Apogonidae

{{Short description|Family of ray-finned fishes}} {{Automatic Taxobox | name = Cardinalfishes | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Maastrichtian|present}} | image = Pterapogon kauderni.jpg | image_caption = Banggai cardinalfish (''Pterapogon kauderni'') | taxon = Apogonidae | authority = Günther, 1859 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = * Amioidinae * Apogoninae * Paxtoninae * Pseudaminae }}

'''Cardinalfishes''' are a family, '''Apogonidae''', of ray-finned fishes found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some species are found in brackish water and a few (notably ''Glossamia'') are found in fresh water. A handful of species are kept in aquariums and are popular as small, peaceful, and colourful fish. The family includes about 370 species.

They are generally small fish, with most species being less than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, and are often brightly coloured. They are distinguished by their large mouths, and the division of the dorsal fin into two separate fins. Most species live in tropical or subtropical waters, where they inhabit coral reefs and lagoons.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn= 0-12-547665-5|page= 183}}</ref>

They are nocturnal, spending the day in dark crevices within the reef. At least some species brood their eggs inside the mouths of the males.<ref name=EoF/> Males do not feed during this incubation period. Males incubate the eggs in their mouth due to having longer heads and a larger jaw, which females do not acquire.<ref>Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426–2432.</ref> {{Further|List of fish species that protect their young}}

==Classification== ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'' recognises four subfamilies of the Apogonidae:<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=researcharchive.calacademy.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mabuchi |first1=Kohji |last2=Fraser |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Song |first3=Hayeun |last4=Azuma |first4=Yoichiro |last5=Nishida |first5=Mutsumi |date=2014-08-01 |title=Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.3846.2.1 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=3846 |issue=2 |pages=151–203 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* Subfamily Amioidinae Fraser & Mabuchi, 2014 ** ''Amioides'' H.M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 ** ''Holapogon'' T. H. Fraser, 1973 * Subfamily Apogoninae Günther, 1859 ** ''Apogon'' Lacépède, 1801 ** ''Apogonichthyoides'' J.L.B. Smith, 1949 ** ''Apogonichthys'' Bleeker, 1854 ** ''Archamia'' T.N. Gill, 1863 ** ''Astrapogon'' Fowler, 1907 ** ''Cercamia'' J. E. Randall & C. L. Smith, 1988 ** ''Cheilodipterus'' Lacépède, 1801 ** ''Fibramia'' T. H. Fraser & Mabuchi, 2014<ref name="Mabuchi2014">Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014): [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2014/f/z03846p203f.pdf Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters.] ''Zootaxa, 3846 (2): 151–203.''</ref> ** ''Foa'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905 ** ''Fowleria'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905 ** ''Glossamia'' T.N. Gill, 1863 ** ''Jaydia'' J. L. B. Smith, 1961 ** ''Lachneratus'' T. H. Fraser & Struhsaker, 1991 ** ''Lepidamia'' T. N. Gill, 1863 ** ''Neamia'' H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 ** ''Nectamia'' D. S. Jordan, 1917 ** ''Ostorhinchus'' Lacépède, 1802 ** ''Paroncheilus'' J. L. B. Smith, 1964 ** ''Phaeoptyx'' T. H. Fraser & C. R. Robins, 1970 ** ''Pristiapogon'' Klunzinger, 1870 ** ''Pristicon'' T. H. Fraser, 1972 ** ''Pterapogon'' Koumans, 1933 ** ''Quinca'' ** ''Rhabdamia'' Koumans M. C. W. Weber, 1909 ** ''Siphamia'' M. C. W. Weber, 1909 ** ''Sphaeramia'' Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1930 ** ''Taeniamia'' T. H. Fraser, 2013 ** ''Verulux'' T. H. Fraser, 1972 ** ''Vincentia'' Castelnau, 1872 ** ''Xeniamia'' T. H. Fraser & Prokofiev, 2016<ref name="Fraser2016">Fraser, T.H. & Prokofiev, A.M. (2016): A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not? ''Zootaxa, 4144 (2): 227–242.''</ref> ** ''Yarica'' Whitley 1930 ** ''Zapogon'' T. H. Fraser, 1972 ** ''Zoramia'' D. S. Jordan, 1917

*Subfamily Paxtoninae Fraser & Mabuchi, 2014 **''Paxton'' C. C. Baldwin & G. D. Johnson, 1999 *Subfamily Pseudaminae Smith, 1954 ** ''Gymnapogon'' Regan, 1905 ** ''Pseudamia'' Bleeker, 1865 ** ''Pseudamiops'' J. L. B. Smith, 1954

=== Fossil genera === [[File:Enoplosus pygopterus fossil.jpg|thumb|Fossil of ''Eosphaeramia'', an Eocene cardinalfish from Italy]] The following fossil genera are also placed here:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53986 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>

* Genus †''Eosphaeramia'' Sorbini, 1983 * Genus †''Eritima'' Jordan & Gilbert, 1919<ref>{{Cite book |last=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/occasionalpaper00calif/occasionalpaper00calif/page/114/mode/2up?q=eritima |title=Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences |date=1890 |publisher=San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences |others=California Academy of Sciences}}</ref> * Genus †''Eosphaeramia'' Sorbini, 1983 * Genus †''Leptolumamia'' Bannikov & Fraser, 2016 * Subfamily Apogoninae ** Tribe †Eoapogonini Bannikov, 2005<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Marrama' |first1=Giuseppe |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2022-04-28 |title=A Rupelian Coral Reef Fish Assemblage from the Venetian Southern Alps (Berici Hills, Ne Italy) |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/16601 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=128 |issue=2 |article-number=16601 |doi=10.54103/2039-4942/16601 |bibcode=2022RIPS..12816601M |issn=2039-4942|doi-access=free |hdl=11577/3443920 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> *** Genus †''Arconiapogon'' Marrama, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2022 *** Genus †''Apogoniscus'' Bannikov, 2005 *** Genus †''Bolcapogon'' Bannikov, 2005 *** Genus †''Eoapogon'' Bannikov, 2005 * Subfamily Pseudaminae<ref name=":0" /> ** Genus †''Oligopseudamia'' Marrama, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2022

Fossil otoliths assigned to the otolith-based genus ''Apogonidarum'' are known from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian'')'' of India and North Dakota, USA. If of apogonids, these represent the oldest record of the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=101 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |bibcode=2024BPMNH..65..101N |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References== {{commons category|Apogonidae}} {{Reflist}}

==External links== * Smith, J.L.B. (1961): [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018952 "Fishes of the family Apogonidae of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea". ''Ichthyological Bulletin''; No. 22]. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. * Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426–2432.

Category:Apogonidae Category:Percomorpha families Category:Marine fish families Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther