{{Short description|None}} {{Main|Coffee}}
[[File:CoffeaArabica 02.jpg|thumb|500px|List and origin of arabica varieties [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CoffeaArabica_01.tif TIF]]] '''Coffee varieties''' are the diverse subspecies derived through selective breeding or natural selection of coffee plants. While there is tremendous variability encountered in both wild and cultivated coffee plants, there are a few varieties and cultivars that are commercially important due to various unique and inherent traits such as disease resistance and fruit yield. These unique traits are what producers use to select breeds when developing crops. Therefore, at a micro level, breed selection is critical to the success of a producer and is one of the key components of cup quality.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oberthür|first1=Thomas|last2=Läderach|first2=Pete|last3=Pohlan|first3=H.A. Jürgen|title=Specialty Coffee: Managing Quality|date=2012|publisher=International Plant Nutrition Institute|isbn=978-9834450311|page=65|edition=1st}}</ref>
At a macro level, the viability of the coffee industry as a whole is dependent upon breed selection. Already, the majority of coffee produced originates from producers using selected breeds.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wintgens|first1=Jean Nicolas|title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA|isbn=978-3-527-33253-3|page=61|edition=Second}}</ref> For this reason, breed selection is an important aspect of sustainability within coffee production.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Shri Mohan|last2=Priyadarshan|first2=P.M.|title=Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0387711997|page=539}}</ref>
==Terminology== There is considerable confusion as to which term to use when speaking about coffee subspecies. For the sake of clarity, within this article the terms will be used in accordance with loose guidelines put forth by the Specialty Coffee Association of America:
<blockquote>'''Variety:''' This rank of taxa delineates differences between plants that are smaller than in subspecies but larger than forms. A variety retains most of the characteristics of the species, but differs in some way.<br/>
'''Cultivar:''' Any variety produced by horticultural or agricultural techniques and not normally found in natural populations; a cultivated variety. Most of the varieties we know in specialty coffee are really cultivars. Bourbon and Typica are some of the most widely known cultivars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scaa.org/?page=resources&d=a-botanists-guide-to-specialty-coffee|title=Specialty Coffee Association of America|work=scaa.org|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314233856/http://scaa.org/?page=resources&d=a-botanists-guide-to-specialty-coffee|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
Put simply: In this article, varieties are naturally occurring subspecies, and cultivars are cultivated subspecies. In addition, a third term, "breed" will be used as an umbrella term to simplify discussions in which the nuances between the terms 'variety' and 'cultivar' have no bearing.
==History==
Before the end of the 19th century, arabica was indeed the exclusive producer of all coffee in the world,<ref name="CliffordWillson">{{cite book|last1=Clifford|first1=M.N.|last2=Willson|first2=K.C.|title=Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage|date=1985|publisher=The AVI Publishing Company, Inc.|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-87055-491-3}}</ref>{{rp|48}} but the first documented outbreak of coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease decimated crops around the world, prompting many farmers to explore alternative crops.<ref>Waller, J.M.; Bigger, M.; Hillocks, R.J. (2007). Coffee Pests, Diseases & Their Management. CABI. {{ISBN|978-1845931292}}.</ref>
While some countries almost completely replaced coffee production with alternative crops, Indonesia began introducing robusta, which has both a high yield in fruit and a high level of resistance to CLR. Unfortunately, robusta also produces lower quality coffee. During the first half of the 20th century, East Java pioneered systematic breeding designs on robusta coffee, which would become "exemplary to all subsequent breeding programmes of robusta coffee in India and Africa."<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|53}} This knowledge of robusta is critical for modern coffee breeding because robusta is the main source of pest and disease traits not found in arabica.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Shri Mohan|last2=Priyadarshan|first2=P.M.|title=Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0387711997|page=529}}</ref>
Prior to the mid-1900s, arabica coffee breeding involved simple line selection with an emphasis mostly on favorable adaptation to local growing conditions, fruit yield, and cup quality. But in the late 1970s and 1980s, various countries started breeding programs designed to create cultivars resistant to CLR.<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|48–49}} The intensity of these later breeding programs was a direct response to the serious threat CLR posed to crops. The results of these and other breeding programs have produced a number of important cultivars worth mentioning (see list below).
