{{Short description|Internet top-level domain generally used by or reserved for a country}} {{Redirect2|ccTLD|cc TLD|the TLD for Argentina|.ar}} {{For|a list of TLDs|List of Internet top-level domains}}
A '''country code top-level domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, [territory] identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all top-level domains are ccTLDs.
In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |title=The Domain Name Industry Report |website=verisign.com |date= |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131230604/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |website=ICANN (iana.org) |title=ccTLD |date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507123705/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |url-status=live }}</ref> The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People’s Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.
There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains<ref>{{Cite web |title=The DNIB Quarterly Report Q1 2026 |url=https://www.dnib.com/articles/the-domain-name-industry-brief-q1-2026 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Domain Name Industry Brief (DNIB) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 10 ccTLDs Powering the European Domain Market |url=https://www.dotmagazine.online/issues/digital-business-models/lowering-latency/top-10-cctlds |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=dotmagazine – joining the dots in the Internet industry |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Namefi |date=2026-05-20 |title=ccTLD Market Share by Registration Volume: Who Actually Runs the National Namespace? |url=https://namefi.io/r/en/blog/cctld-market-share-by-registration-volume |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Namefi Resources |language=en}}</ref>. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains<ref>{{Cite web |title=The DNIB Quarterly Report Q1 2026 |url=https://www.dnib.com/articles/the-domain-name-industry-brief-q1-2026 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Domain Name Industry Brief (DNIB) |language=en}}</ref>. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|title=Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021|website=verisign.com|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606172302/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Delegation and management== IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.<ref>{{cite web |website=IANA (iana.org) |title=list of ccTLDs |url=https://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm |access-date=2020-11-01 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185901/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the United States (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.
==History== The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |title=Root Zone database |website=IANA (iana.org) |access-date=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2018-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.
By the late 2010s, ccTLDs were widely used across the web, including on sites built with hosted website builders and domain services such as Wix, IONOS and Bluehost, which support registering or connecting a range of domain extensions, including country-code domains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leading ccTLDs by number of domains 2025 |website=Statista |date=2025-09-11 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266721/sales-of-cc-top-level-domains/ |access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Free Domain Registrars in 2026: What's Actually Free & What Isn't |website=Cybernews |date=2026-02-20 |url=https://cybernews.com/best-domain-registrars/best-free-domain-registrars/ |access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best European domain registrars: Top 8 providers compared |website=Hostinger Tutorials |date=2026-03-13 |url=https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/best-european-domain-registrars |access-date=2026-04-24}}</ref>
==Lists==
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 {{As of|June 2020|lc=y}}, with the addition of internationalized domains.<ref name="iana">{{cite web|title=IANA — Root Zone Database|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|website=iana.org|access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>
===Latin Character ccTLDs=== :{| |+ {{big|'''Table columns – legend'''}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| Name | DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes {{code|bv}}, {{code|bl}}, {{code|mf}}, {{code|sj}}, {{code|gb}}, and {{code|um}} are not used for country code top-level domains. |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| Entity | Country, dependency, or region |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| Explanation | Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for ''Deutschland'', German language name for Germany). |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| Notes | General remarks |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| Registry | Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC) |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| IDN | Support for internationalized domain names (IDN) |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| DNSSEC | Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| SLD | Second level domain |- style="vertical-align:top;" !style="text-align:right;"| IPv6 | Registry fully supports IPv6 access |}
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" |+Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs |- style="background:#a0d0ff;" !scope="col"| Name<ref name=":0"/> !scope="col"| Entity !scope="col"| Explanation !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col"| Registry<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |title=IANA — Root Zone Database |website=iana.org |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> !scope="col"| IDN !scope="col"| DNSSEC !scope="col"| SLD !scope="col"| IPv6 |- | .ac || {{flag|Ascension Island}} (United Kingdom) ||'''''A'''s'''c'''ension Island'' | Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, {{code|.ac}} is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. | Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .ad || {{flag|Andorra}} ||'''''A'''n'''d'''orra'' | Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required<ref>{{cite web |title=Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy |website=Nic.ad |url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318043213/http://nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy |website=Nic.ad |url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316072443/http://nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |Nic.ad | {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ae || {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} ||''United '''A'''rab '''E'''mirates'' | |.aeDA | {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .af || {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||'''''Af'''ghanistan'' | | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ag || {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} ||'''''A'''nti'''g'''ua and Barbuda'' | Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ai || {{flag|Anguilla}} (United Kingdom) || '''''A'''ngu'''i'''lla''|| Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). | | {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .al || {{flag|Albania}} ||'''''Al'''bania'' | Citizenship ''no longer'' required. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .am || {{flag|Armenia}} || '''''A'''r'''m'''enia''|| Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .ao || {{flag|Angola}} ||'''''A'''ng'''o'''la'' | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{unknown}} || |- | .aq || {{flag|Antarctica}} || '''''A'''ntarcti'''q'''ue'' || Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. | || {{dunno}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{dunno}} |- | .ar || {{flag|Argentina}} ||'''''Ar'''gentina'' | | [https://Nic.ar nic.ar]|| {{yes|Spanish}}{{efn-ua| 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm |title=norma |website=infoleg.gov.ar |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2016-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229053125/http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .as || {{flag|American Samoa}} (United States)||'''''A'''merican '''S'''amoa'' | In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .at || {{flag|Austria}} ||'''''A'''us'''t'''ria'' | |Nic.at|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see<ref>{{cite web |title=IDN Zeichentabelle |lang=de |url=https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025352/https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .au || {{flag|Australia}} ||'''''Au'''stralia'' | Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules for .au Domains |url=https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/ |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731104255/https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.<ref name=".au Direct">{{cite web |title=.au Direct |url=https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |website=auDA.org.au |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211055953/https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |url-status=live }}</ref> | auDA || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} (*From 24 Mar 2022)<ref name=".au Direct"/> || {{yes}} |- | .aw || {{flag|Aruba}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands)|| '''''A'''ruba, '''W'''est Indies'' || Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ax || {{flag|Åland}} (Finland) || {{code|.al}} ''and'' {{code|.ad}} ''already allocated''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .az || {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || '''''Az'''erbaijan''|| Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} |- | .ba || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || '''''B'''osnia '''a'''nd Herzegovina''|| | University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bb || {{flag|Barbados}} || '''''B'''ar'''b'''ados''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bd || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || '''''B'''angla'''d'''esh''|| For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=BTCL Expands DNSSEC Deployment to .com.bd and .net.bd - ITBlog: Single Page Layout - domain.btcl.gov.bd |url=https://domain.btcl.gov.bd/itblog-single-page-layout/btcl-expands-dnssec-deployment-to-com-bd-and-net-bd |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=domain.btcl.gov.bd |language=en}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .be || {{flag|Belgium}} || '''''Be'''lgium''|| Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. | DNS Belgium|| {{yes|Latin}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |title=DNS Belgium and IPv6 |website=economie.fgov.be |url=http://economie.fgov.be/nl/binaries/Goelen_DNSBelgium_tcm325-257612.pdf#page=3 |access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184754/http://economie.fgov.be/nl/binaries/Goelen_DNSBelgium_tcm325-257612.