Cinnamon becard

{{Speciesbox | name = Cinnamon becard | image = Flickr - Rainbirder - Cinnamon Becard (Pachyramphus cinnamomeus) (1) (cropped).jpg | image_caption = On the slopes of the Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=Cinnamon Becard ''Pachyramphus cinnamomeus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22700641A137874859 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22700641A137874859.en |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> | genus = Pachyramphus | species = cinnamomeus | authority = Lawrence, 1861 | range_map = Pachyramphus cinnamomeus map.svg }}

The '''cinnamon becard''' ('''''Pachyramphus cinnamomeus''''') is a passerine bird in the family Tityridae, the tityras, becards, and allies.<ref name=IOC15.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/cotingas/ |title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 15.1 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 }}</ref> It is found in Mexico, in every Central American country except El Salvador, and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.<ref name=AOU1998>{{cite book | last = | first = | title =Check-list of North American Birds | publisher =American Ornithologists' Union |edition =7th | date =1998 | location =Washington, D.C. | pages =418 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy and systematics==

The genus ''Pachyramphus'' has variously been assigned to the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae and the cotinga family Cotingidae. Several early twenty-first century studies confirmed the placement of ''Pachyramphus'' in Tityridae and taxonomic systems made the reassignment.<ref name=SACClist/> In 1998 the American Ornithological Society was unsure where to place the genus and listed its members as ''incertae sedis'' but in 2011 moved them to Tityridae.<ref name=52Supp>R. Terry Chesser, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. "Fifty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union ''Check-list of North American Birds''". ''The Auk'' 2011, vol. 128:600–613 retrieved October 22, 2025</ref> In 1998 the American Ornithological Society was unsure where to place the genus and listed its members as ''incertae sedis'' but in 2011 moved them to Tityridae.<ref name=52Supp/>

The cinnamon becard and the chestnut-crowned becard (''P. castaneus'') are sister species and form a superspecies.<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 September 2025. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithological Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2025</ref>

The cinnamon becard has these four subspecies:<ref name=IOC15.1/>

*''P. c. fulvidior'' Griscom, 1932 *''P. c. cinnamomeus'' Lawrence, 1861 *''P. c. magdalenae'' Chapman, 1914 *''P. c. badius'' Phelps, WH & Phelps, WH Jr, 1955

==Description==

The cinnamon becard is {{convert|14|to|15|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|17|to|22|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies ''P. c. cinnamomeus'' have a deep rufous crown, dusky lores, a pale buff line above the lores, and ochraceous tawny cheeks. Their upperparts are mostly rufous or chestnut-rufous to rufous-tawny. Their wings are rufous that is darker and duskier on the primary coverts. Their tail is rufous. Their underparts are ochraceous tawny to cinnamon-buff or to tawny-buff that is paler on the throat and belly and has a rufous tinge across the breast. Subspecies ''P. c. fulvidior'' is more richly colored than the nominate. ''P. c. magdalenae'' has underparts that are more whitish than the nominate's and with a cinnamon wash. ''P. c. badius'' is similar to ''magdaleneae'' but slightly darker. All subspecies have a dark iris, a blackish bill with often a paler grayish mandible, and dark gray legs and feet.<ref name=CIBE-BOW>Mobley, J. A. (2020). Cinnamon Becard (''Pachyramphus cinnamomeus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.cinbec1.01 retrieved November 1, 2025</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The subspecies of the cinnamon becard are found thus:<ref name=AOU1998/><ref name=CIBE-BOW/>

