Cyclin-dependent kinase 6

'''Cell division protein kinase 6''' ('''CDK6''') is an enzyme encoded by the ''CDK6'' gene.<ref name="pmid1639063">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, Su LK, Gorka C, Nelson C, Harlow E, Tsai LH | display-authors = 6 | title = A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 2909–2917 | date = August 1992 | pmid = 1639063 | pmc = 556772 | doi = 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CDK6 cyclin-dependent kinase 6| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=1021}}</ref> It is regulated by cyclins, more specifically by cyclin D proteins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins.<ref name = Meyerson /> The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase, (CDK) family, which includes CDK4.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Robbins SL | title=Robbins Basic Pathology | publisher=Elsevier/Saunders | series=ClinicalKey 2012 | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5 |edition=9th}}</ref> CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' cdc28, and ''Schizosaccharomyces pombe'' cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression in the point of regulation named R or restriction point.<ref name ="Moralli">{{cite journal | vauthors = Diaz-Moralli S, Tarrado-Castellarnau M, Miranda A, Cascante M | title = Targeting cell cycle regulation in cancer therapy | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 138 | issue = 2 | pages = 255–271 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23356980 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.011 }}</ref>

This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex, important for the G1 phase progression and G1/S transition of the cell cycle and the complex is composed also by an activating sub-unit; the cyclin D.<ref name = Shuhui /> The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors.<ref name = Meyerson /> This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein making CDK6 an important protein in cancer development.<ref name = Shuhui />

== Structure ==

The ''CDK6'' gene is conserved in eukaryotes, including the budding yeast and the nematode ''Caenorhabditis elegans''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Kipreos ET | title = Evolution of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK-activating kinases (CAKs): differential conservation of CAKs in yeast and metazoa | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 1061–1074 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10889219 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026387 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The ''CDK6'' gene is located on chromosome 7 in humans. The gene spans 231,706 base pairs and encodes a 326 amino acid protein with a kinase function.<ref name = "entrez" /> The gene is overexpressed in cancers like lymphoma, leukemia, medulloblastoma and melanoma associated with chromosomal rearrangements.<ref name = "entrez" /> The CDK6 protein contains a catalytic core composed of a serine/threonine domain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reinhardt HC, Yaffe MB | title = Phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains: navigating the cell cycle and DNA damage response | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 9 | pages = 563–580 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23969844 | doi = 10.1038/nrm3640 | s2cid = 149598 }}</ref> This protein also contains an ATP-binding pocket, inhibitory and activating phosphorylation sites, a PSTAIRE-like cyclin-binding domain and an activating T-loop motif.<ref name= "Shuhui">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim S, Kaldis P | title = Cdks, cyclins and CKIs: roles beyond cell cycle regulation | journal = Development | volume = 140 | issue = 15 | pages = 3079–3093 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23861057 | doi = 10.1242/dev.091744 | doi-access = free }}</ref> After binding the Cyclin in the PSTAIRE helix, the protein changes its conformational structure to expose the phosphorylation motif.<ref name="Shuhui" /> The protein can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, however most of the active complexes are found in the nucleus of proliferating cells.<ref name="Shuhui" />