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }} </ref> |- | .bf || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || '''''B'''urkina '''F'''aso''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bg || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || '''''B'''ul'''g'''aria''|| See also .бг ({{code|.bg}} in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bh || {{flag|Bahrain}} || '''''B'''a'''h'''rain''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bi || {{flag|Burundi}} || '''''B'''urund'''i'''''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bj || {{flag|Benin}} || {{code|.be}}, {{code|.bn}}, ''and'' {{code|.bi}} ''already allocated'' || | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bm || {{flag|Bermuda}} (United Kingdom) || '''''B'''er'''m'''uda''|| Local corporate registration required | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bn || {{flag|Brunei}} || '''''B'''ru'''n'''ei''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .bo || {{flag|Bolivia}} || '''''Bo'''livia''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bq || {{flag|Caribbean Netherlands}} ({{BON}}, {{SAB}}, and {{EUS}}) || {{code|.be}} ''and'' {{code|.bs}} ''already allocated''|| | || || || || |- | .br || {{flag|Brazil}} || '''''Br'''asil''|| Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: {{code|.edu.br}} for higher education institutions, {{code|.gov.br}} for government agencies, etc.).<ref>{{cite web |title=Domínios .br |website=Registro.br |url=http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2014-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092437/http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS |date=4 May 2005 |website=Registro.br |url=https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/ |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620175506/https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{no}}{{efn-ua| Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.}} || |- | .bs || {{flag|Bahamas}} || '''''B'''ahama'''s'''''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bt || {{flag|Bhutan}} || '''''B'''hu'''t'''an''|| Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domain Registration |website=Nic.Bt |url=https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202182635/https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .bw || {{flag|Botswana}} || '''''B'''ots'''w'''ana''|| May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium | || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref> {{Cite web |title=DNSViz probe 27 July 2022 |website=dnsviz.net |url=https://dnsviz.net/d/bw/YuG9Ww/dnssec/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || |- | .by || {{flag|Belarus}} || '''''By'''elorussia''|| Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .bz || {{flag|Belize}} || '''''B'''eli'''z'''e''|| Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see ''.st'') | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ca || {{flag|Canada}} || '''''Ca'''nada''|| Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. | CIRA || {{yes|French}}<ref> {{cite web |title=About internationalized domain names |website=Cira.ca |url=http://www.cira.ca/assets/Documents/Legal/IDN/faq.pdf |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314073702/https://cira.ca/assets/Documents/Legal/IDN/faq.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2016 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .cc || {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} || '''''C'''o'''c'''os Islands''|| Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cd || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || '''''C'''ongo, '''D'''emocratic Republic'' || Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cf || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || '''''C'''entral A'''f'''rican Republic''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cg || {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || '''''C'''on'''g'''o''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ch || {{flag|Switzerland}} || '''''C'''onfoederatio '''H'''elvetica''|| | SWITCH|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since March 2004, see<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.ch/en/faq/idn.html |title=details |website=nic.ch |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2020-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510165154/https://www.nic.ch/support/idn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ci || {{flag|Ivory Coast}}||'''''C'''ôte d''''I'''voire'' | | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ck || {{flag|Cook Islands}} || '''''C'''oo'''k''' Islands''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cl || {{flag|Chile}} || '''''C'''hi'''l'''e''|| | NIC Chile|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .cm || {{flag|Cameroon}} || '''''C'''a'''m'''eroon''|| A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cn || {{flag|People's Republic of China}} || '''''C'''hi'''n'''a''|| A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs. Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .co || {{flag|Colombia}} || '''''Co'''lombia''|| Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cr || {{flag|Costa Rica}} || '''''C'''osta '''R'''ica''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cu || {{flag|Cuba}} || '''''Cu'''ba''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cv || {{flag|Cape Verde}} || '''''C'''ape '''V'''erde''||Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cw || {{flag|Curaçao}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) || '''''C'''uraçao, '''W'''est Indies'' || | || || {{no}} || {{unknown}} || |- | .cx || {{flag|Christmas Island}} || '''''C'''hristmas '''X'''mas'' || Made infamous from Goatse.cx | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cy || {{flag|Cyprus}} || '''''Cy'''prus''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .cz || {{flag|Czech Republic}} || '''''Cz'''echia''|| | || {{no}}{{efn-ua| IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest<ref>{{cite web |title=CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names |website=Nic.cz |url=http://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108073325/https://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .dd (proposed, used only internally) || {{flag|East Germany}} || '''''D'''eutsche '''D'''emokratische Republik'', the official name of East Germany|| It was chosen based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the German Democratic Republic. In accordance with IANA policy, .dd was therefore available to be assigned as the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Germany. However, this was never done, and so .dd was never added to the root nameservers. Its only use was internally in an isolated network among the universities of Jena and Dresden.<ref>[https://internet.robert-scheck.de/tld-dd Information site about .dd in German]</ref> With the reunification of Germany, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), which had already been assigned the ccTLD .de. The ISO 3166-1 code "DD" was withdrawn in 1990.<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/w3166his.html Changes in ISO 3166-1 (annotated summary of RIPE documents)]</ref> | || || || || |- | .de || {{flag|Germany}} || '''''De'''utschland'' (The native name for Germany) || German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. |DENIC || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 93 non-ASCII characters, see<ref> {{cite web |title=details |website=denic.de |url=http://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-conversion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031161521/http://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-conversion.html |archive-date=2010-10-31 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .dj || {{flag|Djibouti}} || '''''Dj'''ibouti''|| Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .dk || {{flag|Denmark}} || '''''D'''anmar'''k''''' || |DK Hostmaster || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see<ref> {{cite web |url=http://xn--5cab8c.dk-hostmaster.dk/ |title=details |website=æøå.dk-hostmaster.dk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819134744/http://xn--5cab8c.dk-hostmaster.dk/ |archive-date=19 August 2007 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .dm || {{flag|Dominica}} || '''''D'''o'''m'''inica''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .do || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || '''''Do'''minican''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .dz || {{flag|Algeria}} || ''El '''D'''ja'''z'''air / '''Dz'''ayer ''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ec || {{flag|Ecuador}} || '''''Ec'''uador''|| In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".