Colossendeidae

{{short description|Family of sea spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Jurassic|present}} | image = Sea Spider (Colossendeidae).jpg | image_caption = | taxon = Colossendeidae | authority = Jarzynsky, 1870 | diversity_link = | diversity = 6 genera | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''Colossendeis'' ''Decolopoda'' ''Dodecolopoda'' ''Hedgpethia'' ''Pentacolossendeis'' ''Rhopalorhynchus'' }}

'''Colossendeidae''' is a family of sea spiders (class Pycnogonida).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PycnoBase - Colossendeidae Jarzynsky, 1870 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/pycnobase/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22617 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> This family includes more than 100 species distributed among six genera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITIS - Report: Colossendeidae |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=83571#null |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.itis.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> These sea spiders inhabit the deep sea mostly but are also found in shallower waters, especially in Antarctic and Arctic waters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dietz |first1=Lars |last2=Dömel |first2=Jana S. |last3=Leese |first3=Florian |last4=Mahon |first4=Andrew R. |last5=Mayer |first5=Christoph |date=2019 |title=Phylogenomics of the longitarsal Colossendeidae: The evolutionary history of an Antarctic sea spider radiation |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.017 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=136 |pages=206–214 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.017 |pmid=31002869 |bibcode=2019MolPE.136..206D |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Description == Most colossendeids can grow to giant sizes as adults, far larger than any other sea spiders. The largest sea spider, ''Colossendeis colossea'', can reach a leg span of 70 cm,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=C.E. |last2=Bain |first2=B.A. |last3=Govedich |first3=F.R. |date=2016 |title=Revision of Colossendeis colossea Wilson, 1881 (Pycnogonida Family Colossendeidae) |url=https://sicb.org/abstracts/revision-of-colossendeis-colossea-wilson-1881-pycnogonida-family-colossendeidae/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology |language=en-US}}</ref> whereas the subfamily Hedgpethiinae includes tiny species with leg span of less than 1 cm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Yoshie |last2=Kajihara |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Mawatari |first3=Shunsuke |date=2012-03-16 |title=A new species of Hedgpethia (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida, Colossendeidae) from southwestern Japan |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=175 |pages=69–74 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.175.2612 |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970 |pmc=3307348 |pmid=22451791|bibcode=2012ZooK..175...69T }}</ref> Like most sea spiders, colossendeids usually have four pairs of legs in adults, except for three species, ''Decolopoda australis'', ''D. qasimi'', and ''Pentacolossendeis reticulata'', with five leg pairs,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jayasree |first1=V. |last2=Sreepada |first2=R. A. |last3=Parulekar |first3=A. H. |date=1993 |title=An unusual giant pycnogonid (Pycnogonida-Colossendeidae) Decolopoda qasimi sp. nov. from Antarctic waters |url=https://drs.nio.org/xmlui/handle/2264/2750 |journal=Current Science |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=179–181 |via=NIO Digital Repository Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedgpeth |first=Joel W. |date=1947 |title=The Pycnogonida of the Western North Atlantic and the Caribbean |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15720034#page/293/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=97 |issue=3216 |pages=157–342 [275] |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.97-3216.157 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> and one species, ''Dodecolopoda mawsoni'', with six leg pairs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Calman |first1=William Thomas |last2=Gordon |first2=Isabella |date=1933-06-01 |title=A dodecapodous pycnogonid |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character |volume=113 |issue=781 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1933.0034|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedgpeth |first=Joel W. |date=1947 |title=On the evolutionary significance of the Pycnogonida |url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/22801 |journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |volume=106 |issue=18 |pages=1–53 |hdl=10088/22801 |via=Smithsonian Research Online}}</ref>

