{{Short description|Talmudic study partnership}} {{Italics title}} {{For|the Israeli LGBT association|Havruta (organization)}} {{Good article}} [[File:Carteret beis medrash.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Khaveyrim'' (study partners) sit opposite each other or side by side in the ''beth midrash'' of Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret.]] '''''Chavrusa''''', also spelled '''''chavruta''''' or '''''ḥavruta''''' ({{langx|tmr|חַבְרוּתָא|ḥāḇruṯā}}, lit. "fellowship"; {{plural form}}: {{lang|tmr|חַבְרָוָותָא}}, ''ḥāḇrāwāṯā''), is a traditional rabbinic approach to Talmudic study in which a small group of students (usually 2–5) analyze, discuss, and debate a shared text. It is a primary learning method in yeshivas and kollels, where students often engage regular study partners of similar knowledge and ability, and is also practiced by those outside the yeshiva setting, in work, home, and vacation settings. The traditional phrase is to learn ''b'chavrusa'' ({{lang|tmr|בְחַבְרוּתָא}} ''bəḥāḇruṯā'' "in partnership"); the word has come by metonymy to refer to the study partner as an individual, though it would more logically describe the pair.

Unlike a teacher-student relationship, in which the student memorizes and repeats the material back in tests, chavrusa-style learning puts each student in the position of analyzing the text, organizing their thoughts into logical arguments, explaining their reasoning to their partner, hearing out their partner's reasoning, and questioning and sharpening each other's ideas, often arriving at entirely new insights into the meaning of the text.<ref name="agora"/><ref name="jeff"/>

==Definition== {{quote box | quote = ''O chevra o mituta'' "Either friend or death". (In printings, "either ''chavruta'' or death.") | source = Rava<ref>''Ta'anit'' 23a</ref> | width = 25% | align = right }} ''Chavrusa'' is an Aramaic word meaning "friendship"<ref name="agora">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uZvs6_fGeMC&q=chavruta&pg=PA155 |title=World Wide Agora |last=Liebersohn |first=Aharon |page=155 |year=2006 |isbn=978-965-90756-1-4}}</ref> or "companionship".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yevamot 96b:16 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Yevamot.96b.16 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref> The Rabbis of the Mishnah and Gemara use the cognate term ''chaver'' (חבר, "friend" or "companion" in Hebrew) to refer to the one with whom a person studies Torah.<ref name=sinclair>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejc.com/judaism/jewish-words/chavruta |title=Chavruta |last=Sinclair |first=Dr. Julian |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=26 June 2011 |work=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=cath/> In contemporary usage, ''chavrusa'' is defined as a "study partnership".<ref name=sinclair/><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhkztUVgVRUC&pg=PA70|title= Becoming Frum: How Newcomers Learn the Language and Culture of Orthodox Judaism |page=70|first=Sarah |last=Benor |publisher= Rutgers University Press|year=2012|isbn= 978-0813553917}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVfSGfMNAR4C&pg=PA67|title= September 11 and You|first=Moshe |last=Goldberger |page=67 |publisher=Targum Press |year=2004|isbn= 978-1568713182}}</ref>

A ''chavrusa'' usually refers to two students learning one on one. When three or more students learn together, they are called a ''chavura'' ({{langx|he|חַבוּרָה}}, group; also ''chabura'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clickdesign.com/CLIENTDEMOS/edos/classes.htm |title=Adult Education Catalogue/Spring 2003 |publisher=East Denver Orthodox Synagogue |year=2003 |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326034009/http://www.clickdesign.com/CLIENTDEMOS/edos/classes.htm |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> In some communities, the idea of ''chavrusa'' can include two, three, four or even five individuals studying together.<ref name=jeff/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.shirshalom.org/pdfs/Scribe-May-Jun-11.pdf |title=Turn It Again &ndash; The Joy of Shabbat Tish |first=Rabbi Michael L. |last=Moskowitz |journal=Scribe |date=May–June 2011 |volume=24 |issue=5 & 6 |access-date=2013-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312075432/http://www.shirshalom.org/pdfs/Scribe-May-Jun-11.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Reform and Conservative movements have extended the idea of ''chavura'' to modern scholarship and poetry<ref name="jeff" /> (note that a ''chavura (''Ashkenazic pronunciation: ''chevra'') can also refer to a group of individuals or families which is part study or prayer group, part social club<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhKyPjgcHEcC&pg=PA198|title=How I Am a Jew: Adventures Into My Jewish-American Identity|first=Howard W. |last=Polsky|page=191|year=2003|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0761824237}}</ref>). A (more formal) study group in a Yeshiva is sometimes referred to as a "Kibbutz" – see for example {{slink|Sunderland Talmudical College#The Kibbutz}} – especially in older usage, preceding the use of that term for an agricultural community.

==Origin== {{quote box | quote = "Just as a knife can be sharpened only on the side of another, so a disciple of a sage improves only through his ''chaver''" | source = Rabbi Hama b. Hanina<ref>Genesis Rabbah 69:2.</ref> | width = 25% | align = right }} {{quote box |quote="Your ''chaver'' will make it [i.e., Torah study] solid in your hand. And do not rely on your own understanding" |source=Rabbi Nehorai<ref>''Avot'' 4:14.</ref> |width=25% |align=right }} Based on statements in the Mishnah and Gemara, ''chavrusa'' learning was a key feature of yeshivas in the eras of the Tannaim (Rabbis of the Mishnaic period, 10-220 CE) and Amoraim (Rabbis of the Talmudic period, 200 to 500 CE). The Rabbis repeatedly urged their students to acquire a study partner; for example, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Perachia enjoined students to "Make for yourself a Rav and acquire for yourself a ''chaver''",<ref>''Avot'' 1:6.</ref> and Rabbi Yose ben Chalafta told his son Rabbi Abba that he was ignorant because he did not study with someone else.<ref>''Yerushalmi Nedarim'' 11:1, 41c.</ref> The choice of ''chavrusas'' seems to have been based on friendship or social proximity; thus, ''chavrusas'' fulfilled a social as well as an educational need.<ref name=cath>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKMkEVSvCoUC&pg=PA351 |title=The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine |page=351 |last=Hezser |first=Catherine |year=1997 |publisher= Mohr Siebeck |isbn= 978-3-16-146797-4}}</ref>

While an individual may choose to study Talmud alone, it is strongly discouraged. In the Talmud, Jose bar Hanina is quoted as saying that "scholars who sit alone to study the Torah . . . become stupid" (Berakhot, 63b).<ref name=sinclair/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.on1foot.org/text/babylonian-talmud-brachot-63b|title=Babylonian Talmud Brachot 63b|publisher=American Jewish World Service|access-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160608/http://www.on1foot.org/text/babylonian-talmud-brachot-63b|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nevertheless, there is evidence that learning in pairs was not always a universal norm in yeshivas, for example in the famous Volozhin Yeshiva of 19th century Lithuania, there is evidence that individual study rather than studying in pairs was the norm.<ref>Shaul Stampfer, Lithuanian Yeshivas of the Nineteenth Century, (Oxford: Littman, 2012) pp. 144-147</ref>