<ref> {{Cite web |title=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 |last=BASE |website=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 |lang=ja-JP |url=https://thebase.in/ |access-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508060214/https://thebase.in/ |archive-date=8 May 2018 }}</ref> |Nic.ec | {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ee || {{flag|Estonia}} || '''''Ee'''sti'' || | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011<ref> {{cite web |title=Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) |url=http://www.internet.ee/eng/news/estonian-domain-names-to-incorporate-diacritics-idn |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607055453/http://www.internet.ee/eng/news/estonian-domain-names-to-incorporate-diacritics-idn |archive-date=7 June 2012 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .eg || {{flag|Egypt}} || '''''Eg'''ypt''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .eh || {{flag|Western Sahara}} ||'''''E'''spañol Sa'''h'''ara''|| Unassigned | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .er || {{flag|Eritrea}} || '''''Er'''itrea''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .es || {{flag|Spain}} || '''''Es'''paña'' || | Red.es|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Other applicable Regulations |website=dominios.es |url=https://www.dominios.es/dominios/en/todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber/normativa/otras-normas-aplicables#Sintaxis |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105125712/https://www.dominios.es/dominios/en/todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber/normativa/otras-normas-aplicables#Sintaxis |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .et || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || '''''Et'''hiopia''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .eu || {{flag|European Union}} || '''''E'''uropean '''U'''nion''|| Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. | EURid|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see<ref> {{cite web |title=details |website=eurid.eu |url=http://www.eurid.eu/en/eu-domain-names/idns-eu/supported-unicode-characters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220121957/http://www.eurid.eu/en/eu-domain-names/idns-eu/supported-unicode-characters |archive-date=20 December 2012 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.eurid.eu/nl/node/26424 |title=.eu and IPv6 |website=EURid.eu |access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000052/http://www.eurid.eu/nl/node/26424 |archive-date=16 October 2015 }} </ref> |- | .fi || {{flag|Finland}} || '''''Fi'''nland''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. | FICORA|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name |title=For fi domain applicants and users - How to choose a good domain name? |website=ficora.fi |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411012955/https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name |archive-date=11 April 2021 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .fj || {{flag|Fiji}} || '''''F'''i'''j'''i''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .fk || {{flag|Falkland Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''F'''al'''k'''land''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .fm || {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} || '''''F'''ederated States of '''M'''icronesia''|| Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .fo || {{flag|Faroe Islands}} (Kingdom of Denmark)|| '''''Fø'''royar'' || | FO Council|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .fr || {{flag|France}} || '''''Fr'''ance''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"| (6 December 2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs |url=http://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2020-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070405/https://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html |url-status=live }}<br/>Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.</ref>}} | AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"> {{cite web |title=Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs |website=Afnic.fr |url=http://www.afnic.fr/en/products-and-services/idns-3.html |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806184723/https://www.afnic.fr/en/products-and-services/idns-3.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ga || {{flag|Gabon}} || '''''Ga'''bon''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gd || {{flag|Grenada}} || '''''G'''rena'''d'''a''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ge || {{flag|Georgia|Georgia (country)}} || '''''Ge'''orgia''|| Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).<ref>{{cite report |title=Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration |at=Article 1.9 |url=http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf |website=nic.net.ge |date= |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2014-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223003329/http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf |url-status=live }} Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.</ref> | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gf || {{flag|French Guiana}} (France) ||| '''''G'''uyane '''F'''rançaise''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || || |- | .gg || {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} || {{code|.gu}}, {{code|.gs}}, ''and'' {{code|.gy}} ''already allocated'' || Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)) |Island Networks Ltd. | {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gh || {{flag|Ghana}} || '''''Gh'''ana''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .gi || {{flag|Gibraltar}} (United Kingdom) || '''''Gi'''braltar''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gl || {{flag|Greenland}} (Kingdom of Denmark) || '''''G'''reen'''l'''and''|| Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014 | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gm || {{flag|The Gambia}} || '''''G'''a'''m'''bia''|| Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gn || {{flag|Guinea}} || '''''G'''ui'''n'''ea''|| A local contact is required | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .gp || {{flag|Guadeloupe|local}} (France) ||'''''G'''uadelou'''p'''e'' | Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gq || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || '''''G'''uinée é'''q'''uatoriale'' || Also used as a free domain service to the public. | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || || |- | .gr || {{flag|Greece}} || '''''Gr'''eece''|| | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see<ref> {{cite web |url=https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/gr_char.jsp?lang=en |title=details |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214122/https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/gr_char.jsp?lang=en |archive-date=5 November 2013 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gs || {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} (United Kingdom) || ''South '''G'''eorgia and the South '''S'''andwich Islands''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gt || {{flag|Guatemala}} || '''''G'''ua'''t'''emala''|| | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .gu || {{flag|Guam}} (United States)|| '''''Gu'''am''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .gw || {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} ||'''''G'''ine-Bisaa'''w'''o''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .gy || {{flag|Guyana}} || '''''G'''u'''y'''ana''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .hk || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || '''''H'''ong '''K'''ong''|| | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .hm || {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} || '''''H'''eard Island and '''M'''cDonald Islands''|| Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .hn || {{flag|Honduras}} || '''''H'''o'''n'''duras''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .hr || {{flag|Croatia}} || '''''Hr'''vatska'' || | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ht || {{flag|Haiti}} || '''''H'''ai'''t'''i''|| | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .hu || {{flag|Hungary}} || '''''Hu'''ngary''|| Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU | || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Delegation Rules |publisher=The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers |url=http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005246/http://domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .id || {{flag|Indonesia}} || '''''I'''n'''d'''onesia''|| Restricted to Indonesian companies ({{code|co.id}}), organisations ({{code|or.id}}), academic ({{code|ac.id}} & {{code|sch.id}}) and citizens ({{code|biz.id}}, {{code|my.id}} & {{code|web.id}}). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year |website=Tech in Asia |url=http://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082225/https://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year |url-status=live }}</ref> | PANDI | {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ie || {{flag|Ireland}} || '''''I'''r'''e'''land''|| In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).<ref>{{cite web |title=Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions |date=17 December 2002 |website=Silicon Republic |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/strategy/item/368-domain-chaos-spikes-e-busin |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000543/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/domain-chaos-spikes-e-business-ambitions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{cite report |title=Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide |year=2004 |page=23 |publisher=Law Society of Ireland |location=Dublin, IE }} </ref> | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .il || {{flag|Israel}} || '''''I'''srae'''l'''''|| | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{Yes}} || |- | .im || {{flag|Isle of Man}}|| '''''I'''sle of '''M'''an''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .in || {{flag|India}} || '''''In'''dia''|| Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for {{code|gov.in}}, {{code|nic.in}}, {{code|mil.in}}, {{code|ac.in}}, {{code|edu.in}}, {{code|res.in}}). |NIXI<ref name="Registry.In">{{cite web |title=.IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD) |website=Registry.In |url=https://www.registry.in/ |access-date=2021-11-03 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234513/https://www.registry.