*''P. c. fulvidior'': from southeastern Veracruz and northeastern Oaxaca in southeastern Mexico south through central and southern Belize, northern Guatemala, and the Caribbean slopes of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica into western Panama; on the Pacific slope from Costa Rica's Puntarenas Province south into western Panama<ref name=Fagan>{{cite book | last1 =Fagan | first1 =Jesse | last2=Komar |first2=Oliver | title =Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America | publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | series =Peterson Field Guides | date =2016 | location =Boston | pages =282–283 | isbn =978-0-544-37326-6 }}</ref><ref name=Garrigues>{{cite book |last1=Garrigues |first1=Richard |last2=Dean |first2=Robert |date=2007 |title=The Birds of Costa Rica |location=Ithaca |publisher=Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press |pages=214–215 |isbn=978-0-8014-7373-9 }}</ref> *''P. c. cinnamomeus'': from Darién Province in eastern Panama south into northwestern Colombia; south in Colombia's Eastern Andes regularly to Meta Department and at least occasionally further south; south through western Colombia and through western Ecuador almost to Peru.<ref name=McMullan>{{cite book | last1 =McMullan | first1 =Miles | last2 =Donegan | first2 =Thomas M. | last3 =Quevedo | first3 =Alonso | title = Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia | publisher = Fundación ProAves| date =2010 | location =Bogotá | pages =176 |isbn =978-0-9827615-0-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Salaman |first=Paul G. W. |display-authors=et al |date=2002 |title=New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia |url=http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24%281%29/240111.pdf |journal= Caldasia |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821230912/http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24%281%29/240111.pdf |access-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-date=21 August 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Ridgely2>{{cite book | last1 =Ridgely | first1 =Robert S. | last2 =Greenfield | first2 =Paul J. | title =The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide | publisher =Cornell University Press | volume = II| date =2001 | location =Ithaca | pages =176 | isbn =978-0-8014-8721-7 }}</ref> *''P. c. magdalenae'': northern Colombia's Magdalena River valley and from northern Sucre Department east into western Venezuela's Zulia, Táchira, and Mérida states *''P. c. badius'': western Venezuela on the east slope of the Andes in Táchira<ref name=Hilty>{{cite book | last =Hilty | first =Steven L. | title =Birds of Venezuela | publisher =Princeton University Press | edition =second | date =2003 | location =Princeton NJ | pages =646 | language =English }}</ref>

The cinnamon becard inhabits the interior and edges of evergreen forest and secondary forest in the tropical and lower subtropical zones.<ref name=AOU1998/> It also occurs in somewhat open woodlands, riparian areas, clearings with tall trees, and coastally in mangroves.<ref name=CIBE-BOW/> In elevation it ranges overall from sea level mostly to {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=AOU1998/> It reaches {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in northern Central America, {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Costa Rica, {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Colombia, {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Ecuador, and {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Venezuela.<ref name=Fagan/><ref name=Garrigues/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Ridgely2/><ref name=Hilty/>

==Behavior== ===Movement===

The cinnamon becard is mostly a year-round resident.<ref name=AOU1998/> However, it appears to make some seasonal movements in Mexico.<ref name=CIBE-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The cinnamon becard feeds on a variety of insects, other arthropods, and berries. It usually forages singly or in pairs though sometimes in small groups; it occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It perches from the forest's mid-story to its canopy and takes its food by gleaning from vegetation and twigs with a short sally from the perch.<ref name=CIBE-BOW/>

===Breeding===

The cinnamon becard's breeding season has not been fully defined but includes March to July in Costa Rica and perhaps as long as January to October in Colombia, Its nest is a bulky globe that usually has a side entrance and is made from dead leaves, plant fibers, moss, rootlets, and other plant material. It typically is wedged in a branch fork high in the canopy but nests have been noted between {{convert|1.5|and|15|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} above the ground. Nests are often placed near an active wasp nest. The clutch is three or four eggs; the female alone incubates for about 18 to 21 days. Both parents provision nestlings and fledging occurs about 20 to 30 days after hatch.<ref name=CIBE-BOW/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pachyramphus-cinnamomeus |species=the cincinnamon becard}}

===Vocalization===

A typical cinnamon becard song is "a somewhat plaintive, reedy, usually fast or nearly trilled series of musical notes, e.g. ''teedeedee-deedeedee'', ''cheei dee-dee'', ''deeeuu dew dew, dew, dew''".<ref name=CIBE-BOW/> Other descriptions include "a high-pitched, thin, whistled ''tseeeuuuu-tu-tu-tu-tu-tu-tu''"<ref name=Fagan/> and "a sweet, mellow ''tee, deer-dear-dear-dear'', falling in pitch and trailing off at [the] end".<ref name=Hilty/> Its calls include "reedy, but shorter ''swee-dwee-dwee'' or ''seer eeer eeur'' series [and a] variety of high-pitched, thin and more plaintive ''seeeeiu'' slurred whistle-like calls".<ref name=CIBE-BOW/>

==Status==

The IUCN has assessed the cinnamon becard as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its estimated population of at least 50,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It is considered "rare to uncommon" in northern Central America, "common" on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and "very uncommon" on the Pacific slope, "fairly common" in Colombia, and "common" in Ecuador.<ref name=Fagan/><ref name=Garrigues/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Ridgely2/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{ cite book | last=Skutch | first=Alexander F. | author-link=Alexander Skutch | date=1969 | chapter=Cinnamon Becard | title=Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae | series=Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35 | location=Berkeley, California | publisher=Cooper Ornithological Society | chapter-url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_035.pdf#page=52 | pages=52–51 | ref=none }}

cinnamon becard cinnamon becard Category:Birds of Central America Category:Birds of Colombia Category:Birds of Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena cinnamon becard cinnamon becard

Cinnamon becard

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