''Chavrusa''-style learning is particularly suited to Talmud study, as the latter is a text filled with conflicting opinions and seemingly contradictory statements on principles of Jewish law. Besides tracking the back-and-forth debates, a student of Talmud must be able to analyze each opinion and present hypotheses to reconcile it in light of the others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Opinion/Think-Again-Talmud-Study-and-the-Liberal-Arts|title=Think Again: Talmud Study and the Liberal Arts|first=Jonathan |last=Rosenblum |author-link=Jonathan Rosenblum|date=11 November 2011 |access-date=8 April 2013|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> The ''chavrusa'' relationship gives each student a platform to clarify and explain their position to a partner; then the two go on to question, defend, convince, amend, fine-tune, and even arrive at new conclusions through rigorous intellectual collaboration.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oohY_3hMFS8C&pg=PA418|title= Gateway to Judaism: The What, How, And Why of Jewish Life|first=Mordechai |last=Becker|author-link=Gateways (organization)#Rabbi Mordechai Becker|publisher=Mesorah Publications, Ltd. |year=2005|isbn= 978-1422600306 |pages=418, 422&ndash;423}}</ref><ref name=balt>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/09/25/study-form-ancient-but-lessons-modern/|title=Study Form Ancient, But Lessons Modern|first=Frank|last=Langfitt|date=25 September 2003|access-date=8 April 2013|work=The Baltimore Sun|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125927/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-09-25/news/0309250131_1_talmud-israel-rabbinical-college-ner-israel|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Educational benefits== {{quote box |quote="With bar Lakisha, whenever I would say something, he would pose 24 difficulties and I would give him 24 solutions, and as a result [of the give-and-take] the subject became clear" |source=Rabbi Yochanan on his ''chavrusa'' with Reish Lakish (''Bava Metzia'' 84a)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mussarleadership.org/pdfs/R%27%20Yochanan%20and%20Reish%20Lakish.pdf|title=R' Yochanan and Reish Lakish |publisher=Mussarleadership.org|access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> |width=25% |align=right }} Unlike conventional classroom learning, in which a teacher lectures to the student and the student memorizes and repeats the information back in tests, and unlike an academic seminary, where students do independent research,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/torah_portion/article/learning_together_20030606/ |title=Learning Together |date=5 June 2003 |access-date=26 June 2011 |last=Bouskila |first=Rabbi Daniel |work=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles}}</ref> ''chavrusa'' learning challenges the student to analyze and verbally explain the material, point out the errors in his partner's reasoning, and question and sharpen each other's ideas, often arriving at entirely new insights into the meaning of the text.<ref name="agora"/><ref name="jeff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rebjeff.com/1/category/singing/1.html |title=Bringing the People Together |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=26 June 2011|publisher=Reb Jeff}}</ref>

A ''chavrusa'' helps the student stay awake, keep his mind focused on the learning, sharpen his reasoning powers, develop his thoughts into words, and organize his thoughts into logical arguments.<ref name="zobin">{{cite book |pages=104&ndash;106 |title=Breakthrough to Learning Gemora: A concise, analytical guide |last=Zobin |first=Zvi |year=1996 |publisher=Kest-Lebovits}}</ref> This type of learning also imparts precision and clarity into ideas that would otherwise remain vague.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollel.com/iajs |title=Chavrusa System of Learning |publisher=Kollel Toronto |year=2010 |access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref> Having to listen to, analyze and respond to another's opinion inculcates respect for others. It is considered poor manners to interrupt one's ''chavrusa''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/Parshat-Pinchas.pdf?docid=2675&ie=1&showobject=1 |title="The wise man does not speak before one who is wiser than him and does not break into the words of another" (Avot 5:7) |publisher=Ohr Somayach |journal=Ohrnet |date=15 July 2006 |volume=13 |issue=39 |page=2}}</ref> The ''chavrusa'' relationship also strengthens the student's personal commitment to his studies, as he is loath to disappoint or cancel on his ''chavrusa''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejc.com/judaism/judaism-features/67472/two-heads-are-better-learning-one|title=Two Heads are Better Than One |first=Rabbi Ephraim |last=Mirvis|date=10 May 2012 |access-date=9 April 2013|work=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> Some early research has shown that the use of this study modality within a traditional Yeshiva education can aid students later succeed in law school -- although it remains an open question as to whether that relationship is causal or merely correlative.<ref> {{cite journal | last1=Klein |first1=Reuven Chaim |date=March 1, 2024 |title=A qualitative study on how traditional Yeshiva education prepares students for law school | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03069400.2023.2296811 |journal=The Law Teacher |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=111-130 |doi=10.17613/b462-fp41}} </ref>

==Practice== ''Chavrusa'' learning takes place in the formalized structure of the yeshiva or kollel, as well as in Talmudic study that an individual does at any time of day. Although a man skilled in learning could study certain topics on his own, the ''chavrusa'' relationship is preferred to help them crystallize their thoughts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFvQ79N9vIAC |pages=110&ndash;111 |title=The World of the Yeshiva: An intimate portrait of Orthodox Jewry |last=Helmreich |first=William B. |publisher=Ktav Publishing House |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-88125-642-0}}</ref>