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025408/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .io || {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} (United Kingdom) || '''''I'''ndian '''O'''cean''|| Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks. |NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .iq || {{flag|Iraq}} || '''''I'''ra'''q'''''|| | || {{no}} || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ir || {{flag|Iran}} || '''''Ir'''an''|| | IRNIC|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .is || {{flag|Iceland}} || '''''Ís'''land'' ||Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc.). | ISNIC|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .it || {{flag|Italy}} || '''''It'''aly''|| Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. | || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |title=Idn: un successo |website=Nic.it |url=http://www.nic.it/tutto-sul.it/news/idn-un-successo |url-status=dead |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308180131/http://www.nic.it/tutto-sul.it/news/idn-un-successo |archive-date=8 March 2014 }} </ref> || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=TLD DNSSEC Report |website=stats.research.icann.org |url=http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325014841/http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .je || {{flag|Jersey}} || '''''Je'''rsey''|| | Island Networks Ltd.|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .jm || {{flag|Jamaica}} || '''''J'''a'''m'''aica''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .jo || {{flag|Jordan}} || '''''Jo'''rdan''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .jp || {{flag|Japan}} || '''''J'''a'''p'''an''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. | Japan Registry Services|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Yasuhiro Orange |last=Morishita |date=2 September 2003 |title=.JP technical update |series=RIPE 46 General Meeting |website=jprs.jp |publisher=Japan Registry Service, Co., Ltd. (JPRS) |url=https://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf |access-date=2 April 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011222735/http://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | .ke || {{flag|Kenya}} || '''''Ke'''nya''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref> {{Cite web |title=DNSViz probe 15 September 2022 |website=dnsviz.net |url=https://dnsviz.net/d/ke/YyNyeg/dnssec/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{no}} || |- | .kg || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || '''''K'''yr'''g'''yzstan''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .kh || {{flag|Cambodia}} || '''''Kh'''mer'' || | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .ki || {{flag|Kiribati}} || '''''K'''iribat'''i'''''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .km || {{flag|Comoros}} || '''''K'''o'''m'''ori'' || | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .kn || {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || ''Saint '''K'''itts and '''N'''evis''|| | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .kp || {{flag|North Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, Democratic '''P'''eople's Republic''|| Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. | || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | .kr || {{flag|South Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, '''R'''epublic''|| | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .kw || {{flag|Kuwait}} || '''''K'''u'''w'''ait''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .ky || {{flag|Cayman Islands}} (United Kingdom) || {{code|.ci}} ''and'' {{code|.cy}} ''already allocated''|| | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .kz || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || '''''K'''a'''z'''akhstan''|| | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .la || {{flag|Laos}} || '''''La'''os''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=.LA - The Official .LA Registry |website=La |url=http://www.la/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930223253/http://www.la/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .lb || {{flag|Lebanon}} || '''''L'''e'''b'''anon''|| Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .lc || {{flag|Saint Lucia}} ||''Saint '''L'''u'''c'''ia''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .li || {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || '''''Li'''echtenstein''|| Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, ''li'' can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending ''li'' . | SWITCH|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .lk || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || ''Sri '''L'''an'''k'''a'' || | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .lr || {{flag|Liberia}} || '''''L'''ibe'''r'''ia''|| | || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{no}} || |- | .ls || {{flag|Lesotho}} || '''''L'''e'''s'''otho''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .lt || {{flag|Lithuania}} || '''''L'''i'''t'''huania''|| | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .lu || {{flag|Luxembourg}} || '''''Lu'''''xembourg|| Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .lv || {{flag|Latvia}} || '''''L'''at'''v'''ia''|| | IMCS UL|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ly || {{flag|Libya}} || '''''L'''ib'''y'''a''||Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ma || {{flag|Morocco}} ||'''''Ma'''roc''|| | || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mc || {{flag|Monaco}} || '''''M'''ona'''c'''o''|| Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .md || {{flag|Moldova}} || '''''M'''ol'''d'''ova''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .me || {{flag|Montenegro}} || '''''M'''onten'''e'''gro'' || Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''love.me'', ''meet.me'', etc.). | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mg || {{flag|Madagascar}} || '''''M'''ada'''g'''ascar''|| Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar | NIC-MG|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mh || {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || '''''M'''ars'''h'''all''||Inactive | || || {{no}} || || |- | .mk || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || '''''M'''a'''k'''edonija'' || Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ml || {{flag|Mali}} || '''''M'''a'''l'''i''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mm || {{flag|Myanmar}} || '''''M'''yan'''m'''ar''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .mn || {{flag|Mongolia}} || '''''M'''o'''n'''golia''|| The second-level domains {{code|.gov.mn}}, {{code|.org.mn}}, and {{code|.edu.mn}} are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mo || {{flag|Macau}} || '''''M'''aca'''o''''' || Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mp || {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} (United States) || '''''M'''arianas '''P'''acific'' || | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mq || {{flag|Martinique|local}} (France) || '''''M'''artini'''q'''ue''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .mr || {{flag|Mauritania}} || '''''M'''au'''r'''itania''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ms || {{flag|Montserrat}} (United Kingdom) || '''''M'''ont'''s'''errat''|| Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mt || {{flag|Malta}} || '''''M'''al'''t'''a''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .mu || {{flag|Mauritius}} || '''''M'''a'''u'''ritius''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mv || {{flag|Maldives}} || '''''M'''aldi'''v'''es''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mw || {{flag|Malawi}} || '''''M'''ala'''w'''i''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mx || {{flag|Mexico}} || '''''M'''e'''x'''ico''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .my || {{flag|Malaysia}} || '''''M'''ala'''y'''sia''|| Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia | MYNIC|| {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |title=.my Domain Registry |website=Domainregistry.my |url=http://domainregistry.my/en/news.php?id=121 |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522202213/http://domainregistry.my/en/news.php?id=121 |archive-date=22 May 2013 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .mz || {{flag|Mozambique}} || '''''M'''o'''z'''ambique''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .na || {{flag|Namibia}} || '''''Na'''mibia''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .nc || {{flag|New Caledonia}} (France)|| '''''N'''ew '''C'''aledonia''|| Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ne || {{flag|Niger}} || '''''N'''ig'''e'''r''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .nf || {{flag|Norfolk Island}} || '''''N'''or'''f'''olk''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ng || {{flag|Nigeria}} || '''''N'''i'''g'''eria''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ni || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || '''''Ni'''caragua''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .nl || {{flag|Netherlands}} || '''''N'''ether'''l'''ands''|| First active country-code domain outside the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones |title=our milestones |website=sidn.nl |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2020-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001755/https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .no || {{flag|Norway}} || '''''No'''rway''|| Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. | Norid|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .np || {{flag|Nepal}} || '''''N'''e'''p'''al''|| All {{code|.np}} domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .nr || {{flag|Nauru}} || '''''N'''au'''r'''u''|| Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as {{code|co.nr}}.