==Selection criteria==
Farmers have designed standards for crops they would cultivate.<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|56–59}} Recent advances in breeding techniques have provided farmers with higher-yielding breeds<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|61}} with better disease resistance and better cup quality—all traits critical to the success of a producer. Below are some traits a producer may use to select breeds for crop development.
'''Cup quality''' refers to how well the seed or fruit itself tastes. This is considered the trait of the most importance.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20201204205024/https://eightysevenplus.com/how-is-coffee-scored/ "How Coffee Is Scored, 2020"]}} Eighty Seven Plus Coffee</ref>
'''Yield''' is the measure of the amount of fruit produced by a given breed. It is usually expressed as kilograms or tonnes per hectare per year, assuming conventional plant densities of 1,100 - 1,400 trees per hectare.<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|56}} High yield is one of the prime objectives of producers, and breeding specifically to achieve higher yield is a relatively new trend.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wintgens|first1=Jean Nicolas|title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA|isbn=978-3-527-33253-3|page=70|edition=Second}}</ref>
'''Resistance to diseases''' has become a dominant factor in not only natural selection but also of breeding new cultivars. Breeding for disease resistance has been mainly restricted to CLR and coffee berry disease (CBD) but also includes other diseases of locality.<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|58}}
'''Resistance to pests''' is not normally a trait developed by breeding, but is rather a trait selected from among breeds.<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|58}} Certain breeds of coffee have been found to be resistant to nematodes and leaf miner. As with diseases, robusta has been found to be the more resistant species compared to arabica.
For those who wish to grow coffee as a houseplant, and for growers who want plants that utilize the least amount of space (and therefore money) while still producing the greatest yield, '''small size''' of an individual plant is preferred.
The '''amount of caffeine''' matters to many, as caffeine has stimulating effects, but is detrimental in excessive amounts.
The '''maturation rate''' is the time that is required before a new plant will start producing fruit. An early maturation rate is desired.
==Species== ===''C. arabica''=== {{main|Coffea arabica}} According to The International Trade Centre, Arabica coffee accounted for roughly 61 per cent of the world's coffee production between 2004 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/world-coffee-trade/world-production-by-type-arabica-and-robusta/|title=1.2.5-World coffee trade-World production by type: arabica and robusta|work=intracen.org|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172050/http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/world-coffee-trade/world-production-by-type-arabica-and-robusta/|url-status=live}}</ref> It would be higher if Arabica were not as susceptible to disease as it is.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceventura.ucanr.edu/Com_Ag/Subtropical/Minor_Subtropicals/Coffee_/|title=Coffee|author=University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources|work=ucanr.edu|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316215503/http://ceventura.ucanr.edu/Com_Ag/Subtropical/Minor_Subtropicals/Coffee_/|url-status=live}}</ref> Coffee from the species ''C. arabica'' has many different varieties, each with unique characteristics.
===''C. canephora'' (syn. ''C. robusta'')=== {{main|Coffea canephora}} thumb|200px|Unroasted coffee beans of the Robusta variety (''Coffea canephora'') Vietnam is the world's largest Robusta producer, with Robusta accounting for 97% of Vietnam's coffee output.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/Business/200464/US-shows-interest-in-VN-coffee.html | title=US shows interest in VN coffee | newspaper=Vietnam News | date=June 11, 2010 | access-date=6 March 2015 | archive-date=9 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109032207/http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/Business/200464/US-shows-interest-in-VN-coffee.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
While not separate varieties of bean, unusual and very expensive robustas are the Indonesian kopi luwak and the Philippine Kapéng Alamid and Kahawa Kubing.<ref name="Cayon">{{cite news |last1=Cayon |first1=Manuel |title='Pick red' farm group in ARMM gets coffee purchase order from URC |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/pick-red-farm-group-in-armm-gets-coffee-purchase-order-from-urc/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |work=BusinessMirror |date=21 May 2017 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182559/https://businessmirror.com.ph/pick-red-farm-group-in-armm-gets-coffee-purchase-order-from-urc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The beans are collected from the droppings of the common palm civet, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavor.
