Channelome

The '''channelome''', sometimes called the "'''ion channelome'''", is the complete set of ion channels<ref name=MacKinnon>Doyle, D. A., Morais-Cabral, J., Pfuetzner, R. A., Kuo, A, Gulbis, JM, Cohen, SL, Chait, BT, MacKinnon, R (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K⁺ conduction and selectivity. ''Science'' '''280''':69–77.</ref> and porins<ref>Preston GM, Carroll TP, Guggino WB, Agre P (1992). Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein. ''Science'' '''256'''(5055): 385–387</ref> expressed in a biological tissue or organism.<ref>Barrett-Jolley, R., R. Lewis, et al. (2010). [https://www.frontiersin.org/membrane_physiology_and_biophysics/10.3389/fphys.2010.00135/abstract The emerging chondrocyte channelome]: Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics. {{doi|10.3389/fphys.2010.00135|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is analogous to the genome, the metabolome (describing metabolites), the proteome (describing general protein expression), and the microbiome. Characterization of the ion channelome, referred to as '''channelomics''', is a branch of physiology, biophysics, neuroscience, and pharmacology, with particular attention paid to gene expression.<ref name=drugs>{{Cite journal| first1 = F.| last2 = Jurkat-Rott| first2 = K.| last1 = Lehmann-Horn | title = Nanotechnology for neuronal ion channels | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 74| issue = 11 | pages = 1466–1475| year = 2003 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.74.11.1466| pmid = 14617700| pmc = 1738249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first1 = K. | first2 = F. | title = The Patch Clamp Technique in Ion Channel Research | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology | volume = 5| last2 = Lehmann-Horn| issue = 4 | pages = 387–395 | year = 2004| pmid = 15320769| last1 = Jurkat-Rott | doi = 10.2174/1389201043376715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last3 = Morton| first1 = S.| last4 = Giersch | first2 = H.| last1 = Gabashvili | first3 = C. | first4 = B.| last2 = Sokolowski | title = Ion channel gene expression in the inner ear | journal = Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–328 | date=Sep 2007 | issn = 1525-3961 | pmid = 17541769 | pmc = 2538437 | doi = 10.1007/s10162-007-0082-y}}</ref> It can be performed by a variety of techniques, including patch clamp electrophysiology, PCR, and immunohistochemistry.<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{Cite book| first1 = A. L.| title = Reviews and Protocols in DT40 Research| volume = 40| last1 = Perraud| first2 = C.| first3 = A. M.| pages = 257–270 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-4896-8_15| last2 = Schmitz| last3 = Scharenberg| series = Subcellular Biochemistry| isbn = 978-1-4020-4895-1| s2cid = 436332}}</ref> Channelomics is being used to screen and discover new medicines.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=pharm>{{Cite journal | last1 = Camerino | first2 = D. | first1 = D. C.| last3 = Desaphy| last2 = Tricarico | first3 = J. F.| title = Ion channel pharmacology| journal = Neurotherapeutics| volume = 4| issue = 2| pages = 184–198| date=Apr 2007 | pmid = 17395128| doi = 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.01.013| doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Functional studies== Structure and function of membrane channels are closely linked,<ref>{{Cite journal| first1 = B. E.| last2 = Grabe| last3 = Jan | first2 = M. | first3 = L. Y. | title = Answers and Questions from the KvAP Structures| last1 = Cohen | journal = Neuron | volume = 39| issue = 3 | pages = 395–400 | year = 2003| pmid = 12895415 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00472-0| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last2 = Mcnaughton | first1 = A.| last3 = Green | first2 = N. | first3 = P. | title = Properties of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell-line SJ-RH30: conventional and automated patch clamp analysis | journal = Pharmacological Research| last1 = Randall | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–128 | date=Aug 2006 | issn = 1043-6618 | pmid = 16675265 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.03.005}}</ref> but perhaps the most famous work studying the structure of ion channels is the paper by Doyle ''et al''. 1998, which led to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Roderick MacKinnon.<ref name=MacKinnon/> Abnormalities of channel structure consequently result in their physiological mis-function. Channelomic studies include the systematic study of diseases resulting from such mis-functions. Such a disease is termed a channelopathy.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=pharm/> In addition, channelomic studies screen potential drugs for their effectiveness at channelopathies, by examining the binding affinities of candidate drug compounds.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=pharm/>

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

{{Ion channels}}

Category:Membrane physiology Category:Ion channels Category:Channelopathies Category:Electrophysiology Category:Integral membrane proteins