<ref> {{cite web |title=Free Domain Name Pro |website=freedomain.pro |url=https://www.freedomain.pro/news.php |access-date=4 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603223630/https://www.freedomain.pro/news.php |archive-date=3 June 2018 }} </ref> | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .nu || {{flag|Niue}} || '''''N'''i'''u'''e''|| Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". | The Swedish Internet Foundation|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf |title=nu teckentabell |website=iis.se |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182055/https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .nz || {{flag|New Zealand}} || '''''N'''ew '''Z'''ealand''|| | || {{yes|Māori}}<ref> {{cite web |title=F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs) |series= .nz Domain Name Commission |url=http://www.dnc.org.nz/story/faq-domain-names-macrons-idns |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605052819/http://dnc.org.nz/story/faq-domain-names-macrons-idns |archive-date=5 June 2010 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |title=second level domains |website=dnc.org.nz |url=http://dnc.org.nz/content/secondleveldomains.html |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113055836/http://dnc.org.nz/content/secondleveldomains.html |archive-date=13 January 2015 }} </ref> || {{yes}} |- | .om || {{flag|Oman}} || '''''Om'''an''|| Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .pa || {{flag|Panama}} || '''''Pa'''nama''|| Some use in Pennsylvania | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .pe || {{flag|Peru}} || '''''Pe'''ru''||Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pf || {{flag|French Polynesia}} (France)|| '''''P'''olynésie '''f'''rançaise'' || With Clipperton Island | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pg || {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || '''''P'''apua New '''G'''uinea''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .ph || {{flag|Philippines}} || '''Ph'''ilippines|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pk || {{flag|Pakistan}} || '''''P'''a'''k'''istan''|| Operated by PKNIC since 1992 | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pl || {{flag|Poland}} || '''''P'''o'''l'''and''|| | || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |title=IDN intro www.dns.pl |url=http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn_intro_eng.html |access-date=11 September 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810172942/http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn_intro_eng.html |archive-date=10 August 2003 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pm || {{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}} (France) ||''Saint '''P'''ierre and '''M'''iquelon''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | AFNIC|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || |- | .pn || {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''P'''itcair'''n'''''|| As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to ''The Hunger Games'' franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pr || {{flag|Puerto Rico}} (United States) || '''''P'''uerto '''R'''ico''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ps || {{flag|Palestine}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html |title=Delegation Record for .PS |website=Iana.org |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155919/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || '''''P'''ale'''s'''tine''|| Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .pt || {{flag|Portugal}} || '''''P'''or'''t'''ugal''|| | || {{yes|Portuguese}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.dns.pt/web/guest/content-display?content=2357237 |title=Notícias |website=Dns.pt |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024122416/https://www.dns.pt/web/guest/content-display?content=2357237 |archive-date=24 October 2014 }} </ref> |- | .pw || {{flag|Palau}} || '''''P'''ele'''w''''' || | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Registrars |publisher=Poets & Writers |website=Registry.PW |url=http://registry.pw/registrars/ |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724184431/https://registry.pw/registrars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | .py || {{flag|Paraguay}} || '''''P'''aragua'''y'''''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .qa || {{flag|Qatar}} || '''''Qa'''tar''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .re || {{flag|Réunion|local}} (France) || '''''Ré'''union''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ro || {{flag|Romania}} || '''''Ro'''mania''|| | || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/40/index.html |title=Romania Top Level Domain |website=Rotld.ro |access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831231907/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/40/index.html |archive-date=31 August 2016 }} </ref> || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/en/43/index.html |title=Romania Top Level Domain |website=Rotld.ro |date=6 June 2016 |access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916003524/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/en/43/index.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/35/index.html |title=Romania Top Level Domain |website=Rotld.ro |access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624000247/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/35/index.html |archive-date=24 June 2016 }} </ref> |- | .rs || {{flag|Serbia}} || '''''R'''epublika '''S'''rbija'' || See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .ru || {{flag|Russia}} || '''''Ru'''ssia''|| See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. | || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .rw || {{flag|Rwanda}} || '''''Rw'''anda''|| | RICTA|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sa || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || '''''S'''audi '''A'''rabia''|| Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa) |website=nic.sa |url=http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131 |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030012506/http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131 |url-status=live }}</ref> | || {{yes|Arabic}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}}<ref name="nic.sa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |title=DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD |website=Nic.sa |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030022341/http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf |title=Saudi NIC |id=IPv6 |year=2012 |website=nic.sa |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2014-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410073348/http://nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | .sb || {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || '''''S'''olomon Islands, '''B'''ritish'' || | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .sc || {{flag|Seychelles}} || '''''S'''ey'''c'''helles''||Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sd || {{flag|Sudan}} || '''''S'''u'''d'''an''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .se || {{flag|Sweden}} || '''''S'''verig'''e'''''|| | The Swedish Internet Foundation|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf |title=details |website=iis.se |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927153814/https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .sg || {{flag|Singapore}} || '''''S'''in'''g'''apore''|| Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sh || {{flagicon|Saint Helena}}{{flagicon|Tristan da Cunha}} Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) || '''''S'''aint '''H'''elena''|| |NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) | {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.nic.sh/SH-IDN-Policy.pdf |title=IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain |website=Nic.sh |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925073224/http://www.nic.sh/SH-IDN-Policy.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2014 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .si || {{flag|Slovenia}} || '''''S'''loven'''i'''a''|| | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since October 2010, see<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.registry.si/idn.html |title=details |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000052/http://www.registry.si/idn.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sk || {{flag|Slovakia}} || '''''S'''lovens'''k'''''o|| Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .sl || {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || '''''S'''ierra '''L'''eone''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sm || {{flag|San Marino}} || '''''S'''an '''M'''arino''|| Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sn || {{flag|Senegal}} || '''''S'''e'''n'''egal''|| Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .so || {{flag|Somalia}} || '''''So'''malia''|| Relaunched on 1 November 2010. | SONIC|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sr || {{flag|Suriname}} || '''''S'''u'''r'''iname''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ss || {{flag|South Sudan}} || '''''S'''outh '''S'''udan''|| | || || {{yes}} || || |- | .st || {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} || '''''S'''ão '''T'''omé''|| Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see ''.bz''). | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .su || {{flag|Soviet Union}} || '''''S'''oviet '''U'''nion''|| Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| ({{As of|2008|alt=28 April 2008}}) see<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.fid.su/english/?newsid=1207819620 |title=details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519015457/http://www.fid.su/english/?newsid=1207819620 |archive-date=19 May 2014 }} </ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cctld.su/ |title=ccTLD.su |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612101349/http://cctld.su/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | .sv || {{flag|El Salvador}} || '''''S'''al'''v'''ador''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .sx || {{flag|Sint Maarten}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) ||{{code|.sm}}'','' {{code|.ma}}'', and ''{{code|.mt}} ''already allocated''; airport code is '''SX'''M || | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .sy || {{flag|Syria}} || '''''Sy'''ria''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .sz || {{flag|Eswatini}} || '''''S'''wa'''z'''iland'' || Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .tc || {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''T'''urks and '''C'''aicos'' | Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .td || {{flag|Chad}} || '''''T'''cha'''d''''' || Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tf || {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} || '''''T'''erres australes et antarctiques '''f'''rançaises'' || Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tg || {{flag|Togo}} || '''''T'''o'''g'''o''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .th || {{flag|Thailand}} || '''''Th'''ai''|| | || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .tj || {{flag|Tajikistan}} || '''''T'''a'''j'''ik''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tk || {{flag|Tokelau}} || '''''T'''o'''k'''elau''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public. | Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tl || {{flag|East Timor}} || '''''T'''imor-'''L'''este'' || Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tm || {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || '''''T'''urk'''m'''en''|| | || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.nic.tm/TM-IDN-Policy.pdf |title=IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain |website=Nic.tm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217131925/http://nic.tm/TM-IDN-Policy.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tn || {{flag|Tunisia}} || '''''T'''u'''n'''isia''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn |title=.TN for Tamil Nadu |website=tamil.tn |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003051958/https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .to || {{flag|Tonga}} || '''''To'''nga''|| Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (''Torino'' in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (''to'' meaning ''it''). | || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tr || {{flag|Turkey}} || '''''T'''u'''r'''key''|| ''.ct.tr'' and ''.nc.tr'' used by Northern Cyprus | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 14 November 2006; see<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.tr/ |website=nic.tr |title=details |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905031358/http://www.nic.tr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 14 March 2023; see<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRABİS DNSSEC |url=https://www.dnssec.gov.tr/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.dnssec.gov.tr}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 21 July 2015; see<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr |title=details |website=iana.org |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185900/https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |- | .tt || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || '''''T'''rinidad and '''T'''obago'' | | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tv || {{flag|Tuvalu}} || '''''T'''u'''v'''alu''|| Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tw || {{TWN}}|| '''''T'''ai'''w'''an''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".<ref>{{cite web |title=IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center |website=Iana.org |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050843/http://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Traditional Chinese characters: see<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twnic.net.tw/ |title=details |website=twnic.net.tw |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2019-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104336/http://www.twnic.net.tw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .tz || {{flag|Tanzania}} || '''''T'''an'''z'''ania''|| TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. | TCRA|| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .ua || {{flag|Ukraine}} || '''''U'''krain'''a''''' || | Hostmaster Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ug || {{flag|Uganda}} || '''''Ug'''anda''|| | Uganda Online Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | {{Anchor|uk}}.uk || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || '''''U'''nited '''K'''ingdom''|| The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is ''GB'' (for '''''G'''reat '''B'''ritain''). ''UK'' is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.<ref name="Milton Mueller 2002 79">{{cite book |first=Milton |last=Mueller |year=2002 |title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace |page=79 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=9780262632980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 |via=Google Books |access-date=2020-11-10 |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 |url-status=live }}</ref> |Nominet UK|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | .us || {{flag|United States of America}} || '''''U'''nited '''S'''tates''|| Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. |Go Daddy|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .uy || {{flag|Uruguay}} || '''''U'''rugua'''y'''''|| 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=New rules for the registration of domain names under UY |url=http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf |website=Nic.org.uy |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714071906/http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .uz || {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || '''''Uz'''bekistan''|| | Uzinfocom|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .va || {{flag|Vatican City}} || '''''Va'''tican''|| Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .vc || {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || '''''V'''in'''c'''ent'' || | || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"| Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ve || {{flag|Venezuela}} || '''''Ve'''nezuela''|| Registration is at the third level. | || || {{yes}} || {{no}} || |- | .vg || {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''V'''ir'''g'''in Islands'' || | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .vi || {{flag|United States Virgin Islands}} (United States)|| '''''V'''irgin '''I'''slands'' || | || || {{no}} || {{yes}} || |- | .vn || {{flag|Vietnam}} || '''''V'''iet '''N'''am''|| | || {{yes}}<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.vnnic.net.vn/tenmientv/bangma.htm |title=Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123180350/http://www.vnnic.net.vn/tenmientv/bangma.htm |archive-date=23 January 2007 }} </ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .vu || {{flag|Vanuatu}} || '''''V'''anuat'''u'''''|| | || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .wf || {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}} || '''''W'''allis and '''F'''utuna'' | Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} | AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .ws || {{flag|Samoa}} || '''''W'''estern '''S'''amoa'' || Marketed for use in general Websites | || {{yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/ |title=You are being redirected |website=Domain.me |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612083210/https://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || |- | .ye || {{flag|Yemen}} || '''''Ye'''men''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |- | .yt || {{flag|Mayotte}} ||''Ma'''y'''o'''t'''te''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. | AFNIC|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .za || {{flag|South Africa}} || '''''Z'''uid-'''A'''frika '' || .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. | ZA Domain Name Authority<ref>{{Cite web |title=Root Zone Database |url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214064636/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=ICANN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214065010/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=ICANN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.za Domain Delegation Data |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214071137/https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority}}</ref>|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || |- | .zm || {{flag|Zambia}} || '''''Z'''a'''m'''bia''|| | || || {{no}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .}} || |- | .zw || {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || '''''Z'''imbab'''w'''e''|| | || || {{no}} || {{no}} || |}
;Table Notes: {{notelist-ua|22em}}
===Internationalized ccTLDs=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" |+ Internationalized country code top-level domains<ref> {{cite web |title=String evaluation completion |series=Resources |date=2014-02-19 |publisher=ICANN |website=Icann.org |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19-en |access-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110723/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19-en |archive-date=17 October 2014 }} </ref> |- style="background:#a0d0ff;" !DNS name ! IDN ccTLD ! Country/Region ! Language ! Script ! Transliteration ! Comments ! Other ccTLD ! DNSSEC |- | xn--lgbbat1ad8j || dir="auto" | .الجزائر || {{flag|Algeria}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || al-Jazā'ir || || .dz || {{no}} |- | xn--y9a3aq || dir="auto" | .հայ || {{flag|Armenia}} || Armenian || Armenian || hay || || .am || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a || dir="auto" | .البحرين || {{flag|Bahrain}} || Arabic || Arabic || al-Baḥrain || Not in use || .bh || {{yes}} |- | xn--54b7fta0cc || dir="auto" | .বাংলা || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || Bengali || Bengali || Bangla || || .bd || {{no}} |- | xn--90ais || dir="auto" | .бел || {{flag|Belarus}} || Belarusian || Cyrillic || bel || || .by || {{yes}} |- | xn--90ae || dir="auto" | .бг<ref name=cctld_second_review> {{cite web |title=ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review |series=EPSRP reports |date=2014-10-14 |publisher=ICANN |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epsrp-reports-2014-10-14-en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115551/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epsrp-reports-2014-10-14-en |archive-date=4 March 2016 }} </ref> || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || Bulgarian || Cyrillic || bg || || .bg || {{yes}} |- |xn--fiqs8s || dir="auto" | .中国 || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || Chinese || Chinese (Simplified) || Zhōngguó || || .cn || {{yes}} |- | xn--fiqz9s || dir="auto" | .中國 || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || Chinese || Chinese (Traditional) || Zhōngguó || || .cn || {{yes}} |- | xn--wgbh1c || dir="auto" | .مصر || {{flag|Egypt}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Miṣr / Maṣr<ref> {{cite web |title=دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية |website=Dotmasr.eg |url=http://www.dotmasr.eg/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807064313/http://www.dotmasr.eg/ |archive-date=7 August 2013 }} </ref>|| || .eg || {{yes}} |- | xn--e1a4c || dir="auto" | .ею || {{flag|European Union}} || Bulgarian || Cyrillic || eyu || || .eu || {{yes}} |- | xn--qxa6a || dir="auto" | .ευ || {{flag|European Union}} || Greek || Greek || ey || In use since 2022 || .eu || {{yes}} |- | xn--node || dir="auto" | .გე || {{flag|Georgia}} || Georgian || Georgian (Mkhedruli) || GE || || .ge || {{no}} |- | xn--qxam || dir="auto" | {{lang|el|.ελ}}<ref name=cctld_second_review/> || {{flag|Greece}} || Greek || Greek || el || In use since July 2018 || .gr || {{yes}} |- | xn--j6w193g || dir="auto" | .香港 || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || Chinese || Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) || Hoeng<sup>1</sup> gong<sup>2</sup> / Xiānggǎng|| || .hk|| {{yes}} |- | xn--h2brj9c || dir="auto" | .भारत || {{flag|India}} || Hindi || Devanagari || Bhārat || Became available 27 August 2014<ref> {{cite web |title=Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad |website=Registry.in |url=https://registry.in/node/882 |access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091414/https://registry.in/node/882 |archive-date=9 October 2014 }} </ref> || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbbh1a71e || dir="auto" | .بھارت || {{flag|India}} || Urdu || Arabic (Urdu) || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--fpcrj9c3d || dir="auto" | .భారత్ || {{flag|India}} || Telugu || Telugu || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--gecrj9c || dir="auto" | .ભારત || {{flag|India}} || Gujarati || Gujarati || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--s9brj9c || dir="auto" | .ਭਾਰਤ || {{flag|India}} || Punjabi || Gurmukhī || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h || dir="auto" | .இந்தியா || {{flag|India}} || Tamil || Tamil || Intiyā || Became available 2015 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--45brj9c || dir="auto" | .ভারত || {{flag|India}} || Bengali || Bengali || Bharôt || Became available 2017 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--2scrj9c || dir="auto" | .ಭಾರತ || {{flag|India}} || Kannada || Kannada || Bhārata || Became available 2020 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--rvc1e0am3e || dir="auto" | .ഭാരതം || {{flag|India}} || Malayalam || Malayalam || Bhāratam || Became available 2020 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--45br5cyl || dir="auto" | .ভাৰত || {{flag|India}} || Assamese || Bengali || Bharatam || Became available 2022 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--3hcrj9c || dir="auto" | .ଭାରତ || {{flag|India}} || Oriya || Oriya || Bhārat || Became available 2021 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbbh1a || dir="auto" | .بارت || {{flag|India}} || Kashmiri || Arabic (Kashmiri) || Bārat || Became available 2022 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--h2breg3eve || dir="auto" | .भारतम् || {{flag|India}} || Sanskrit || Devanagari || Bhāratam || Became available 2022 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--h2brj9c8c || dir="auto" | .भारोत || {{flag|India}} || Santali || Devanagari || Bharot || Became available 2022 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbgu82a || dir="auto" | .ڀارت || {{flag|India}} || Sindhi || Arabic (Sindhi) || Bhārat || Became available 2022 || .in || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgba3a4f16a || dir="auto" | .ایران || {{flag|Iran}} || Persian || Arabic (Persian) || Īrān || || .ir || {{no}} |- | xn--mgbtx2b || dir="auto" | .عراق || {{flag|Iraq}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || ʿIrāq || Not in use || .iq|| {{no}} |- | xn--4dbrk0ce || dir="auto" | .ישראל || {{flag|Israel}} || Hebrew || Hebrew || Israel || Became available 2022 || .il|| {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbayh7gpa || dir="auto" | .الاردن || {{flag|Jordan}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || al-Urdun || || .jo|| {{no}} |- | xn--80ao21a || dir="auto" | .қаз || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || Kazakh || Cyrillic (Kazakh) || qaz || || .kz || {{no}} |- | xn--q7ce6a || dir="auto" | .ລາວ || {{flag|Laos}} || Lao || Lao || Lao || Became available 2020 || .la || {{yes}} |- | xn--mix082f || dir="auto" | .澳门 || {{flag|Macao}} || Chinese || Chinese (Simplified) || Ou<sup>3</sup> mun<sup>4</sup> / Àomén || Not in use || .mo || {{no}} |- | xn--mix891f || dir="auto" | .澳門 || {{flag|Macao}} || Chinese || Chinese (Traditional) || Ou<sup>3</sup> mun<sup>4</sup> / Àomén || Became available 2020 || .mo || {{no}} |- | xn--mgbx4cd0ab || dir="auto" | .مليسيا || {{flag|Malaysia}} || Malay || Arabic (Jawi) || Malaysīyā || || .my || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd || dir="auto" | .موريتانيا || {{flag|Mauritania}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Mūrītāniyā || || .mr || {{yes}} |- | xn--l1acc || dir="auto" | .мон || {{flag|Mongolia}} || Mongolian || Cyrillic (Mongolian) || mon || || .mn || {{yes}} |- | xn--mgbc0a9azcg || dir="auto" | .المغرب || {{flag|Morocco}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || al-Maġrib || || .ma || {{no}} |- | xn--d1alf || dir="auto" | .мкд || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || Macedonian || Cyrillic (Macedonian) || mkd || || .mk || {{no}} |- | xn--mgb9awbf || dir="auto" | .عمان || {{flag|Oman}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || ʿUmān || || .om || {{no}} |- | xn--mgbai9azgqp6j || dir="auto" | .پاکستان || {{flag|Pakistan}} || Urdu || Arabic (Urdu) || Pākistān || || .pk || {{yes}} |- | xn--ygbi2ammx || dir="auto" | .فلسطين || {{flag|Palestinian Authority}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Filasṭīn || || .ps|| {{no}} |- | xn--wgbl6a || dir="auto" | .قطر || {{flag|Qatar}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Qaṭar || || .qa|| {{no}} |- | xn--p1ai || dir="auto" | .рф || {{flag|Russia}} || Russian || Cyrillic (Russian) || rf || || .ru|| {{yes}} |- | xn--mgberp4a5d4ar || dir="auto" | .السعودية || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || as-Suʿūdīya || || .sa|| {{yes}} |- | xn--90a3ac || dir="auto" | .срб || {{flag|Serbia}} || Serbian || Cyrillic (Serbian) || srb || || .rs || {{yes}} |- | xn--yfro4i67o || dir="auto" | .新加坡 || {{flag|Singapore}} || Chinese || Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) || Xīnjiāpō || || .sg || {{yes}} |- | xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd || dir="auto" | .சிங்கப்பூர் || {{flag|Singapore}} || Tamil || Tamil || Cinkappūr || || .sg || {{yes}} |- | xn--3e0b707e || dir="auto" | .한국 || {{flag|South Korea}} || Korean || Hangul || Han-guk || || .kr || {{yes}} |- | xn--fzc2c9e2c || dir="auto" | .ලංකා || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || Sinhala || Sinhala || Lanka || || .lk || {{no}} |- | xn--xkc2al3hye2a || dir="auto" | .இலங்கை || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || Tamil || Tamil || Ilaṅkai || || .lk|| {{no}} |- | xn--mgbpl2fh || dir="auto" | .سودان || {{flag|Sudan}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Sūdān || || .sd || {{no}} |- | xn--ogbpf8fl || dir="auto" | .سورية || {{flag|Syria}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Sūriyya || || .sy || {{no}} |- | xn--kprw13d || dir="auto" | .台湾 || {{flag|Taiwan}} || Chinese || Chinese (Simplified) || Táiwān || || .tw|| {{yes}} |- | xn--kpry57d || dir="auto" | .台灣 || {{flag|Taiwan}} || Chinese || Chinese (Traditional) || Táiwān || || .tw|| {{yes}} |- | xn--o3cw4h || dir="auto" | .ไทย || {{flag|Thailand}} || Thai || Thai || Thai || || .th|| {{yes}} |- | xn--pgbs0dh || dir="auto" | .تونس || {{flag|Tunisia}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Tūnis || || .tn|| {{yes}} |- | xn--j1amh || dir="auto" | .укр || {{flag|Ukraine}} || Ukrainian || Cyrillic (Ukrainian) || ukr || || .ua || {{no}} |- | xn--mgbaam7a8h || dir="auto" | .امارات || {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || Imārāt || || .ae|| {{no}} |- | xn--mgb2ddes || dir="auto" | .اليمن || {{flag|Yemen}} || Arabic || Arabic (Arabic) || al-Yaman || Not delegated || .ye || {{no}} |}
; Table notes: {{notelist-ua}}
===Proposed internationalized ccTLDs=== {{Main|Proposed top-level domain#Internationalized country code top-level domains}} Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.
==Relation to ISO 3166-1== {{quote|The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.|Jon Postel|RFC 1591<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4 |id=RFC 1591 |title=Domain Name System Structure and Delegation |date=March 1994 |first=Jon |last=Postel |doi=10.17487/RFC1591 |author-link=Jon Postel |access-date=2008-06-22 |archive-date=2010-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913011853/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
===Unused ISO 3166-1 codes=== Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (<code>bv</code>) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (<code>sj</code>) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—<code>bl</code> (Saint Barthélemy) and <code>mf</code> (Saint Martin)—{{As of|2008|alt=still}} await local assignment by France's government.
The code <code>eh</code>, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in <code>gb</code><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnstools.ws/tools/lookup.php?host=dra.hmg.gb&type=ANY |title=DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb |year=2010 |access-date=2010-07-03 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185902/https://dnstools.ws/lookup/dra.hmg.gb/ANY/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use <code>uk</code> (see below).
The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.
===ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1=== Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list. * <code>uk</code> (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected <code>uk</code> as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. <code>gb</code> was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of <code>uk</code> is now entrenched.<ref name=Mueller2002>{{cite book |first=Milton |last=Mueller |year=2002 |title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace |page=79 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=9780262632980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 |access-date=2020-11-10 |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79 |url-status=live }}</ref> * <code>su</code> This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new <code>su</code> registrations are accepted. * <code>ac</code> (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, <code>gg</code> (Guernsey), <code>im</code> (Isle of Man) and <code>je</code> (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.) * <code>eu</code> (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved <code>eu</code> as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.
===Historical ccTLDs=== ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: <code>cs</code> (for Czechoslovakia), <code>zr</code> (for Zaire) and <code>tp</code> (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the <code>zr</code> ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD <code>su</code> remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.
The historical country codes <code>dd</code> for the German Democratic Republic and <code>yd</code> for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also <code>de</code> and <code>ye</code>.
The temporary reassignment of country code <code>cs</code> (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into <code>rs</code> and <code>me</code> (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies<ref>{{cite web |title=IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166 |date=2003-09-24 |first=Leslie |last=Daigle |publisher=IAB |url=https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/docs2003/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code/ |access-date=2008-06-22 |archive-date=2008-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705023649/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards |date=2003-09-24 |first=Leslie |last=Daigle |publisher=IAB |url=http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html |access-date=2008-06-22 |archive-date=2008-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705024112/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html |url-status=live }}</ref> about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the <code>yu</code> ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian <code>rs</code> and Montenegrin <code>me</code>, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.
Australia was originally assigned the <code>oz</code> country code, which was later changed to <code>au</code> with the <code>.oz</code> domains moved to <code>.oz.au</code>.
==Internationalized ccTLDs== An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.{{Lang|hi|भारत}}) and Korean script (.{{Lang|ko|한국}}), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,<ref>{{cite press release |title=ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet |date=30 October 2009 |publisher=Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) |url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm |access-date=30 October 2009 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101202322/http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.<ref>{{cite news |title='Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live |date=6 May 2010 |website=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm |access-date=2010-05-07 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612121841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.
==Generic ccTLDs== '''Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain''' or '''gccTLD''' refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is gccTLD? |website=dynadot.com |url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld |access-date=2021-01-03 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055243/https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search |date=Nov 2016 |website=name.com |url=https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search |access-date=2021-01-03 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112091452/https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=gccTLD generic country-code domains |website=dynadot.com |url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html |access-date=2021-01-03 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112002733/https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |- ! scope="col" | gccTLD ! scope="col" | Country/Region ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Domain hacks |- | .ac || Ascension Island || {{Unbulleted list|academic|accounting|acknowledge|Air conditioning|alternating-current}} |- | .ad || Andorra || advertising |- | .ag || Antigua and Barbuda || Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation) |- | .ai || Anguilla || Artificial intelligence |- | .am || Armenia || {{Unbulleted list|American|AM broadcasting|radio and podcasts}} |- | .as || American Samoa || {{Unbulleted list|Asturias|autonomous system|aktieselskab/aksjeselskap}} |- | .az || Azerbaijan || Arizona |- | .bz || Belize || {{Unbulleted list|Bolzano|business|<code>biz</code> alike}} |- | .cc || Cocos (Keeling) Islands || {{Unbulleted list|cricket club|Credit Card|Cycling club|Christian Church|Catholic Church|Creative Commons|Cape Cod|company|<code>com</code> alike}} |- | .cd || Congo || Compact disc |- | .co || Colombia || {{Unbulleted list|company|<code>com</code> alike|Colorado}} |- | .cu || Cuba || see you |- | .cv || Cape Verde || curriculum vitae |- | .dj || Djibouti || Disc jockey |- | .fm || Federated States of Micronesia || {{Unbulleted list|FM broadcasting|radio and podcasts}} |- | .ga || Gabon || Georgia |- | .gg || Bailiwick of Guernsey || {{Unbulleted list|Good Game|Google}} |- |.hr |Croatia |Human resources |- | .io || British Indian Ocean Territory || {{Unbulleted list|Input/Output|<code>info</code> alike}} |- | .is || Iceland || ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc. |- | .it || Italy || Information technology |- | .kg || Kyrgyzstan || Keygen |- | .la || Laos || {{Unbulleted list|Los Angeles|Louisiana|Mozilla|Tesla|Digikala|Latin America}} |- | .ly || Libya || words ending in -ly |- | .md || Moldova || {{Unbulleted list|Medicine|Markdown}} |- | .me || Montenegro || {{Unbulleted list|me (personal homepage)|Maine|Middle East}} |- | .ms || Montserrat || {{Unbulleted list|Microsoft|Mississippi|Mato Grosso do Sul|Münster|master}} |- |.mv |Maldives |music video |- | .nu || Niue || {{Unbulleted list|new|now|nude}} |- | .pe || Peru || Private Equity |- | .pn || Pitcairn || Phone number |- |.ps |Palestine |PostScript Photoshop
PlayStation |- | .pw || Palau || Pwned (leet speak) |- | .re || Réunion || Reverse engineering |- | .rs || Serbia || Rust |- | .sc || Seychelles || {{Unbulleted list|Santa Catarina|South Carolina|SoundCloud|Snapchat|Security}} |- | .sh || Saint Helena || Shell |- |.sk |Slovakia |Saskatchewan |- | .sx || Sint Maarten || sex |- | .tf || French Southern and Antarctic Lands || {{Unbulleted list|Team Fortress|Terraform}} |- | .tk || Tokelau || {{Unbulleted list|tech|Hi-tech}} |- | .tm || Turkmenistan || Trademark |- | .to || Tonga || link-to |- | .tv || Tuvalu || television and broadcasts |- | .ws || Western Samoa || {{Unbulleted list|website|websocket|world site|west}} |- | .yt || Mayotte || YouTube |}
==Unconventional usage== {{Main|Vanity URL}} Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as <code>I.am</code>, <code>tip.it</code>, <code>start.at</code> and <code>go.to</code> form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as <code>blo.gs</code> of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (<code>gs</code>), <code>youtu.be</code> of Belgium (<code>be</code>), <code>del.icio.us</code> of the United States (<code>us</code>), and <code>cr.yp.to</code> of Tonga (<code>to</code>). The <code>.co</code> domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for ''company''.<ref name="unique">{{cite web |title=General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity? |publisher=.CO Internet S.A.S. |place=Colombia |website=cointernet.co |url=https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes |access-date=2013-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311222155/https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes/ |archive-date=2019-03-11 }}</ref>
Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.
Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain ''cm'' of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter ''o'' for sites in the ''com''.<ref> {{cite news |title=The man who owns the Internet |website=CNN Money |publisher=Cable News Network |date=2007-06-01 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/06/01/100050989/index.htm |access-date=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113134307/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/06/01/100050989/index.htm# |archive-date=2010-11-13 }} </ref>
===Commercial use=== Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use. Some of them, such as .tk, are free.
==See also== * List of ccTLDs * Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses * Country code second-level domain * ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes * Geographic top-level domain, a type of generic top-level domain
==References== {{reflist|25em|refs=
<ref name="idn.tables"> {{citation needed|date=May 2021}} </ref>
}}
==External links== * {{official website |https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db}} * {{cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Organization |publisher=WIPO |series=Domain name dispute resolution |url=https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld}} * {{cite web |title=World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names |url=http://www.wwtld.org/index_archived.html}} * {{cite web |title=Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO) |website=ICANN |url=https://ccnso.icann.org/en}} * {{cite web |first=Robert |last=Baskerville |date=Jan 16, 2008 |title=ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files) |url=http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103171355/http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |archive-date=2015-11-03}}
{{ccTLD}} {{Geocoding-systems}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Country Code Top-Level Domain}} Category:International telecommunications Category:Top-level domains Category:Country codes Category:Domain Name System