by Darryl Holliday.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaneya |first=Rui|url=https://archives.cjr.org/united_states_project/illustrated_press_chicago_comics_journalism.php|title=How comics journalism brings stories to life: Chicago's Illustrated Press is at the forefront of a burgeoning movement|work=Columbia Journalism Review|date=Sep 19, 2014}}</ref> Active from 2011 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/darryl-holliday-a4463b37/ |title=Darryl Holliday |website=LinkedIn|access-date=Jan 23, 2022}}</ref> *''Mamma!'', Italian printed magazine of comics journalism, editorial cartoons, data journalism, and photojournalism. Founded by Carlo Gubitosa and published by cultural association Altrinformazione from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.giornalismi.info/mamma/articoli/art_7655.html|title=Focus sulla rivista Mamma! La nuova frontiera del giornalismo a fumetti|date=30 October 2010|work=Il nuovo Corriere di Lucca e Versilia|language=Italian}}</ref> *''Symbolia'', American digital magazine of comics journalism. Published from 2013 to 2015.<ref name="poynter.org"/> *''The Nib'', American online non-fiction comics publication founded and operated by Matt Bors. Published under Medium from 2013 to 2015, under First Look Media from 2016<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=Feb 10, 2016 |title=Matt Bors Brings the Nib to First Look Media|url=https://firstlook.media/news/2016/02/10/matt-bors-brings-the-nib-to-first-look-media.html |access-date=February 15, 2016 |website= |publisher=First Look Media }}</ref> to 2019, and independently member-supported from 2019 to 2023. It is defunct as of September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Nib|date=2023-05-22 |title=The Future of The Nib |url=https://thenib.com/the-future-of-the-nib/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The Nib |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{cite web|url=http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908235312/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism/|archive-date=Sep 8, 2014|first=Dan|last=Archer|title=An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism|website=Poynter Institute|date=Aug 19, 2011}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bake |first1=Julika |first2= Michaela |last2=Zöhrer |title=Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism |journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding |volume=11 |number= 1 |date=2017 |pages=81–97|doi=10.1080/17502977.2016.1272903 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2016.1272903|url-access=subscription }} *{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/08/comic-books-as-journalism-10-masterpieces-of-graphic-nonfiction/243351/|title=Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction|first=Kirstin |last=Butler|work=The Atlantic|date=Aug 2011}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Duncan|editor-first1=Randy|editor-first2=Michael Ray |editor-last2=Taylor|editor-first3=David |editor-last3=Stoddard|title=Creating Comics as Journalism, Memoir and Nonfiction|publisher=Routledge|date=2015|isbn=978-0415730075}} * {{cite book|first1=Gary |last1=Embury |first2= Mario |last2=Minichiello |title=Reportage Illustration: Visual Journalism |location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury |date= 2018}} * {{cite news|first=Patrick |last=Freyne |title=Comic Timing | work=Sunday Tribune |url=http://www.tribune.ie/arts/other/article/2008/jun/29/comic-timing/|url-status=dead|date= June 29, 2008|location=Dublin, Ireland}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025}} * {{cite book|last1=Gilbert |first1=Jérémie |first2=David |last2=Keane |section=Graphic Reporting: Human Rights Violations through the Lens of Graphic Novels |title=Graphic Justice: Intersections of Comics and Law|editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Giddens |pages=236–254|location=Oxon |publisher=Routledge |year=2015}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.poynter.org/news/graphics-journalism-project-new-york-times-taking-readers-inside-death-row|title=A graphics journalism project from ''The New York Times'' is taking readers inside death row|website=Poynter|first=Kristen |last=Hare|date=May 6, 2016}} * {{cite book|title=Art of the News: Comics Journalism |editor-first1=Katherine |editor-last1=Kelp-Stebbins |editor-first2= Ben |editor-last2=Saunders |location=Eugene |publisher=Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art |date=2021|url=https://issuu.com/jsmauo/docs/art_of_the_news_catalog-digital-v2}} * {{cite book|last1=Mirk |first1= Sarah |first2=Eleri |last2=Harris |title= Drawn from the Margins: The Power of Graphic Journalism |location=New York |publisher=Abrams ComicArts |date=2024}} * {{cite web|last=Najarian|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.quillmag.com/2022/06/23/graphic-depictions/ |title=Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism|work=Quill|date=June 23, 2022}} * {{cite journal|last=Orbán |first=Katalin |title=Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in ''The Fixer'' and ''The Photographer'' |journal=Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics |volume=6 |number= 2 |date=2015|pages=122–137|doi=10.1080/21504857.2015.1027943 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2015.1027943|hdl=10831/62076 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite magazine|title=Comic Journalism |department=Harvey Sez |first=Harvey |last=Pekar |author-link=Harvey Pekar|magazine=Weirdo |number=21 |date=Fall 1987}} — about Leonard Rifas and Educomics, and Joyce Brabner and ''Real War Stories'' * {{cite magazine|title=Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography|first=Mike |last=Rhode|date=Dec 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/journal_202202|department=Comics Stuff #11|magazine=APA-I|number=104}} * {{cite journal|last1=Weber |first1=Wibke |first2=Hans-Martin |last2=Rall |title=Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts |journal=Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics |volume=8 |number=4 |date=2017 |pages=376–397|doi=10.1080/21504857.2017.1299020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2017.1299020|url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book|title=The Rise of the American Comics Journalist|editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=Williams |editor-first2= James |editor-last2=Lyons |location=Jackson |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |date=2010}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} *''[https://thenib.com/ The Nib]'' *''[https://cartoonmovement.com/ Cartoon Movement]'' *''[https://drawingthetimes.com/ Drawing the Times]''  *''[https://www.larevuedessinee.fr La Revue Dessinée]'' *''[https://worldcomicsnetwork.wordpress.com/ World Comics Network]'', grassroots nonfiction comics from around the world *[https://positivenegatives.org Positive Negatives], produces literary comics, animations, and podcasts about contemporary social and humanitarian issues *''[http://symboliamag.tumblr.com/ Symbolia]'' website (archived)

Category:Types of journalism Category:Comics genres Category:Visual journalism