In the yeshiva setting, students prepare for and review the ''shiur'' (lecture) with their ''chavrusas'' during morning, afternoon, and evening study sessions known as ''sedarim''.<ref name="Forta">{{cite book |last=Forta |first=Arye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdoWlrzcg4C&q=chavruta&pg=PA89 |title=Judaism |publisher=Heineman Educational |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-435-30321-1 |page=89}}</ref> On average, a yeshiva student spends ten hours per day learning in ''chavrusa''.<ref name="Helmreich, p. 112">Helmreich, ''The World of the Yeshiva'', p. 112.</ref> Since having the right ''chavrusa'' makes all the difference between having a good year and a bad year, class rabbis may switch ''chavrusas'' eight or nine times in a class of 20 boys until the partnerships work for both sides.<ref name="Helmreich, p. 112"/> If a ''chavrusa'' gets stuck on a difficult point or needs further clarification, they can turn to the rabbis, lecturers, or a ''sho'el u'mashiv'' (literally, "ask and answer", a rabbi who is intimately familiar with the Talmudic text being studied) who are available to them in the study hall during ''sedarim''. In women's yeshiva programs, teachers are on hand to guide the ''chavrusas''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spider.mc.yu.edu/news/articles/article.cfm?id=101213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831161538/http://spider.mc.yu.edu/news/articles/article.cfm?id=101213 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2006 |title=Stern College's June Learning Program Exposes Students to Intense, In-Depth Learning |date=6 July 2006 |access-date=26 June 2011 |publisher=Yeshiva University }}</ref>

''Chavrusa'' learning tends to be loud and animated, as the study partners read the Talmudic text and the commentaries aloud to each other and then analyze, question, debate, and defend their points of view to arrive at a mutual understanding of the text. In the heat of discussion, they may wave their hands or even shout at each other.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVvAe_U9stsC&pg=PA422 |page=422 |title=The Blackwell Reader in Judaism |last1=Neusner |first1=Jacob |last2=Avery-Peck |first2=Alan J. |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-631-20738-2}}</ref> Depending on the size of the yeshiva, dozens or even hundreds of ''chavrusas'' can be heard discussing and debating each other's opinions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-20wAAAAYAAJ&q=chavruta |title= Ein Yaakov: The ethical and inspirational teachings of the Talmud |page=xxix |last=Finkel |first=Avraham Yaakov |year=1999 |publisher=Jason Aronson |isbn=978-0-7657-6082-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XBZ6AAAAMAAJ&q=cacophony |page=203 |title= The Reichmanns: Family, faith, fortune, and the empire of Olympia & York |last=Bianco |first=Anthony |publisher=Times Books |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-8129-2140-3}}</ref> One of the skills of ''chavrusa'' learning is the ability to block out all other discussions in the study hall and focus on one's study partner alone.<ref name="Forta"/>

==Choosing a ''chavrusa''== [[File:BMGTDay.jpg|thumb|right|Tumult day in Beth Medrash Govoha]] Pairing up study partners has been compared to making a ''shidduch'' (marriage match), as the skills, interests, temperament and schedule of each person must be taken into consideration.<ref name=bamboo/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://toldot.ru/en/engarticles/eng-articles_6485.html|title= Chavrusa across the country, or: A Siyum once in three and a half years|date=27 November 2007 |access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=Toldos Yeshurun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://demosthenesneedsalocke.blogspot.co.il/2010/01/chavrusa-shidduch-world.html|title=The Chavrusa Shidduch World |date=6 January 2010|access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=Demosthenes Needs a Locke}}</ref> Good friends do not necessarily make good ''chavrusas''. If the ''chavrusas'' spend too much time chatting or joking with each other at the expense of their study time, they are advised to find different study partners.<ref name="Helmreich, p. 112"/>

In the yeshiva world, the brightest students are highly desirable as ''chavrusas''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8cRAQAAIAAJ&q=chavrusa |title=With Hearts Full of Faith: Insights into trust and emunah: A selection of addresses |last1=Reinman |first1=Yaakov Yosef |last2=Salomon |first2=Matisyohu |author-link1=Yosef Reinman |author-link2=Matisyohu Salomon |publisher=Mesorah Publications, Ltd. |year=2002 |page=94 |isbn=978-1-57819-583-1}}</ref> However, there are pros and cons to learning with ''chavrusas'' who are stronger, weaker, or equal in knowledge and ability to the student. A stronger ''chavrusa'' will correct and fill in the student's knowledge and help them improve their learning techniques, acting more like a teacher. With a ''chavrusa'' who is equal in knowledge and ability, the student is forced to prove their point with logic rather than by right of seniority, which improves their ability to think logically, analyze other people's opinions objectively, and accept criticism. With a weaker ''chavrusa'', who often worries over and questions each step, the student is forced to understand the material thoroughly, refine and organize their thoughts in a logical structure, present their viewpoint clearly, and be ready to justify each and every point. The stronger ''chavrusa'' helps the student acquire a great deal of information, but the weaker ''chavrusa'' helps the student learn ''how'' to learn. Yeshiva students are usually advised to have one of each of these three types of ''chavrusas'' in order to develop on all three levels.<ref name="zobin"/>

Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood Township, New Jersey is known for its "tumult day" at the beginning of each ''z'man'' (semester), when thousands of students mingle outdoors with the goal of choosing a ''chavrusa'' for the new term.<ref name="ywn">{{cite web |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=22878 |title= Video & Photos: Chavrusa Tumult at BMG |date=1 September 2008 |access-date=26 June 2011 |work=Yeshiva World News}}</ref> A similar "tumult day" takes place among the hundreds of students at the main Brisk yeshiva in Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://matzav.com/photos-chavrusah-tumult-in-brisk |last=Bernstein |first=Dovid |publisher=matzav.com |title=Photos: Chavrusah Tumult in Brisk |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref> and at the Mir in Jerusalem.<ref name="ywn"/>

''Chavrusas'' often develop into lasting friendships. The shared commitment to scholarship and intellectual growth creates a close bond between study partners<ref name=bamboo>{{cite book |page=193 |title=The Bamboo Cradle: A Jewish father's story |title-link=The Bamboo Cradle|last=Schwartzbaum |first=Avraham |publisher=Feldheim Publishers |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-87306-459-0}} Second, revised edition</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzsRAQAAIAAJ&q=chaver+study+partner |title=Connecting to God: Ancient Kabbalah and modern psychology |page=124|last=Weiss |first=Abner |publisher=Bell Tower |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4000-8334-3}}</ref> that has been said to be closer than that of many married couples.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM11AAAAMAAJ&q=chavruta |title=Journey to Tradition: The odyssey of a born-again Jew |page=33 |last=Levin |first=Michael Graubart |publisher=Ktav Publishing House |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-88125-093-0}}</ref>

==Women's ''chavrusas''== [[File:The_students_a_Midreshet_Shilat.JPG|thumb|Women students engaged in ''chavrusa''-style study at Midreshet Shilat in Israel]] Women's yeshivas that include Talmud study on the curriculum often schedule chavrusa study sessions for their students.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NrIPT7KWTYC&pg=PT243|pages=243&ndash;244 |title=Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation and renewal |first=Dana |last=Evan Kaplan |year=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13728-7}}</ref> In Orthodox women's seminaries, students are paired with study partners of equal or greater strength to learn Halakha, Chumash, Jewish philosophy, or any other topic in Judaism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.judaismlive.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/642795/jewish/Chavruta.htm |title=Ladies' Chavruta Learning |publisher=Lubavitch Centre of Leeds |year=2011 |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220232336/http://www.judaismlive.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/642795/jewish/Chavruta.htm |archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref>

In recent years, telephone study partnerships for women have been promoted as a ''kiruv'' (Orthodox Judaism outreach) tool in Israel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishmediaresources.com/1039/a-torah-revolution-in-need-of-troops|title=A Torah Revolution in Need of Troops |first=Jonathan |last=Rosenblum |work=Mishpacha |date=27 December 2006 |access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> and as an option for busy homemakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishpressads.com/pageroute.do/40173 |title=Chavrusa, Anyone? |first=Tova |last=Younger |work=The Jewish Press |date=22 July 2009 |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807044238/http://www.jewishpressads.com/pageroute.do/40173 |archive-date=7 August 2012 }}</ref>

Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld, Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine, reportedly had a regular half-hour chavrusa with his wife, during which they studied ''Orach Chayim''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgwmAQAAIAAJ&q=chavruta |page=25 |title=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society, Volumes 7&ndash;10 |publisher=Yeshiva Rabbi Jacob Joseph School |year=1984}}</ref>

==Telephone and online ''chavrusas''== thumb|How to create a lesson on the phone of learning mishna In 1997, Partners in Torah was the first organization to move ''chavrusa''-style learning out of the yeshiva and synagogue and into telephone study sessions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/news/article/1999/07/27/3037/FOCUSONISSUESInt|title=Focus on Issues: Interested in studying Torah? It's just a telephone call away|first=Sam|last=Selig|date=27 July 1999|access-date=10 April 2013|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704041434/http://www.jta.org/news/article/1999/07/27/3037/FOCUSONISSUESInt|archive-date=2013-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the 2000s, many free Internet services began matching up study partners around the world using videoconferencing and Skype hook-ups.

