{{Short description|Small Portuguese plucked string instrument of the European guitar family}} {{Distinguish|ukulele}} {{Redirect|Cavaco|the town|Cavaco, Angola|the surname|Cavaco (surname)}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Cavaquinho |names=Machete, braguinha, manchete, cavaco |image=Vea.cavaquinho.png |image_capt=Portuguese cavaquinhos |background=string |classification=String instrument |hornbostel_sachs= |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone |developed=Portugal |range= |related=Ukulele, Viola braguesa, Cuatro |articles= }} The '''cavaquinho''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|kɐvɐˈkiɲu}}) is a small Portuguese string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings.
A cavaquinho player is called a ''cavaquista''.
==Tuning== A common tuning in Portugal is '''C G A D''' (non-reentrant with C being the lowest pitch,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjtDJAeBN2k?t=70|title= Curso de Cavaquinho - Lição nº2 - Tessitura, Escala e 4 Afinações |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> or from lower to higher pitches<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fretexpert.com/how-to-tune-a-cavaquinho-chord-examples/#Cavaquinho_Portuguese_Tuning_-_CGAD |title=How to Tune a Cavaquinho |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>).
The standard tuning in Brazil is '''D G B D'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fretexpert.com/how-to-tune-a-cavaquinho-chord-examples/#Cavaquinho_Brazilian_Tuning_-_DGBD |title=How to Tune a Cavaquinho |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>
Other tunings include: * '''D A B E''' – ''Portuguese ancient'' tuning, made popular by Júlio Pereira, reentrant with A being the lowest pitch<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjtDJAeBN2k?t=182|title= Curso de Cavaquinho - Lição nº2 - Tessitura, Escala e 4 Afinações |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> * '''G G B D'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cavaquinhos.pt/cavaquinho-acordes |title=Cavaquinho Acordes |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> * '''A A C'''<sup>{{music|#}}</sup> '''E''' * '''D G B E''' – used for solo parts in Brazil * '''G D A E''' – mandolin tuning * '''G C E A''' – ‘''cavacolele''’ tuning, the same as the soprano/tenor ukulele<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/the-brazilian-phenomenom-of-beirutando/ |title=The Brazilian phenomenom of Beirutando |website=Sounds and Colours |date=3 August 2010 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> * '''D G B E''' – the same as the highest four strings in standard guitar tuning, often used by guitarists, and the same tuning used for the baritone ukulele<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/c.htm |title=C |website=The Stringed Instrument Database |access-date=2018-03-20 }}</ref>
==Forms== There are several forms of cavaquinho used in different regions and for different styles of music. Separate varieties are named for Portugal, Braga (''braguinha''), Minho (''minhoto''), Lisbon, Madeira, Brazil, and Cape Verde; other forms are the ''braguinha'', ‘''cavacolele''’, cavaco, machete, and ukulele.
===Machete and braguinha=== {{Main|Machete (musical instrument)}} The '''machete''' is a variety of the cavaquinho from Madeira. It is a predecessor of the modern ukulele. The ''Machete de Braga'' (“Braga-style machete”) is called a ''braguinha''.
===Minhoto=== The '''minhoto''' cavaquinho, associated with the Minho region in Portugal is similar to the ''viola braguesa''. Its neck is on the same level as the body. Like the braguesa, the minhoto's sound hole was traditionally shaped<!-- This needs a picture. --> like a stylized ray (fish); the shape is called “''raia''” in Portuguese.
==International use== Different forms of cavaquinho have been adapted in different regions. Varieties used outside of Iberia are found in Brazil, Cape-Verde, and Madeira. The locally iconic Caribbean region cuatro family and the Hawaiian ukuleles were both adapted from the cavaquinho.
===Brazil{{anchor|samba_cavaco}}=== left|thumb|Portuguese and Brazilian cavaquinhos The Brazilian cavaquinho is slightly larger than the Portuguese cavaquinho, resembling a small classical guitar. Its neck is raised above the level of the sound box, and the sound hole is usually round, like cavaquinhos from Lisbon and Madeira.