== Function==

=== Cell cycle ===

In 1994, Matthew Meyerson and Ed Harlow investigated the product of a close analogous gene of CDK4.<ref name = "Meyerson" /> This gene, identified as PLSTIRE was translated into a protein that interacted with the cyclins CD1, CD2 and CD3 (same as CDK4), but that was different from CDK4; the protein was then renamed CDK6 for simplicity.<ref name= "Meyerson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyerson M, Harlow E | title = Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 2077–2086 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8114739 | pmc = 358568 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.14.3.2077 }}</ref> In mammalian cells, cell cycle is activated by CDK6 in the early G1 phase<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lodish HF | title=Molecular Cell Biology | publisher=W.H. Freeman | year=2000 |edition=4th}}</ref> through interactions with cyclins D1, D2 and D3.<ref name = "Meyerson" /> There are many changes in gene expression that are regulated through this enzyme.<ref name= "Bertoli">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertoli C, Skotheim JM, de Bruin RA | title = Control of cell cycle transcription during G1 and S phases | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 518–528 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23877564 | pmc = 4569015 | doi = 10.1038/nrm3629 }}</ref> After the complex is formed, the C-CDK6 enzymatic complex phosphorylates the protein pRb.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ezhevsky SA, Ho A, Becker-Hapak M, Davis PK, Dowdy SF | title = Differential regulation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by G(1) cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in vivo | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 14 | pages = 4773–4784 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11416152 | pmc = 87164 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.21.14.4773-4784.2001 }}</ref> After its phosphorylation, pRb releases its binding partner E2F, a transcriptional activator, which in turn activates DNA replication.<ref name ="Grossel">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossel MJ, Hinds PW | title = Beyond the cell cycle: a new role for Cdk6 in differentiation | journal = Journal of Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 97 | issue = 3 | pages = 485–493 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16294322 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.20712 | s2cid = 41684216 }}</ref> The CDK6 complex ensures a point of switch to commit to division responding to external signals, like mitogens and growth factors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartek J, Lukas J | title = Mammalian G1- and S-phase checkpoints in response to DNA damage | journal = Current Opinion in Cell Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 738–747 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11698191 | doi = 10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00280-5 }}</ref>

CDK6 is involved in a positive feedback loop that activates transcription factors through a reaction cascade.<ref name = "Marieke">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aarts M, Linardopoulos S, Turner NC | title = Tumour selective targeting of cell cycle kinases for cancer treatment | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 529–535 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23597425 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2013.03.012 }}</ref> Importantly, these C-CDK complexes act as a kinase, phosphorylating and inactivating the protein of Rb and p-Rb related "pocket proteins" p107 and p130.<ref name= "Kollman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kollmann K, Heller G, Schneckenleithner C, Warsch W, Scheicher R, Ott RG, Schäfer M, Fajmann S, Schlederer M, Schiefer AI, Reichart U, Mayerhofer M, Hoeller C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Kerjaschki D, Bock C, Kenner L, Hoefler G, Freissmuth M, Green AR, Moriggl R, Busslinger M, Malumbres M, Sexl V | display-authors = 6 | title = A kinase-independent function of CDK6 links the cell cycle to tumor angiogenesis | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–181 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23948297 | pmc = 3743049 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.012 }}</ref> While doing this, the CDK6 in conjunction with CDK4, act as a switch signal that first appears in G1,<ref name = "Meyerson"/> directing the cell towards S phase of the cell cycle.<ref name = "Bertoli"/>

CDK6 is important for the control of G1 to S phase transition.<ref name = "Meyerson" /> However, in recent years, new evidence proved that the presence of CDK6 is not essential for proliferation in every cell type,<ref name = "Kosar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kozar K, Sicinski P | title = Cell cycle progression without cyclin D-CDK4 and cyclin D-CDK6 complexes | journal = Cell Cycle | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 388–391 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15738651 | doi = 10.4161/cc.4.3.1551 | publisher = Informa UK Limited | s2cid = 33157000 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the cell cycle has a complex circuitry of regulation and the role of CDK6 might be more important in certain cell types than in others, where CDK4 or CDK2 can act as protein kinases compensating its role.<ref name = "Kosar" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malumbres M, Sotillo R, Santamaría D, Galán J, Cerezo A, Ortega S, Dubus P, Barbacid M | display-authors = 6 | title = Mammalian cells cycle without the D-type cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 and Cdk6 | journal = Cell | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 493–504 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15315761 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.002 | s2cid = 13371605 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Cellular development ===