===Telephone ''chavrusas''===

* TorahMates, a free chavrusa program of national nonprofit Oorah, offers to partner knowledgeable volunteers with students with weaker backgrounds to study any Jewish topics of their choice, with coordinators on staff to ensure the partnership works well. * Partners in Torah &mdash; founded in 1991 as a one-on-one study program for Jewish day school parents under the umbrella of Torah Umesorah, the National Society for Hebrew Day Schools. The program initially offered only in-person learning but added telephone study partnerships in 1997. As of 2017, over 72,000 men and women from 2,337 cities in 39 countries had participated in weekly telephone study partnerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/partners-in-torah|title=Great Non Profits|date= |publisher=Partners in Torah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073827/http://www.partnersintorah.org/about/|archive-date=15 June 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref>{{better source|date=March 2022|reason=archive date is several years before stats in sentence}} In 2016, Partners in Torah became an independent organization. *Jnet &mdash; founded in 2006, this project of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch pairs men and women with Chabad volunteers for Jewish learning<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shturem.org/index.php?mod=print&section=news&id=18653|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728021956/http://www.shturem.org/index.php?mod=print&section=news&id=18653|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2011|title= Long Distance Partners |last=Margolis |first=N. |publisher=shturem.org |date=7 September 2007 |access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crownheights.info/general/1741/telephone-torah/|title=Telephone Torah |date=10 March 2006 |access-date=10 April 2013|publisher=CrownHeights.info}}</ref>

===Online ''chavrusas''=== * Chavrusamatch &mdash; launched by a Baltimore Torah educator in 2012, this service matches both men and women with local or global study partners online, via telephone, or video chat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://matzav.com/chavrusamatchcom-to-be-launched-tomorrow|title=Chavrusamatch.com To Be Launched Tomorrow |first=Rabbi Ari |last=Koretzky|publisher=matzav.com|date=31 July 2012 |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chavrusamatch.com/about|title=About|publisher=Chavrusamatch.com|year=2013|access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref> * D.A.F. Online Chavrusa Database &mdash; provides online postings of people looking for a ''chavrusa'', a teacher, or a student<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chavrusa.dafyomi.co.il/|title=D.A.F.'s Online Chavrusa Database |publisher=Kollel Iyun HaDaf |year=2012|access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref> * International Chevruta Exchange &ndash; connects learning partners via online videoconferencing or teleconferencing, along with a mentor who can answer questions on the material being studied<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.torahwithoutborders.org/about|title=About |publisher=Torah Without Borders|access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref> * Israeli Chavruta Initiative &mdash; a project of Yeshivat Hesder Nahar-Deiah of Nahariya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nahariya.co.il/Eng/Index.asp?ArticleID=155&CategoryID=84 |title=About |publisher=Yeshivat Hesder Nahar-Deiah Nahariya |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511010558/http://www.nahariya.co.il/Eng/Index.asp?ArticleID=155&CategoryID=84 |archive-date=11 May 2010 }}</ref> * Online Chavrusa &mdash; connects study partners via Skype<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinechavrusa.com/about |title=About Us |publisher=Online Chavrusa |access-date=26 June 2011 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Project Zug &ndash; matches students in a chavrusa based on their course preferences given at the time of registration, or offers them to join with a friend, and provides source sheets and guidance<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.projectzug.org/|title=Find a Learning Partner|publisher=Project Zug|year=2016|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ejewishphilanthropy.com/how-a-jewish-learning-program-surprised-me/|title=How a Jewish Learning Program Surprised Me|website=ejewishphilanthropy.com|date=13 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref> * The Virtual Chavruta &mdash; provides tutors via videoconferencing<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/Torah-study/tutoring-web-site/prweb4372054.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818013407/http://www.prweb.com/releases/Torah-study/tutoring-web-site/prweb4372054.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 18, 2010 |title= TorahTutors.org Introduces One-on-One, Text-Based Torah Study Tutoring Web Site |date=10 August 2010 |access-date=26 June 2011 |publisher=PR Web}}</ref> * TorahMates &mdash; a project of Oorah, provides ''chavrusas'' at home, by phone, and online, and also provides the learning materials free of charge<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torahmates.org/Why_TorahMates.html|title=Why Torah Mates|publisher=Oorah|access-date=10 April 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143000/http://www.torahmates.org/Why_TorahMates.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * WebYeshiva &mdash; founded in 2007, this service offers online yeshiva and ''chavrusa'' learning<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webyeshiva.org/jewish-learning-jewish-study-torah-learning |title=About Us |publisher=WebYeshiva |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718154207/http://www.webyeshiva.org/jewish-learning-jewish-study-torah-learning |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BmL6Ya5P998C&pg=PA67 |page=67 |title=Mediating Faiths: Religion and socio-cultural change in the twenty-first century |last1=Bailey |first1=Michael |last2=Redden |first2=Guy |publisher=Ashgate |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7546-6786-5}}</ref> * The Pearl Matlin Lev L'Lev Program — Partners in Torah for Children & Adults with Special Needs, via Skype or over-the-phone.