[[File:Пандейру и каквако.jpg|right|thumb|A samba cavaco (right).]] The cavaquinho is a very important instrument in Brazilian samba and choro music. It is played with a pick, with sophisticated percussive strumming beats that connect the rhythm and harmony by playing the rhythm “comping”. Some of the most important players and composers of the Brazilian instrument are Waldir Azevedo, Paulinho da Viola, and Mauro Diniz.
===Cape Verde=== [[Image:Cavaquinhos.jpg|thumb|left|Two cavaquinhos in Cape Verde.]] In Cape Verde the cavaquinho was introduced in the 1930s from Brazil. The present-day Cape-Verdean cavaquinho is very similar to the Brazilian one in dimensions and tuning. It is generally used as a rhythmic instrument in Cape-Verdean music genres (such as ''morna'', ''coladeira'', mazurka) but it is occasionally used as a melodic instrument.
===Hawaii=== thumb|right|120px|alt=alt text|A modern ukulele. The Hawaiian ukulele also has four strings and a shape similar to the cavaquinho,<ref name="Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1979">{{cite news| title=Leapin' Fleas! | website=Honolulu Star-Bulletin| date=August 17, 1979 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/271676018/ | access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> although tuned differently – usually '''G C E A'''.
The ukulele is an iconic element of Hawaiian popular music, which spread to the continental United States in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-18|title=5 things you probably didn't know about the 'ukulele|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/5-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-%E2%80%98ukulele|access-date=2020-10-06|website=National Museum of American History|language=en}}</ref> It was developed from the braguinha and rajão, brought to Hawaii in the late 19th century by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcukulele.org/history.html |website=BCukelele.org |title=History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430180031/http://www.bcukulele.org/history.html |archive-date=2011-04-30 }}</ref>
The ''machete'' was introduced into Hawaii by Augusto Dias, Manuel Nunes, and João Fernandes in 1879, which further influenced the development of the ukulele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum - Augusto Dias|url=https://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:2002-2003:Augusto_Dias|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.ukulele.org}}</ref>
===Northern Latin America and the Caribbean=== [[File:Cuatro Ramon Blanco.jpg|thumb|x250px|left| Venezuelan Concert Cuatro.]] {{Main|Cuatro (instrument)}} The ''cuatro'' is a family of larger 4-stringed instruments derived from the cavaquinho that are popular in Latin-American countries in and around the Caribbean. Versions of the iconic Venezuelan cuatro are very similar to the Brazilian cavaquinho, with a neck laid level with the sound box, like a Portuguese cavaquinho.
==Origins== {{one source|date=March 2018}} The origins of this Portuguese instrument are elusive. Author Gonçalo Sampaio holds that the cavaquinho and the guitar may have been brought to Braga by the Biscayans.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}
Sampaio explains Minho region’s archaic and Hellenistic modes by possible survival of Greek influences on the ancient Gallaeci of the region, and stresses the link between this instrument and historical Hellenistic tetrachords.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}
==See also== * Tenor guitar * Charango
==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=The Cavaquinho Chord Bible: DGBD Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords |first=Tobe A. |last=Richards |publisher=Cabot Books |location=United Kingdom |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-906207-09-0 }} – A comprehensive chord dictionary instructional guide for the Brazilian and Portuguese cavaquinho.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * {{cite web |url=http://www.cavaquinhos.pt |title=All the Cavaquinhos types |publisher=Associação Cultural Museu Cavaquinho }} * {{cite web |url=http://grupodecavaquinhosdoporto.pt/cavaquinho_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828023909/http://grupodecavaquinhosdoporto.pt/cavaquinho_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-28 |title=Cavaquinho |publisher=Grupo de Cavaquinhos do Porto }}
{{Portugal topics}} {{Brazil topics}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Guitar family instruments Category:Brazilian musical instruments Category:Portuguese musical instruments Category:Cape Verdean musical instruments Category:Mozambican musical instruments