In mutant knockout mice of CDK6, the hematopoietic function is impaired, regardless of otherwise organism normal development.<ref name ="Kosar" /> This might hint additional roles of CDK6 in the development of blood components.<ref name ="Kosar" /> There are additional functions of CDK6 not associated with its kinase activity.<ref name = "grossel2" /> For example, CDK6 is involved in the differentiation of T cells, acting as an inhibitor of differentiation.<ref name= "grossel2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossel MJ, Hinds PW | title = From cell cycle to differentiation: an expanding role for cdk6 | journal = Cell Cycle | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 266–270 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16410727 | doi = 10.4161/cc.5.3.2385 | publisher = Informa UK Limited | s2cid = 42625480 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Even though CDK6 and CDK4 share 71% amino acid identity, this role in differentiation is unique to CDK6.<ref name="grossel2"/> CDK6 has also been found to be important in the development of other cell lines, for example, CDK6 has a role in the alteration of the morphology of astrocytes<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = Karen K. | display-authors = etal | year = 2003 | title = Expression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6, but Not Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4, Alters Morphology of Cultured Mouse Astrocytes11NSF under CAREER Grant #9984454 to Martha J. Grossel | journal = Molecular Cancer Research | volume = 1 | issue = 9| pages = 654–64 }}</ref> and in the development of other stem cells.<ref name ="Shuhui"/><ref name= "Grossel" />

=== DNA protection ===

CDK6 differs from CDK4 in other important roles.<ref name = "Masayuki" /> For example, CDK6 plays a role in the accumulation of the apoptosis proteins p53 and p130, this accumulation keeps cells from entering cell division if there is DNA damage, activating pro-apoptotic pathways.<ref name = "Masayuki">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagasawa M, Gelfand EW, Lucas JJ | title = Accumulation of high levels of the p53 and p130 growth-suppressing proteins in cell lines stably over-expressing cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6) | journal = Oncogene | volume = 20 | issue = 23 | pages = 2889–2899 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11420701 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1204396 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Metabolic homeostasis ===

Studies in the metabolic control of cells have revealed yet another role of CDK6.<ref name = "Miriam" /> This new role is associated with the balance of the oxidative and non-oxidative branches of the pentose pathway in cells.<ref name = "Miriam" /> This pathway is a known route altered in cancer cells, when there is an aberrant overexpression of CDK6 and CDK4.<ref name = "Miriam" /> The overexpression of these proteins provides the cancer cells with a new hallmark capability of cancer; the deregulation of the cell metabolism.<ref name = "Miriam">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanuy M, Ramos-Montoya A, Villacañas O, Canela N, Miranda A, Aguilar E, Agell N, Bachs O, Rubio-Martinez J, Pujol MD, Lee WN, Marin S, Cascante M | display-authors = 6 | title = Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 control tumor progression and direct glucose oxidation in the pentose cycle | journal = Metabolomics | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 454–464 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22661920 | pmc = 3361763 | doi = 10.1007/s11306-011-0328-x }}</ref>

=== Centrosome stability ===

In 2013, researchers discovered yet another role of CDK6.<ref name = "Muhammad" /> There is evidence that CDK6 associates with the centrosome and controls organized division and cell cycle phases in neuron production.<ref name = "Muhammad" /> When the CDK6 gene is mutated in these developing lines, the centrosomes are not properly divided, this could lead to division problems such as aneuploidy, which in turns leads to health issues like primary microcephaly.<ref name = "Muhammad">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hussain MS, Baig SM, Neumann S, Peche VS, Szczepanski S, Nürnberg G, Tariq M, Jameel M, Khan TN, Fatima A, Malik NA, Ahmad I, Altmüller J, Frommolt P, Thiele H, Höhne W, Yigit G, Wollnik B, Neubauer BA, Nürnberg P, Noegel AA | display-authors = 6 | title = CDK6 associates with the centrosome during mitosis and is mutated in a large Pakistani family with primary microcephaly | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 22 | issue = 25 | pages = 5199–5214 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 23918663 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddt374 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Mechanisms of regulation ==

CDK6 is positively regulated primarily by its union to the D cyclins D1, D2 and D3. If this subunit of the complex is not available, CDK6 is not active or available to phosphorylate the Rb substrate.<ref name = "Moralli" /> An additional positive activator needed by CDK6 is the phosphorylation in a conserved threonine residue located in 177 position, this phosphorylation is done by the cdk-activating kinases, CAK.<ref name ="LaBaer">{{cite journal | vauthors = LaBaer J, Garrett MD, Stevenson LF, Slingerland JM, Sandhu C, Chou HS, Fattaey A, Harlow E | display-authors = 6 | title = New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 847–862 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9106657 | doi = 10.1101/gad.11.7.847 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Additionally, CDK6 can be phosphorylated and activated by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, stimulating the CDK6 over activation and uncontrolled cell proliferation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaldis P | title = The N-terminal peptide of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-cyclin determines substrate specificity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 12 | pages = 11165–11174 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15664993 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M408887200 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

CDK6 is negatively regulated by binding to certain inhibitors that can be classified in two groups;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nurse P | title = A long twentieth century of the cell cycle and beyond | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–78 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10647932 | doi = 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81684-0 | s2cid = 16366539 | doi-access = free }}</ref> CKIs or CIP/KIP family members like the protein p21<ref name = "Grossel"/> and p27 act blocking and inhibiting the assembled C-CDKs binding complex enzymes<ref name = "LaBaer" /> in their catalytic domain.<ref name = "Bockstaele">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bockstaele L, Kooken H, Libert F, Paternot S, Dumont JE, de Launoit Y, Roger PP, Coulonval K | display-authors = 6 | title = Regulated activating Thr172 phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4(CDK4): its relationship with cyclins and CDK "inhibitors" | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 13 | pages = 5070–5085 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16782892 | pmc = 1489149 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.02006-05 }}</ref>

Furthermore, inhibitors of the INK4 family members like p15, p16, p18 and p19 inhibit the monomer of CDK6, preventing the complex formation.<ref name = "Kollman" /><ref name = "Khleif">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khleif SN, DeGregori J, Yee CL, Otterson GA, Kaye FJ, Nevins JR, Howley PM | title = Inhibition of cyclin D-CDK4/CDK6 activity is associated with an E2F-mediated induction of cyclin kinase inhibitor activity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 93 | issue = 9 | pages = 4350–4354 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8633069 | pmc = 39540 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.9.4350 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1996PNAS...93.4350K }}</ref>

== Clinical relevance == CDK6 is a protein kinase activating cell proliferation, it is involved in an important point of restriction in the cell cycle.<ref name = "Marieke" /> For this reason, CDK6 and other regulators of the G1 phase of the cell cycle are known to be unbalanced in more than 80–90% of tumors.<ref name = "Moralli" /> In cervical cancer cells, CDK6 function has been shown to be altered indirectly by the p16 inhibitor.<ref name ="Khleif" /> CDK6 is also overexpressed in tumors that exhibit drug resistance, for example glioma malignancies exhibit resistance to chemotherapy using temozolomide (TMZ) when they have a mutation overexpressing CDK6.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li B, He H, Tao BB, Zhao ZY, Hu GH, Luo C, Chen JX, Ding XH, Sheng P, Dong Y, Zhang L, Lu YC | display-authors = 6 | title = Knockdown of CDK6 enhances glioma sensitivity to chemotherapy | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 909–914 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22736304 | doi = 10.3892/or.2012.1884 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Likewise, the overexpression of CDK6 is also associated with resistance to hormone therapy using the anti oestrogen Fluvestrant in breast cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giessrigl B, Schmidt WM, Kalipciyan M, Jeitler M, Bilban M, Gollinger M, Krieger S, Jäger W, Mader RM, Krupitza G | display-authors = 6 | title = Fulvestrant induces resistance by modulating GPER and CDK6 expression: implication of methyltransferases, deacetylases and the hSWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 109 | issue = 10 | pages = 2751–2762 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24169358 | pmc = 3833203 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.2013.583 }}</ref>