In the Philippines, a notable Robusta variety is Kahawa Sūg, also known as the "Sulu coffee". It has been produced in the Sulu archipelago since the 1860s.<ref name="CNNBueno">{{cite news |last1=Bueno |first1=Anna |title=The untold heritage of Sulu's fascinating coffee culture |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2016/11/11/sulu-coffee.html |access-date=21 December 2018 |work=CNN Philippines |date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221090536/http://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2016/11/11/sulu-coffee.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Montemayor">{{cite book |last1=Montemayor |first1=Michael Schuck |title=Captain Herman Leopold Schück : the saga of a German sea captain in 19th century Sulu-Sulawesi seas |date=2007 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715424851}}</ref>
===Other species=== Although not as commercially viable as Arabica or Robusta,<ref name="The Case of San Jose, Batangas">{{cite web|last1=BACONGUIS|first1=DR ROWENA T.|title=The Case of San Jose, Batangas|url=http://saber.eastasiaforum.org/testing/eaber/sites/default/files/documents/PIDS_Baconguis_2007.pdf|website=East Asia Forum|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613154231/http://saber.eastasiaforum.org/testing/eaber/sites/default/files/documents/PIDS_Baconguis_2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> other species of coffee exist and contain unique varieties. These include ''Kapeng barako or Café Baraco'', ({{langx|en|Barako coffee}}), a ''Liberica'' variety grown in the Philippines, particularly in the provinces of Batangas and Cavite. It was introduced during the period of Spanish colonization and the Philippines quickly rose to become the 4th largest producer of coffee in the early 19th century. Production was cut short, however, due to "coffee rust" infestation.<ref name="The Case of San Jose, Batangas"/> Coffea charrieriana is a caffeine-free coffee found in Cameroon.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00845.x|title = A new caffeine-free coffee from Cameroon|year = 2008|last1 = Stoffelen|first1 = Piet|last2 = Noirot|first2 = Michel|last3 = Couturon|first3 = Emmanuel|last4 = Anthony|first4 = François|journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 158|pages = 67–72|doi-access = free}}</ref> Scientists from Kew Gardens rediscovered Coffea stenophylla in Sierra Leone. Previously stenophylla had not been seen in the wild since 1954, but in December 2018 Professor Jeremy Haggar, of the University of Greenwich, and Dr Aaron Davis of Kew Gardens travelled to the forests of Sierra Leone to seek it out.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2021/04/19/rediscovered-lost-coffee-plant-could-make-arabica-has-bean/|title = Rediscovered, the lost coffee plant that could make arabica a has-bean|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 19 April 2021|last1 = Rudgard|first1 = Olivia|access-date = 13 May 2021|archive-date = 11 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2021/04/19/rediscovered-lost-coffee-plant-could-make-arabica-has-bean/|url-status = live}}</ref> Stenophylla can grow at higher temperatures than Arabica and has a better flavour profile than Robusta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rediscovered-coffee-species-boosts-crops-climate-resilience-without-sacrificing-taste-180977558/|title=Rediscovered Coffee Species Boosts Crop's Climate Resilience Without Sacrificing Taste|first1=Smithsonian|last1=Magazine|first2=Alex|last2=Fox|website=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513092938/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rediscovered-coffee-species-boosts-crops-climate-resilience-without-sacrificing-taste-180977558/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Hybrids=== Some varieties are hybrids of the above species.
==List of cultivars==
{|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name ! Species ! Region(s) ! Comments ! Ref |- | Arusha | ''C. arabica'' | Mount Meru in Tanzania, and Papua New Guinea | either a Typica variety or a French Mission. |<ref>{{cite journal|title=Genetic diversity in Tanzanian Arabica coffee using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers|doi=10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.01690.x|volume=139|journal=Hereditas|year=2003|pages=56–63|last1=Masumbuko|first1=Linus I.|last2=Bryngelsson|first2=Tomas|last3=Mneney|first3=Emmarold E.|last4=Salomon|first4=Björn|issue=1|pmid=14641474|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Benguet | ''C. arabica'' |Philippines | Typica variety grown in Benguet in the Cordillera highlands of the northern Philippines since 1875. |<ref name="slowfoodbenguet">{{cite web |title=Benguet Coffee |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/benguet-coffee/ |website=Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230440/https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/benguet-coffee/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pack">{{cite book|author =William F. Pack|editor =United States Bureau of Census|title =Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903|chapter =Coffee Culture in the Province of Benguet|publisher =U.S. Government Printing Office|volume =IV|year =1905|pages =84–86|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HqkJAAAAIAAJ|access-date =2020-09-15|archive-date =2021-10-11|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144111/https://books.google.com/books?id=HqkJAAAAIAAJ|url-status =live}}</ref> |- |Bergendal, Sidikalang | ''C. arabica'' |Indonesia | Both are Typica varieties that survived the leaf rust outbreak of the 1880s; most of the other Typica in Indonesia was destroyed. |{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} |- |Bernardina |C. ''arabica'' |El Salvador |A variety discovered in Finca Los Bellotos, El Salvador by Sofia and Fernando Alberto Pacas. It was first thought to be Geisha because of its aromatic profile. After studying its phenotype characteristics and DNA testing, however, it was determined to be a new, unclassified variety genetically similar to varieties found in the Agaro region of Ethiopia. | |- | Blue Mountain | ''C. arabica'' | Blue Mountains region of Jamaica. Also grown in Kenya, Hawaii, Haiti, Papua New Guinea (where it is known as PNG Gold) and Cameroon (where it is known as Boyo). | A unique mutation of Typica, known to have some resistance to coffee berry disease. |<ref name="CliffordWillson"/>{{rp|53}} |- | Bourbon | ''C. arabica'' | Réunion, Rwanda, Latin America. | Around 1708, the French planted coffee on the island of Bourbon (now called Réunion) in the middle of the Indian Ocean, all probably from the same parent stock—the plant the Dutch gave them. Unsurprisingly, it mutated slightly and was planted throughout Brazil in the late 1800s and eventually spread through Latin America. It was not possible to achieve the same level of flavour as when in Réunion, however, due to Réunion's volcanic earth and the soil properties. Bourbon produces 20–30% more fruit than Typica strains.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10681-009-9886-7|title=Unraveling the origin of Coffea arabica 'Bourbon pointu' from la Réunion: A historical and scientific perspective|year=2009|last1=Lécolier|first1=Aurélie|last2=Besse|first2=Pascale|last3=Charrier|first3=André|last4=Tchakaloff|first4=Thierry-Nicolas|last5=Noirot|first5=Michel|journal=Euphytica|volume=168|pages=1–10|s2cid=25378179}}</ref> | |- | Catuai | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | This is a hybrid of Mundo Novo and Caturra bred in Brazil in the late 1940s.<ref name="coffeeresearch.org"/> | |- | Catimor | Interspecific hybrid | Latin America, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, China (Yunnan)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urbandwellerscoffee.com/yunnan-coffee/|title=Yunnan Coffee|date=12 May 2017 |access-date=2018-06-12|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140944/https://urbandwellerscoffee.com/yunnan-coffee/|url-status=live}}</ref> | A cross between Timor coffee and Caturra coffee. It was created in Portugal in 1959.<ref name="coffeeresearch.org"/> In India, this cultivar goes by the name Cauvery.<ref name="indiacoffee.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/coffee-regions-india.html|title=Coffee Board of India|access-date=2017-01-25|archive-date=2017-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708040705/http://indiacoffee.org/coffee-regions-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |- | Caturra | ''C. arabica'' | Latin and Central America |Developed from two cultivars that originated by natural mutation of Bourbon Red, originally a tall coffee shrub, found in the Serra do Caparaó.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.donevelio.com/blogs/news/43885124-specialty-coffee-varietals-caturra-an-exotic-name-from-an-exotic-place-in-brazil |title=Specialty Coffee varieties: Caturra varietal name origin, definition - Don Evelio Coffee LLC |access-date=2015-09-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093051/http://www.donevelio.com/blogs/news/43885124-specialty-coffee-varietals-caturra-an-exotic-name-from-an-exotic-place-in-brazil |url-status=live }}</ref> It produces a higher yield than Bourbon, due to the plant being shorter and with less distance between the branches, matures more quickly, and is more disease resistant than older, traditional arabica varieties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeeglossary.net/C/caturra.html|title=Coffeeglossary.net<!-- Bot generated title -->|work=coffeeglossary.net|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=11 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311224127/http://www.coffeeglossary.net/C/caturra.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Its mutation is not unique; it led to the formation of the Pacas variety in El Salvador (from Bourbon) and the Villa Sarchi in Costa Rica (from Bourbon). Genetically it is very similar to Bourbon although it produces a poorer cup quality, mainly due to the variety yielding more.<ref name="coffeeresearch.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/varietals.htm|title=Arabica Coffee Bean Varietals|work=coffeeresearch.org|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327132058/http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/varietals.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |- | Charrier | ''C. charrieriana'' | Cameroon | This is a newly found species from Cameroon. It has gained some press recently due to its caffeine-free nature. Not yet grown commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esf.edu/top10/2009/09.htm|title=Charrier Coffee | 2009 Top 10 Species | ESF Top 10 New Species|website=www.esf.edu|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205022301/https://www.esf.edu/top10/2009/09.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 /> | |- |Chiroso |''C.'' ''arabica'' |Ethiopia |Although originally thought to be a natural mutation of Caturra, and was first discovered in Colombia, genetic testing has revealed that Chiroso has delineated from Ethiopian Landraces<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kissthehippo.com/products/colombia-chiroso-ef2|title=Colombian Single Origin Coffee, Chiroso EF2|date=|access-date=2025-11-28|website=Kiss The Hippo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113120010/https://kissthehippo.com/products/colombia-chiroso-ef2|archive-date=2024-11-13|url-status=live}}</ref>. The name "Chiroso" is a nickname from the Colombian biscuit "Achira", referencing the bean's unique shape and size. |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jairo Arcila. Colombia. Out of the Ordinary|url=https://www.harmonycoffee.co.uk/blogs/archive/jairo-arcila?srsltid=AfmBOopOXMa-4WU_VYXnHCcld5Vj_uawX0ckSat5aowvlgmW3-xGVqd_|website=Harmony Coffee|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|date=2025-09-17|last=Rowe|first=Ben|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://perfectdailygrind.com/2024/02/chiroso-up-and-coming-competition-coffee/|title=Chiroso: An up-and-coming competition coffee? - Perfect Daily Grind|date=2024-02-07|pages=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428041116/https://perfectdailygrind.com/2024/02/chiroso-up-and-coming-competition-coffee/|archive-date=2024-04-28|access-date=2025-11-28|url-status=live|work=Perfect Daily Grind}}</ref> |- | Harar | ''C. arabica'' | Ethiopia | From the region of Harar, Ethiopia. Known for its complex, fruity flavor that resembles a dry red wine. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.<ref>Kufa, Taye. (2017). What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research 15 th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition Reshaping the African Coffee Industry for Productivity & Investment Taye Kufa (PhD) Presentation Outline.</ref> | |- | Sidamo | ''C. arabica'' | Ethiopia | From the Sidamo (now Oromia) region of Ethiopia as well. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aromacoffee.ae/articles-2/ethiopian-sidamo-coffee/ |title=Ethiopian Sidamo Coffee – Aroma Coffee |access-date=2020-09-03 |archive-date=2018-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914104347/https://aromacoffee.ae/articles-2/ethiopian-sidamo-coffee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | Yirgacheffe | ''C. arabica'' | Ethiopia | From the Yirgachefe district in the Gedeo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm|publisher=BBC |date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813104123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | French Mission | ''C. arabica'' | Africa | French Mission is actually Bourbon that was planted in East Africa by French Missionaries around 1897.<ref name="crf.co.ke">{{cite web |url=http://www.crf.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=91 |title=Account Suspended |work=crf.co.ke |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730024436/http://www.crf.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=91 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- | Geisha | ''C. arabica'' | Ethiopia, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Peru | Geisha or Gesha variety, grown in the highlands of Boquete in Chiriquí Province, Panama, highly sought after at auction, achieving high prices. Originally from the village of Gesha, Ethiopia. It was planted in the 1950s as a rust-resistant crop and rediscovered in the early 2000s. The most expensive varietal at coffee auctions, fetching US$350.25 in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://auction.stoneworks.com/PA2013/final_results.html |title=2013 Best of Panama Coffee Auction |website=auction.stoneworks.com |access-date=2015-04-25 |archive-date=2015-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831005257/http://auction.stoneworks.com/PA2013/final_results.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Breaking its own record as the most expensive coffee in the world at US$803.00 /lb of Natural (processed) Geisha in the "Best of Panama" auctions in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dailycoffeenews.com/2018/07/20/natural-geisha-breaks-best-of-panama-auction-record-at-803-per-pound/ |title=Natural Geisha Breaks Best of Panama Auction Record at $803 Per Pound |date=2018-07-20 |work=Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine |access-date=2018-09-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920085905/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2018/07/20/natural-geisha-breaks-best-of-panama-auction-record-at-803-per-pound/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | Bonifieur | ''C. arabica'' | Guadeloupe | It was used to help improve the quality of other types of coffees and some experts consider it to be one of the best types of coffee in the world.<ref>The Isle of Gadeloupe Tourist Board</ref> | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/world_coffee_characteristics_11.htm |title=Die genussvolle Welt des Kaffee's|access-date=6 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021046/http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/world_coffee_characteristics_11.htm|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> |- | Kona | ''C. arabica'' | Hawaii | Grown on the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa in the Kona District on the Big Island of Hawaii. Coffee was first introduced to the Islands by Chief Boki, the Governor of Oahu, in 1825. |<ref>Gerald Kinro (2003). A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic. University of Hawaii Press. p. 123. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-2678-9}}</ref> |- | Java | Interspecific hybrid | Indonesia | From the island of Java, in Indonesia. This coffee was once so widely traded that "java" became a slang term for coffee. Java encompasses a regional style, not a cultivar of coffee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kornman |first1=Chris |title=The Coffee Roaster's Complete Guide to Coffee Varieties and Cultivars |url=https://dailycoffeenews.com/2019/02/07/the-coffee-roasters-complete-guide-to-coffee-varieties-and-cultivars/ |website=Daily Coffee News |date=7 February 2019 |publisher=roast Magazine |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406182132/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2019/02/07/the-coffee-roasters-complete-guide-to-coffee-varieties-and-cultivars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- |K7 | ''C. arabica'' | Africa | A Kenyan selection of French Mission Bourbon selected at Legelet Estate in Muhoroni, Kenya. Selected based on cupping trials. | |- | Maragogipe | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Maragogipe ('y') is considered to be a natural mutation from Typica. It was first discovered near Maragogipe, in Brazil's state Bahia. Maragogype is well known for producing big beans. |<ref>"Coffee Anomalies: Maragogipe (Elephant Beans) - CoffeeReview.com". coffeereview.com.</ref> |- |Maracaturra | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Maracaturra is a man-made hybrid plant between Caturra and Maragogype.|It was first bred in order to capture the flavor profile of Maragogype with the higher yield and efficiency of the Caturra Varietal. | |- | Mayagüez | ''C. arabica'' | Africa | A Bourbon cultivar grown in Rwanda. | |-{{anchor|Mocha}} | Mocha | ''C. arabica'' | Yemen | Yemeni coffee traded through the once major port of Mocha. Not to be confused with the preparation style (coffee with cocoa).