Colossendeids typically have no chelifores, except in the extra-legged species which have robust pincers and 2-segmented scapes.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The palps and ovigers are present in both males and females, they are elongated with basal processes located very close to each other. The palps have 8 or 9 segments (historically 9 or 10 as the basal process was once thought to be a segment) while the ovigers have 10 segments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cano-Sánchez |first1=Esperanza |last2=López-González |first2=Pablo J. |date=2016-12-15 |title=Basal articulation of the palps and ovigers in Antarctic Colossendeis (Pycnogonida; Colossendeidae) |journal=Helgoland Marine Research |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=22 |doi=10.1186/s10152-016-0474-7 |doi-access=free |issn=1438-3888}}</ref> Each oviger ends in a strong terminal claw and compound spines arranged in fields or rows on a well formed strigilis (hook-like distal segments).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Cano-Sánchez |first1=Esperanza |last2=López-González |first2=Pablo J. |date=2016-12-15 |title=Basal articulation of the palps and ovigers in Antarctic Colossendeis (Pycnogonida; Colossendeidae) |journal=Helgoland Marine Research |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=22 |doi=10.1186/s10152-016-0474-7 |issn=1438-3888 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Staples |first=David A. |date=2007-12-31 |title=A new species of Colossendeis (Pycnogonida: Colossendeidae) together with records from Australian and New Zealand waters |url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-64-2007/pages-79-94/ |journal=Memoirs of Museum Victoria |language=English |volume=64 |pages=79–94 |doi=10.24199/j.mmv.2007.64.8}}</ref> The proboscis is long, usually longer than the body. The body and legs are usually glabrous.<ref name=":0" /> The trunk segments are either segmented (Hedgpethiinae) or fused (Colossendeinae). The legs are very long, and the terminal main claws have no auxiliary claws. gonopores represented on some or all legs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Taxonomy == {{Columns-list| * Colossendeinae Jarzynsky, 1870<ref>{{Cite web |title=PycnoBase - Colossendeinae Jarzynsky, 1870 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/pycnobase/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=379613 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> ** ''Colossendeis'' Jarzinsky, 1870 (67 species) *** ''Colossendeis acuta'' Stiboy-Risch, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis adelpha'' Child, 1998 *** ''Colossendeis angusta'' Sars, 1877 *** ''Colossendeis aperta'' Turpaeva, 2005 *** ''Colossendeis arcuata'' A. Milne-Edwards, 1885 *** ''Colossendeis australis'' Hodgson, 1907 *** ''Colossendeis avida'' Pushkin, 1970 *** ''Colossendeis belekurovi'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis bicincta'' Schimkewitsch, 1893 *** ''Colossendeis brevirostris'' Child, 1995 *** ''Colossendeis bruuni'' Fage, 1956 *** ''Colossendeis clavata'' Meinert, 1899 *** ''Colossendeis colossea'' Wilson, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis concedis'' Child, 1995 *** ''Colossendeis cucurbita'' Cole, 1909 *** ''Colossendeis curtirostris'' Stock, 1963 *** ''Colossendeis dalli'' Child, 1995 *** ''Colossendeis drakei'' Calman, 1915 *** ''Colossendeis elephantis'' Child, 1995 *** ''Colossendeis enigmatica'' Turpaeva, 1974 *** ''Colossendeis ensifer'' Child, 1995 *** ''Colossendeis fijigrypos'' Bamber, 2004 *** ''Colossendeis fragilis'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis gardineri'' Carpenter, 1907 *** ''Colossendeis geoffroyi'' Mane-Garzon, 1944 *** ''Colossendeis gibbosa'' Mobius, 1902 *** ''Colossendeis glacialis'' Hodgson, 1907 *** ''Colossendeis gracilis'' Hoek, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis grassa'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis hoeki'' Gordon, 1944 *** ''Colossendeis insolita'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis japonica'' Hoek, 1898 *** ''Colossendeis korotkevitschi'' Pushkin, 1984 *** ''Colossendeis kurtchatovi'' Turpaeva, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis leninensis'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis leptorhynchus'' Hoek, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis longirostris'' Gordon, 1938 *** ''Colossendeis losinskii'' Turpaeva, 2002 *** ''Colossendeis macerrima'' Wilson, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis media'' Hoek, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis megalonyx'' Fry & Hedgpeth, 1969 *** ''Colossendeis melancholicus'' Stock, 1975 *** ''Colossendeis mica'' Pushkin, 1970 *** ''Colossendeis microsetosa'' Hilton, 1943 *** ''Colossendeis minor'' Schimkewitsch, 1893 *** ''Colossendeis minuta'' Hoek, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis mycterismos'' Bamber, 2004 *** ''Colossendeis nasuta'' Hedgpeth, 1949 *** ''Colossendeis notialis'' Child 1995 *** ''Colossendeis oculifera'' Stock, 1963 *** ''Colossendeis peloria'' Child, 1994 *** ''Colossendeis perforata'' Turpaeva, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis pipetta'' Stock, 1991 *** ''Colossendeis proboscidea'' (Sabine) *** ''Colossendeis robusta'' Hoek, 1881 *** ''Colossendeis rostrata'' Turpaeva, 1994 *** ''Colossendeis scoresbii'' Gordon, 1932 *** ''Colossendeis scotti'' Calman, 1915 *** ''Colossendeis sinuosa'' Stock, 1997 *** ''Colossendeis spicula'' Child, 1994 *** ''Colossendeis stramenti'' Fry and Hedgpeth, 1969 *** ''Colossendeis subminuta'' Schimkewitsch, 1893 *** ''Colossendeis tenera'' Hilton, 1943 *** ''Colossendeis tenuipedis'' Pushkin, 1993 *** ''Colossendeis tethya'' Turpaeva, 1974 *** ''Colossendeis tortipalpis'' Gordon, 1932 *** ''Colossendeis vityazi'' Turpaeva, 1973 *** ''Colossendeis wilsoni'' Calman, 1915 ** ''Decolopoda'' Eights, 1835 *** ''Decolopoda australis'' Eights, 1835 *** ''Decolopoda quasimi'' Sree, Sreepada & Parulekar, 1993 ** ''Dodecolopoda'' Calman & Gordon, 1933 *** ''Dodecolopoda mawsoni'' Calman & Gordon, 1933 ** ''Pentacolossendeis'' Hedgpeth, 1943 *** ''Pentacolossendeis reticulata'' Hedgpeth, 1943 * Hedgpethiinae Pushkin, 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=PycnoBase - Hedgpethiinae Pushkin, 1990 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/pycnobase/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=379614 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> ** ''Hedgpethia'' Turpaeva, 1973 (12 species) ** ''Rhopalorhynchus'' *** ''Rhopalorhynchus cinclus'' Bamber, 2001 — Bodgaya Southern Rim Reef, Malaysia (on a sponge) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus claudus'' Stock, 1975 — Barbados (muddy sand, shell debris, sponge bottom) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus clavipes'' Carpenter, 1893 — Torres Strait (between reefs) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus filipes'' Stock, 1991 — between Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia, near Chesterfield Island *** ''Rhopalorhynchus gracillimus'' Carpenter, 1907 — Maldive Islands (on a black crinoid) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus kroeyeri'' Wood-Mason, 1873 — Andaman Islands (on the bottom of filamentous algae) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus lomani'' Stock, 1958 — Makassar Strait, Indonesia *** ''Rhopalorhynchus mortenseni'' Stock, 1958 — off Jolo, Sulu Archipelago (on sand and corals) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus pedunculatum'' Stock, 1957 — Red Sea (shore) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus sibogae'' Stock, 1958 — Flores Sea, Indonesia (on mud and sand) *** ''Rhopalorhynchus tenuissimus'' Haswell, 1884 — Port Denison, Australia }}

''Colossendeis'' has been known to be paraphyletic with respects to ''Decolopoda'' and ''Dodecolopoda''; both these genera nest within a "longitarsal clade" (long tarsi) of Colossendeis along with the type species. The other clade is the "brevitarsal group" (short tarsi).<ref name="Phylo"/> The following cladogram is based on the 2019 phylogenetic analysis of Colossendeidae genetics which recovered this treatment:<ref name="Phylo" >{{cite journal |title=Phylogenomics of the longitarsal Colossendeidae: The evolutionary history of an Antarctic sea spider radiation |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2019 |volume=136 |pages=206-214 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.017}}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Colossendeis scotti'' |2=''Colossendeis tortipaltis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Decolopoda'' |2=''Dodecolopoda mawsoni'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Colossendeis angusta'' |2=''Colossendeis scoresbii'' }} |2=''Colossendeis megalonyx'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Colossendeis bouvetensis'' |2=''Colossendeis wilsoni'' }} |2=''Colossendeis robusta'' }} |2=''Colossendeis drakei'' }} }} |2=''Colossendeis proboscidea'' }} |2=''Colossendeis australis'' }} |2=''Colossendeis glacialis'' }} |2=''Colossendeis macerrima'' }}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Sources== * PycnoBase: [http://www.marinespecies.org/pycnobase/aphia.php?p=browser&id=1358#ct Taxon tree]

Category:Sea spiders Category:Chelicerata families