=== Cancer ===

Loss of normal cell cycle control is the first step to developing different hallmarks of cancer; alterations of CDK6 can directly or indirectly affect the following hallmarks; disregulated cell cellular energetics, sustaining of proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors and inducing angiogenesis,<ref name = "Moralli" /> for example, deregulation of CDK6 has been shown to be important in lymphoid malignancies by increasing angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer.<ref name = "Kollman" /> These features are reached through upregulation of CDK6 due to chromosome alterations or epigenetic dysregulations.<ref name = "Moralli" /> Additionally, CDK6 might be altered through genomic instability, a mechanism of downregulation of tumor suppressor genes; this represents another evolving hallmark of cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Negrini S, Gorgoulis VG, Halazonetis TD | title = Genomic instability--an evolving hallmark of cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 220–228 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20177397 | doi = 10.1038/nrm2858 | s2cid = 10217969 }}</ref>

=== Medulloblastoma ===

Medulloblastoma is the most common cause of brain cancer in children.<ref name = "Silber" /> About a third of these cancers have upregulated CDK6, representing a marker for poor prognosis for this disease.<ref name = "Silber" /> Since it is so common for these cells to have alterations in CDK6, researchers are seeking for ways to downregulate CDK6 expression acting specifically in those cell lines. The MicroRNA (miR) -124 has successfully controlled cancer progression in an ''in-vitro'' setting for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cells.<ref name = "Silber" /> Furthermore, researchers have found that it successfully reduces the growth of xenograft tumors in rat models.<ref name = "Silber" />

=== As a drug target === {{further|CDK inhibitor}}

The direct targeting of CDK6 and CDK4 should be used with caution in the treatment of cancer, because these enzymes are important for the cell cycle of normal cells as well.<ref name = "Silber">{{cite journal | vauthors = Silber J, Hashizume R, Felix T, Hariono S, Yu M, Berger MS, Huse JT, VandenBerg SR, James CD, Hodgson JG, Gupta N | display-authors = 6 | title = Expression of miR-124 inhibits growth of medulloblastoma cells | journal = Neuro-Oncology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–90 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23172372 | pmc = 3534424 | doi = 10.1093/neuonc/nos281 }}</ref> Furthermore, small molecules targeting these proteins might increase drug resistance events.<ref name = "Silber" /> However, these kinases have been shown to be useful as coadjuvants in breast cancer chemotherapy.<ref name = "Landis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Landis MW, Pawlyk BS, Li T, Sicinski P, Hinds PW | title = Cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity in murine development and mammary tumorigenesis | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–22 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16413468 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.12.019 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Another indirect mechanism for the control of CDK6 expression, is the use of a mutated D-cyclin that binds with high affinity to CDK6, but does not induce its kinase activity.<ref name = "Landis" /> this mechanism was studied in the development of mammary tumorigenesis in rat cells, however, the clinical effects have not yet been shown in human patients.<ref name = "Landis" />