<ref>{{cite web |title=Coffee Plants of the World |url=https://sca.coffee/research/coffee-plants-of-the-world |website=Specialty Coffee Association |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514231431/https://sca.coffee/research/coffee-plants-of-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | Mundo Novo | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Mundo Novo is a hybrid between Bourbon and Typica, crossed in the 1940s. | |- | Orange, Yellow Bourbon | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America, Vietnam | Red Bourbon and Orange Bourbon are types of Bourbon that have been selected from spontaneous mutation. | |- | Pacamara | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Pacamara is a hybrid between the Bourbon mutation Pacas and Maragogype. It was bred in El Salvador in 1958 probably to achieve a Typica variety that produces larger beans. | |- | Pacas | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | A natural mutation of the Bourbon variety found in El Salvador in 1949. | |- | Pache Colis | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Pache Colis is a hybrid between Pache Comum and Caturra. This variety produces distinctly larger fruit and roughly textured foliage. | |- | Pache Comum | ''C. arabica'' | Latin America | Is a mutation of Typica first found in Santa Rosa, Guatemala. | |- | Ruiru 11 | ''C. arabica'' | Kenya | Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.<ref>Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.</ref> | |- | S795 | ''C. arabica'' | India, Indonesia | Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in India and Southeast Asia,<ref name="Neilson & Pritchard" /> known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.<ref name="Neilson & Pritchard">{{cite book|last1=Neilson|first1=Jeff|last2=Pritchard|first2=Bill|title=Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-7393-3|page=124|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-date=2014-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708131432/http://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> | |- |Sagada | ''C. arabica'' |Philippines | Typica variety grown in Sagada and Besao, Mountain Province in the Cordillera highlands of the northern Philippines since the 1890s and early 1900s. |<ref name="Anacio">{{cite book|author =Anacio, Danesto B.|editor =Servaes, Jan|title =Sustainable Development Goals in the Asian Context|chapter =Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Perspective: Lessons from the American Episcopal Missions in Sagada, Northern Philippines|publisher =Springer|year =2016|page =73|isbn =9789811028151|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=c0txDQAAQBAJ|access-date =2020-09-15|archive-date =2021-10-11|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144111/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0txDQAAQBAJ|url-status =live}}</ref><ref name="Malanes">{{cite news |last1=Malanes |first1=Maurice |last2=Nakamura |first2=Midori |last3=Tacloy |first3=John |title=History of Coffee in the Cordillera |url=https://kapitako.jimdo.com/2016/10/10/history-of-coffee-in-the-cordillera/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=Kapi Tako |date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220033843/https://kapitako.jimdo.com/2016/10/10/history-of-coffee-in-the-cordillera/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | Santos | ''C. arabica'' | Brazil | Brazil Santos is usually used as a grading term for Brazilian coffee rather than a variety of Arabica. The name refers to the port in Brazil where coffee passed through, and was regarded as higher quality than "Brazilian coffee". Brazilian Santos is usually of the Bourbon variety. | |- | Sarchimor | Interspecific hybrid | Costa Rica, India | A hybrid between the Costa Rican Villa Sarchi and the Timor variety. Because of its Timor parent, Sarchimor is quite resistant to leaf rust disease and stem borer. As well as Costa Rica, it is grown in India. | |- | Selection 9 (Sln 9) | ''C. arabica'' | India | A hybrid between the Ethiopian Tafarikela and the Timor variety.<ref name="indiacoffee.org"/> | |- | SL28 | ''C. arabica'' | Kenya | A selection, by Scott Labs in Kenya from the Tanganyika Drought Resistant variety from northern Tanzania in 1931.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} |- | SL34 | ''C. arabica'' | Kenya | Selected by Scott Labs from the French Mission variety grown in Kenya. Selected for its superior cup quality (although inferior to SL28), but not resistant to CBD, CLR or BBC. |<ref>Gichimu, Bernard. (2012). Batian Coffee; Its Merits and Demand Trends.</ref> |- | Sulawesi Toraja Kalossi | ''C. arabica'' | Indonesia | Actually the S795 varietal, grown at high altitudes on the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), Indonesia. Kalossi is the small town in central Sulawesi that serves as the collection point for the coffee and Toraja is the mountainous area in which the coffee is grown. Sulawesi exhibits a rich, full body, well-balanced acidity and is multi-dimensional in character. Sulawesi itself is not a cultivar of coffee. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neilson |first1=Jeffrey |year=2013 |title=Coffee-based livelihoods in South Sulawesi, Indonesia |journal=The University of Sydney |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3632.4243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neilson |first1=Jeffrey |year=2012 |title=What Makes a Cup of Coffee Special? The influence of processing methods, varietals and growing location on cup quality for Arabica coffee from Eastern Indonesia |journal=The University of Sydney |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2583.8489}}</ref> |- | Sumatra Mandheling and Sumatra Lintong | ''C. arabica'' | Indonesia | Mandheling is named after the Mandailing people located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The name is the result of a misunderstanding by the first foreign purchaser of the variety, and no coffee is actually produced in the "Mandailing region". Lintong on the other hand, is named after the Lintong district, also located in North Sumatra. This is not a specific cultivar, but rather a region with a specific processing style. |<ref>Baker, Peter. (2016). Sumatran coffee on the boil. Coffee and Cocoa International. 42.</ref> |-{{anchor|Arabusta}} | Timor, Arabusta | Interspecific hybrid | Indonesia | Timor is not actually a variety of coffea arabica, but a hybrid of two species of coffee; coffea arabica and coffea canephora (also called Robusta). It was found on the island of Timor around the 1940s and it was cultivated because of its resistance to leaf rust (which most arabica coffee is susceptible to). It is called Hybrido de Timor in the Americas and Tim Tim or Bor Bor in Indonesia. Another hybrid between the two species is called Arabusta but generally only found in Africa. |<ref>Gimase, James & Thagana, W & Kirubi, D & Gichuru, E & Gichimu, Bernard. (2019). GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ARABUSTA COFFEE HYBRIDS AND THEIR PARENTAL GENOTYPES USING MOLECULAR MARKERS. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 15. 31-42.</ref> |- | Typica | ''C. arabica'' | Worldwide | Typica originated from Yemeni stock, taken first to Malabar, India, and later to Indonesia by the Dutch, and the Philippines by the Spanish. It later made its way to the West Indies to the French colony at Martinique. Typica has genetically evolved to produce new characteristics, often considered new varietals: Criollo (South America), Arabigo (Americas), Kona (Hawaii), Pluma Hidalgo (Mexico), Garundang (Sumatra), Blue Mountain (Jamaica, Papua New Guinea), San Bernardo & San Ramon (Brazil), Kents & Chikmagalore(India) |<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wintgens|first1=Jean Nicolas|title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA|isbn=978-3-527-33253-3|page=78|edition=Second}}</ref><ref name="ukers">{{cite book|author =Ukers, William H.|title =All about Coffee|publisher =Library of Alexandria|year =1935|isbn =9781465523976|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oJxpQX4ko7cC|access-date =2020-09-15|archive-date =2021-10-11|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144111/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJxpQX4ko7cC|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>Gichimu, Bernard. (2014). Genetic Characterization of Arabusta Coffee Hybrids and their Parental Genotypes using Molecular Markers. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology.</ref> |- | Bugishu | Interspecific hybrid |Uganda | Although it mostly produces Robusta coffee, there is a quality Arabica bean grown there known as Bugishu around the Sipi Falls area. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mukasa |first1=David |last2=Nakando |first2=Saleh |last3=Kananura |first3=Edmund |author4=Ritah Kyamuhangire |author5=Africano Kangire |last6=Musoli |first6=Pascal |last7=Jassogne |first7=Laurence |last8=Asten |first8=Piet Van |year=2013 |title=Mapping Uganda's coffee quality |journal=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |doi=10.13140/2.1.4196.5129}}</ref> |- |Brutte | ''C. arabica'' | | Variety of coffee (arabica) Bred in 2014 in the south of India in g.Madras, 1996 Chennai Tamil Nadu. Grown at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, which in itself is a good indicator. Differ by more quantitative tannin to 14–15% and trigonelline 1.5–1.7%.
|<ref>Kasem, Wael. (2014). Biochemical and molecular characterization on 11 cultivars of Coffea arabica L.</ref> |- |Starmaya | ''C. arabica'' | Nicaragua | First F1 hybrid coffee tree able to be propagated by seed. Is resistant to rust and has a very good cup quality potential at high altitudes. |<ref name="Georget-Marie">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3389/fpls.2019.01344| issn = 1664-462X| volume = 10| pages = 1344| last1 = Georget| first1 = Frédéric| last2 = Marie| first2 = Lison| last3 = Alpizar| first3 = Edgardo| last4 = Courtel| first4 = Philippe| last5 = Bordeaux| first5 = Mélanie| last6 = Hidalgo| first6 = Jose Martin| last7 = Marraccini| first7 = Pierre| last8 = Breitler| first8 = Jean-christophe| last9 = Déchamp| first9 = Eveline| last10 = Poncon| first10 = Clément| last11 = Etienne| first11 = Hervé| last12 = Bertrand| first12 = Benoit| title = Starmaya: The First Arabica F1 Coffee Hybrid Produced Using Genetic male-sterility| journal = Frontiers in Plant Science| date = 2019-10-22| pmid = 31695719| pmc = 6818232| doi-access = free}}</ref> |}
==See also== * Low caffeine coffee
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
{{Coffee|nocat=1}} {{Breed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coffee varieties}} Category:Coffee varieties Category:Lists of cultivars Category:Coffee production