==Limmud Chavruta Project== Founded in the United Kingdom in 1996 and launched globally in 2009, the Limmud Chavruta Project produces an annual study guide for ''chavrusa''-style learning. The study guides, which include source texts on topics such as "Responsibility", "Creativity", "Time", and "Money", are issued in conjunction with the British-Jewish educational charity's annual conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limmud.org/publications/chavruta/|title=The Limmud Chavruta Project|year=2013|access-date=9 April 2013|publisher=Limmud.org}}</ref>

==Other uses==

===Zionist ideal=== Zionist ideologue A. D. Gordon used the term ''chavrusa'' to refer to a communal society, such as the moshav, kibbutz, or worker's association, which acts as a self-educational link to the larger social-educational process. In Zionist thought, the ''chavrusa'' is "a central tool in the struggle for the revival of the Jewish people, the revival of the individual, and the centrality of the idea of 'labor'. It is the highest expression of the Jewish person's extraordinary effort to recreate him or herself through 'labor', to be reconnected to nature, and to plant the many-branched tree of his or her nation in the land from which it was uprooted".<ref>Amir, Yehoyada. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RO-yOyCJ6ngC&dq=chavruta&pg=PA55 "Towards a 'Life of Expansion': Education as religious deed in A. D. Gordon's philosophy"] in ''Abiding Challenges: Research perspectives on Jewish education: Studies in memory of Mordechai Bar-Lev''. Freund Publishing House, Ltd, 1999, pp. 49&ndash;50. {{ISBN|965-294-137-9}}</ref>

===''Chavrusa'' magazine=== ''Chavrusa'' is the name of the magazine of the Rabbinic Alumni of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, published since the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yutorah.org/search/ |title=Search: Chavrusa Magazine |publisher=YU Torah Online |access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref>

===''Havruta'' magazine=== ''Havruta'' magazine is a publication of the Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies.

==See also== * ''Chaber'' * ''Talmid Haver'' * Torah study * Pair programming

==References== {{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading== *[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-0354-4_24# ''"Havruta: What Do We Know and What Can We Hope to Learn from Studying in Havruta?"''] by Elie Holzer and Orit Kent. ''International Handbook of Jewish Education'', Vol. 5, 2011, pp.&nbsp;407–417, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0354-4_24 *[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15244110902856492 ''"'Either a Hevruta Partner or Death': A Critical View on the Interpersonal Dimensions of Hevruta Learning"''] by Elie Holzer. ''Journal of Jewish Education'', Vol. 75, Issue 2, 2009, pp.&nbsp;130–149, DOI 10.1080/15244110902856492 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232714/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=18+Willamette+J.+Int'l+L.+%26+Dispute+Res.+109&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=a640165692599a79c9219ced5edce895 ''"Can Havruta Style Learning Be a Best Practice in Law School?"''] by Barbara Pinkerton Blumenfeld. ''Willamette Journal of International Law & Dispute Resolution'', 2010

{{Jewish life}} {{OrthodoxJudaism}}

Category:Jewish education Category:Aramaic words and phrases Category:Aramaic words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings