Chain smoking

{{Short description|Smoking several cigarettes or cigars in succession}} {{redirect|Chainsmoker|the pop duo|The Chainsmokers}} [[File:Ashtrayfull.jpg|thumb|Ashtray with cigarette butts]]

'''Chain smoking''' is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finishing cigarette to light the next. The term '''chain smoker''' often also refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, though not necessarily ''chaining'' each cigarette. The term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well as vaping and the smoking of other substances such as cannabis. It is a common indicator of addiction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Charles |first=Gerras |title=The Encyclopedia of Common Diseases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7NZwYhrBWIC|page=17 |year=1976 |publisher=Rodale Press |isbn=978-0-87857-113-0}}</ref>

==Causes== Many people chain-smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages, because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization, hence inducing a craving.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/14622200310001656957 |title=Psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and ethanol |last1=Rose |first1=J. |last2=Brauer |first2=L. |last3=Behm |first3=F. |last4=Cramblett |first4=M. |journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research |year=2004 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=133–44 |pmid=14982697}}</ref>

The extent to which chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor, as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0091-3057(92)90535-N |title=Effects of smoking abstinence and chain-smoking on puffing topography and diurnal nicotine exposure |last1=Kolonen |first1=S. |last2=Tuomisto |first2=J. |last3=Puustinen |first3=P. |last4=Airaksinen |first4=M. M. |journal=Pharmacol Biochem Behav |year=1992 |volume=42 |pages=327–32 |issue=2 |pmid=1631188|s2cid=30397734 }}</ref>

==Clinical use== Chain smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behavior in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Helen |first=Keane |title=What's Wrong with Addiction? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqZsDnXS3-cC |date=2002 |page=100 |publisher=Melbourne University Publish |isbn=978-0-522-84991-2}}</ref> It may be used as a form of aversion therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cocores |first=James |title=The Clinical Management of Nicotine Dependence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-lrAAAAMAAJ |date=1991 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-0-387-97464-4 }}</ref>

==Ventilation== Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) professionals claim that an airflow of about 30 cubic meters per minute per smoker is required to maintain satisfactory air quality when the smokers are chain smoking.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rock |first=Brian A. |title=Ventilation for Environmental Tobacco Smoke |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PDupTtFRClkC |date= 13 January 2006 |publisher= Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-08-052539-6|page=48 }}</ref> {{asof|2006}}, research confirms that HVAC systems, while important for general air quality, cannot control exposure to secondhand smoke.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/fullreport.pdf |page=92 |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |publisher= Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services |year=2006 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090205173605/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/fullreport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 }}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Addiction Category:Smoking Category:Substance dependence