{{Short description|Grammatical case}} {{more citations needed|date=February 2013}} In linguistics, '''abessive''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''abe'''}} or {{sc|'''abess'''}}), '''caritive''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''car'''}})<ref>{{Citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |title=8 The Yeniseian language family |date=2024-02-19 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia |pages=365–480 |editor-last=Vajda |editor-first=Edward |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110556216-008/html |access-date=2024-07-02 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110556216-008 |isbn=978-3-11-055621-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and '''privative''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''priv'''}}) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition ''without'' or by the suffix ''-less.''
The name ''abessive'' is derived from {{lang|la|abesse}} "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name ''caritive'' is derived from {{langx|la|carere|link=no}} "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name ''privative'' is derived from {{langx|la|privare|link=no}} "to deprive".
==In Afro-Asiatic languages==
===Somali=== In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|so|-la'}}. For example: :{{lang|so|magac}} "name" :{{lang|so|magacla'}} "nameless" :{{lang|so|dhar}} "clothes" :{{lang|so|dharla'}} "clothesless," i.e., naked
==In Australian languages==
===Martuthunira=== In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either {{lang|vma|-wirriwa}} or {{lang|vma|-wirraa}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan Charles |last=Dench |year=1995 |title=Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125 |isbn=0-85883-422-7 |url=http://www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |author-link=Alan Dench |access-date=2006-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615024601/http://linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |archive-date=2005-06-15 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
{{interlinear|lang=vma|indent=3|glossing=link |Parla-wirraa nganarna. |money-PRIV 1PL.EX |We've got no money.}}
==In Uralic languages==
===Finnish=== In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|fi|-tta}} for back vowels and {{lang|fi|-ttä}} for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example: :{{lang|fi|raha}} "money" :{{lang|fi|rahatta}} "without money" An equivalent construction exists using the word {{lang|fi|ilman}} and the partitive: :{{lang|fi|ilman rahaa}} "without money" or, less commonly: :{{lang|fi|rahaa ilman}} "without money" The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms: :{{lang|fi|tuloksetta}} "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly" :{{lang|fi|Itkin syyttä.}} "I cried for no reason." The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix {{lang|fi|-ma-}} / {{lang|fi|-mä-}}): :{{lang|fi|puhu-ma-tta}} "without speaking" :{{lang|fi|osta-ma-tta}} "without buying" :{{lang|fi|välittä-mä-ttä}} "without caring" :{{lang|fi|Juna jäi tulematta.}} "The train didn't show up." This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb: :{{lang|fi|Juna ei tullut.}} "The train didn't show up."
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms are combined: :{{lang|fi|ilman rahatta}} There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
===Estonian===
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by {{lang|et|-ta}} in both the singular and the plural: :{{lang|et|(ilma) autota}} "without a car" (the preposition {{lang|et|ilma}} "without" is optional) Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix {{lang|et|-ma-}} and the abessive marker {{lang|et|-ta}}: :{{lang|et|Rong jäi tulemata.}} "The train didn't show up."
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the {{lang|et|Nimeta baar}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |title=Nimeta Bar News |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707113952/http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 }} Nimeta baar, English page</ref> (the nameless bar) and the {{lang|et|Nimega baar}}<ref>http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313133736/http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php |date=March 13, 2012 }}</ref> (the bar with a name).
===Skolt Sami===
The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is {{lang|sms|-tää}} or {{lang|sms|-taa}} in both the singular and the plural: :{{lang|sms|Riâkkum veäʹrtää.}} "I cried for no reason." The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is {{lang|sms|-ǩâni}} or {{lang|sms|-kani}}: :{{lang|sms|Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam.}} "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come." Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
===Inari Sami===
The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is {{lang|smn|-táá}}. The corresponding non-finite verb form is {{lang|smn|-hánnáá}}, {{lang|smn|-hinnáá}} or {{lang|smn|-hennáá}}.
===Other Sami languages=== The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.
===Erzya=== In Erzya-Mordvin, the abessive case suffix is {{lang|myv|-(v)ťeme}} or {{lang|myv|-(v)tomo}}, e.g. {{lang|myv|pevťeme}} "endless", {{lang|myv|kudovtomo}} "homeless" etc.
===Hungarian=== In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|hu|-talan}} for back vowels and {{lang|hu|-telen}} for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes {{lang|hu|-tlan}} or {{lang|hu|-tlen}}. For example: :{{lang|hu|pénz}} "money" :{{lang|hu|pénztelen}} "without money" :{{lang|hu|haza}} "home(land)" :{{lang|hu|hazátlan}} "(one) without a homeland" There is also the postposition {{lang|hu|nélkül}}, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianreference.com/postpositions-prepositions-personal-pronomial-before-after-between-instead-without.aspx|title=Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]|website=www.hungarianreference.com}}</ref> :{{lang|hu|Cukor nélkül iszom a teát.}} "I drink tea without sugar." :{{lang|hu|Testvér nélkül éltem.}} "I lived without siblings." :{{lang|hu|Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül?}} "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"
==In Mongolic languages==
===Mongolian===
In Mongolian, the privative suffix is {{lang|mn|-гүй}} ({{transliteration|mn|-güy}}). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|authorlink=Juha Janhunen|title=Mongolian|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=105 & 109|series=London Oriental and African Language Library}}</ref>
==See also== *Essive case *Inessive case
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}
==External links== {{wikt}} *[https://www.caritive.org/about-caritive Comparative concept caritive, as defined by the St.Petersburg project "Typology of caritive"] *[https://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044710/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm |date=2008-06-21 }}
{{Grammatical cases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abessive Case}} Category:Grammatical cases