=== Interactions ===

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 interacts with: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * CDKN2C,<ref name = pmid17353931>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry | journal = Molecular Systems Biology | volume = 3 | article-number = 89 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17353931 | pmc = 1847948 | doi = 10.1038/msb4100134 }}</ref><ref name = pmid8001816>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guan KL, Jenkins CW, Li Y, Nichols MA, Wu X, O'Keefe CL, Matera AG, Xiong Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Growth suppression by p18, a p16INK4/MTS1- and p14INK4B/MTS2-related CDK6 inhibitor, correlates with wild-type pRb function | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 8 | issue = 24 | pages = 2939–2952 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 8001816 | doi = 10.1101/gad.8.24.2939 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = pmid11124804>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeffrey PD, Tong L, Pavletich NP | title = Structural basis of inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes by INK4 inhibitors | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 14 | issue = 24 | pages = 3115–3125 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11124804 | pmc = 317144 | doi = 10.1101/gad.851100 }}</ref> * Cyclin D1,<ref name = pmid11360184/><ref name = pmid10580009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugimoto M, Nakamura T, Ohtani N, Hampson L, Hampson IN, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y, Okumura K, Niwa S, Taya Y, Hara E | display-authors = 6 | title = Regulation of CDK4 activity by a novel CDK4-binding protein, p34(SEI-1) | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 13 | issue = 22 | pages = 3027–3033 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10580009 | pmc = 317153 | doi = 10.1101/gad.13.22.3027 }}</ref> * Cyclin D3,<ref name = pmid11360184>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin J, Jinno S, Okayama H | title = Cdk6-cyclin D3 complex evades inhibition by inhibitor proteins and uniquely controls cell's proliferation competence | journal = Oncogene | volume = 20 | issue = 16 | pages = 2000–2009 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11360184 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1204375 | s2cid = 25204152 | doi-access = }}</ref><ref name= "Meyerson" /> * P16,<ref name = pmid8805225>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fåhraeus R, Paramio JM, Ball KL, Laín S, Lane DP | title = Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide derived from p16CDKN2/INK4A | journal = Current Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–91 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8805225 | doi = 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00425-6 | s2cid = 23024663 | doi-access = free | hdl = 20.500.11820/9e95b5cc-be55-4c50-bfd9-04eb51b3e3f9 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name = pmid9751050>{{cite journal | vauthors = Russo AA, Tong L, Lee JO, Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP | title = Structural basis for inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 by the tumour suppressor p16INK4a | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6699 | pages = 237–243 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9751050 | doi = 10.1038/26155 | s2cid = 204997058 | bibcode = 1998Natur.395..237R }}</ref><ref name = pmid11739795>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaldis P, Ojala PM, Tong L, Mäkelä TP, Solomon MJ | title = CAK-independent activation of CDK6 by a viral cyclin | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = 3987–3999 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11739795 | pmc = 60770 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.12.12.3987 }}</ref> * PPM1B,<ref name = pmid10934208>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng A, Kaldis P, Solomon MJ | title = Dephosphorylation of human cyclin-dependent kinases by protein phosphatase type 2C alpha and beta 2 isoforms | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 44 | pages = 34744–34749 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 10934208 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M006210200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and * PPP2CA.<ref name = pmid10934208/> {{Div col end}}

== References == {{reflist|35em}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin|35em}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O | display-authors = 6 | title = Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence | journal = Nature | volume = 377 | issue = 6547 Suppl | pages = 3–174 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7566098 | doi =  }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Aprelikova O, Xiong Y, Liu ET | title = Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 31 | pages = 18195–18197 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7629134 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.31.18195 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Lucas JJ, Szepesi A, Modiano JF, Domenico J, Gelfand EW | title = Regulation of synthesis and activity of the PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), a major cyclin D-associated cdk4 homologue in normal human T lymphocytes | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 154 | issue = 12 | pages = 6275–6284 | date = June 1995 | pmid = 7759865 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.154.12.6275 | s2cid = 28663621 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bullrich F, MacLachlan TK, Sang N, Druck T, Veronese ML, Allen SL, Chiorazzi N, Koff A, Heubner K, Croce CM | display-authors = 6 | title = Chromosomal mapping of members of the cdc2 family of protein kinases, cdk3, cdk6, PISSLRE, and PITALRE, and a cdk inhibitor, p27Kip1, to regions involved in human cancer | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | pages = 1199–1205 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7882308 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Guan KL, Jenkins CW, Li Y, Nichols MA, Wu X, O'Keefe CL, Matera AG, Xiong Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Growth suppression by p18, a p16INK4/MTS1- and p14INK4B/MTS2-related CDK6 inhibitor, correlates with wild-type pRb function | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 8 | issue = 24 | pages = 2939–2952 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 8001816 | doi = 10.1101/gad.8.24.2939 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Fåhraeus R, Paramio JM, Ball KL, Laín S, Lane DP | title = Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide derived from p16CDKN2/INK4A | journal = Current Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–91 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8805225 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00425-6 | s2cid = 23024663 | doi-access = free | hdl = 20.500.11820/9e95b5cc-be55-4c50-bfd9-04eb51b3e3f9 | hdl-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB | title = Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery | journal = Genome Research | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 791–806 | date = September 1996 | pmid = 8889548 | doi = 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Lamphere L, Fiore F, Xu X, Brizuela L, Keezer S, Sardet C, Draetta GF, Gyuris J | display-authors = 6 | title = Interaction between Cdc37 and Cdk4 in human cells | journal = Oncogene | volume = 14 | issue = 16 | pages = 1999–2004 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9150368 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1201036 | s2cid = 25236893 | doi-access = }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Nagasawa M, Melamed I, Kupfer A, Gelfand EW, Lucas JJ | title = Rapid nuclear translocation and increased activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 after T cell activation | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 158 | issue = 11 | pages = 5146–5154 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9164930 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5146 | s2cid = 23527934 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ezhevsky SA, Nagahara H, Vocero-Akbani AM, Gius DR, Wei MC, Dowdy SF | title = Hypo-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes results in active pRb | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 94 | issue = 20 | pages = 10699–10704 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9380698 | pmc = 23451 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10699 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1997PNAS...9410699E }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Fåhraeus R, Laín S, Ball KL, Lane DP | title = Characterization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory domain of the INK4 family as a model for a synthetic tumour suppressor molecule | journal = Oncogene | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–596 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9482104 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1201580 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzales AJ, Goldsworthy TL, Fox TR | title = Chemical transformation of mouse liver cells results in altered cyclin D-CDK protein complexes | journal = Carcinogenesis | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 1093–1102 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9667749 | doi = 10.1093/carcin/19.6.1093 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Russo AA, Tong L, Lee JO, Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP | title = Structural basis for inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 by the tumour suppressor p16INK4a | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6699 | pages = 237–243 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9751050 | doi = 10.1038/26155 | s2cid = 204997058 | bibcode = 1998Natur.395..237R }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Brotherton DH, Dhanaraj V, Wick S, Brizuela L, Domaille PJ, Volyanik E, Xu X, Parisini E, Smith BO, Archer SJ, Serrano M, Brenner SL, Blundell TL, Laue ED | display-authors = 6 | title = Crystal structure of the complex of the cyclin D-dependent kinase Cdk6 bound to the cell-cycle inhibitor p19INK4d | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6699 | pages = 244–250 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9751051 | doi = 10.1038/26164 | s2cid = 13337394 | bibcode = 1998Natur.395..244B }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang W, Wells NJ, Hunter T | title = Multistep regulation of DNA replication by Cdk phosphorylation of HsCdc6 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 11 | pages = 6193–6198 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10339564 | pmc = 26858 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6193 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.6193J }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Yarbrough WG, Buckmire RA, Bessho M, Liu ET | title = Biologic and biochemical analyses of p16(INK4a) mutations from primary tumors | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 91 | issue = 18 | pages = 1569–1574 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10491434 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/91.18.1569 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Harbour JW, Luo RX, Dei Santi A, Postigo AA, Dean DC | title = Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1 | journal = Cell | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 859–869 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10499802 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81519-6 | s2cid = 14025897 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Grossel MJ, Baker GL, Hinds PW | title = cdk6 can shorten G(1) phase dependent upon the N-terminal INK4 interaction domain | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 42 | pages = 29960–29967 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10514479 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29960 | doi-access = free }} {{refend}}

== External links == * {{MeshName|Cyclin-Dependent+Kinase+6}} * {{UCSC genome browser|CDK6}} * {{UCSC gene details|CDK6}} *[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CDK6 Genecards] *[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=cdk6&sort=score UniProt]

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=1021}} {{Cell cycle proteins}} {{Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases}} {{Enzymes}} {{Portal bar|Biology|border=no}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyclin-dependent kinase 06}} Category:Cell cycle Category:Protein kinases Category:EC 2.7.11 Category:Cell cycle regulators