{{short description|Unpowered barge with railroad tracks mounted on its deck}} [[Image:NYH carfloat.jpg|thumb|300px|right| A railroad ''car float'' in the Upper New York Bay, 1919. A tugboat (towboat) stack is visible behind the middle car.]] thumb|1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing
A '''railroad car float''' or '''rail barge''' is a specialised form of lighter<ref name="Lederer">{{cite book |title= Port Terminal Operation: Port Terminal Management, Stevedoring, Stowage, Lighterage and Harbor Boats |last= Lederer |first= Eugene H. |year=1945 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Press |location= New York, NY |pages=291–292 }}</ref> with railway tracks mounted on its deck used to move rolling stock across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered barge, it is towed by a tugboat or pushed by a towboat.
This is distinguished from a train ferry, which is self-powered.
== Historical operations == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
{{split|Car float operations in New York Harbor|date=March 2024}}
=== U.S. East Coast === During the Civil War, Union general Herman Haupt, a civil engineer, used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the Rappahannock River in support of the Army of the Potomac.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Engines of War|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=London|isbn=9781848871731|page=49}}</ref>
Beginning in the 1830s, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) operated a car float across the Potomac River, just south of Washington, D.C., between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and Alexandria, Virginia on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.<ref name="Harwood">{{cite book |title= Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland | last=Harwood | first=Herbert H. Jr. |year=1979 |publisher= Barnard, Roberts |location= Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-934118-17-5 }}</ref> The B&O operated a car float across the Baltimore Inner Harbor until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1895.<ref name="Harwood" />
The Port of New York and New Jersey had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-World War II expansion of trucking, but held out until the rise of containerization in the 1970s.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |last= Cudahy |first= Brian J. |year= 2006 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 0-8232-2568-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 45–47] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 }}</ref>
These car floats operated between the Class 1 railroads terminals on the west bank of Hudson River in Hudson County, New Jersey and the numerous online and offline terminals located in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx, and Manhattan.<ref name="Flagg1">{{cite book |title= New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 1 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |year=2000 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-082-6 }}</ref><ref name="Flagg2">{{cite book |title=New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 2 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |year=2002 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-048-6 }}</ref> Class 1 railroads in the New York Harbor area providing car float services were: <!-- None of the following articles mention actual car float terminals --> * Baltimore and Ohio Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.</ref> * Central Railroad of New Jersey<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 24–33.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 38–39.</ref> * Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 34–45.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 40–51.</ref> * Erie Railroad and Erie Lackawanna Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 46–55.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 52–57.</ref> * Lehigh Valley Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 56–61.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 58–63.</ref> * Long Island Rail Road<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 62–65.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 64–67.</ref> * New York Central Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 66–83.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 68–93.</ref> * New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 84–91.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 94–97.</ref> * Pennsylvania Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 92–101.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 98–109.</ref>
As well as the offline terminal railroads:
* Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 110–116.</ref> * Bush Terminal/Industry City<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 118–125.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 120–127.</ref> * Brooklyn Army Terminal * Hoboken Manufacturers Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 126–127.</ref> * Jay Street Connecting Railroad<ref>Flagg, 2002, p. 118.</ref> * New York Dock Railway<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 110–117.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, p. 119.</ref> * Pouch Terminal<ref name="Flagg, 2002, p. 117">Flagg, 2002, p. 117.</ref> * East Jersey Railroad and Terminal Co.<ref name="Flagg, 2002, p. 117"/>
Car float service was also provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities (that did not engage in car floating service directly) by the above-mentioned railroads.
At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 tugboats between New Jersey and New York City.
Abandoned float bridges are preserved as part of this history at: *Gantry Plaza State Park in Long Island City, Queens; (former Long Island Railroad), * West 26th Street float bridge (former Baltimore & Ohio) and the only surviving wood Howe truss float bridge in New York Harbor *North River Pier 66a, and 69th Street Transfer Bridge (former New York Central)
Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at [http://www.trainweb.org/bedt/IndustrialLocos.html#Surviving Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor]
The Bay Coast Railroad formerly operated a 2-barge car float connecting Virginia's Eastern Shore with the city of Norfolk, Virginia across the Chesapeake Bay.
=== U.S. Midwest === thumb|right|An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917 Between 1912 and 1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service | author=Sennstrom, Bernard H. | journal=The Diamond | year=1992 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=4–10}}</ref>
=== U.S. West Coast ===
* Santa Fe Railroad: San Francisco * Southern Pacific Railroad: (?) * Union Pacific Railroad: (?) * Western Pacific Railroad: San Francisco * Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad: Seattle; Tacoma, Washington; Bellingham, Washington; Port Townsend, Washington * Seattle and North Coast Railroad: Seattle; Port Townsend, Washington
=== Canada === [[File:Woodf3a.jpg|right|thumb|Woodfibre, British Columbia]] thumb|Car float in Howe Sound * Prince Rupert, British Columbia – Whittier, Alaska (''Aquatrain'', Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain>{{cite web | url=https://www.alaskarails.org/industries/aquatrain/last/index.html | title=The Last AquaTrain | date=2021}}</ref>) * Various inland lakes of British Columbia (Okanagan{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}, Arrow{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}, Kootenay){{citation needed|date=July 2022}} (Canadian National Railway and CPR) * Port Maitland, Ontario – Erie, Pennsylvania (TH&B Navigation Company) * Port Burwell, Ontario – Ashtabula, Ohio (CN) * Cobourg, Ontario – Rochester, New York (Ontario Car Ferry Company) * Sarnia, Ontario – Port Huron, Michigan – rail-barge – (CN, until the opening of the Paul Tellier Tunnel). The rail ferries ''Pere Marquette 12'' and ''Pere Marquette 10'' were converted to barges (''PM 10'' in 1974, ''PM 12'' in the 1980s) and used until 1995 to carry dangerous cargoes and oversize cars.<ref>[http://www.pmhistsoc.org/ferries.shtml#lakemich The Pere Marquette Marine Fleet], Pere Marquette Historical Society, 10-MAY-2011, accessed July 16, 2012</ref> * Windsor, Ontario – Detroit, Michigan (Grand Trunk, CN, CPR, Michigan Central, Wabash, until the 1980s){{citation needed|date=July 2012}} * BC Rail. until 1955 railcars were barged from North Vancouver to Squamish. * A large number of isolated BC pulp mills had chemicals and freight moved by car floats. * In the Victoria Harbour to Ogden Point<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jamesbaybeacon.com/home/2020/10/18/then-and-now-the-ogden-point-grain-elevator |title=car float |access-date=2021-04-26 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426170337/https://www.jamesbaybeacon.com/home/2020/10/18/then-and-now-the-ogden-point-grain-elevator |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/37908073@N04/3661243327 Greg George]</ref>
== Existing operations ==
=== Alaska ===
The Alaska Railroad provides the Alaska Rail Marine rail barge service from downtown Seattle to Whittier on the central Alaskan mainland.<ref>[http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx Alaska Rail Marine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221081655/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx |date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref>', CN Rail provided the ''Aquatrain'' rail barge service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Whittier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm |title=Aqua train |access-date=2011-03-05 |archive-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930192839/https://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain/>
=== New York / New Jersey ===
[[Image:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|The car float docks at Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York.]] The only remaining car float service in operation in the Port of New York and New Jersey is operated by New York New Jersey Rail. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in Brooklyn and Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nynjr.com/route-map/|title=Route Map|website=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> The service exists because freight cars do not run in the East River Tunnels nor the North River Tunnels (under the Hudson River), in part due to inadequate tunnel clearances of the New York Tunnel Extension.
== See also == {{div col|colwidth=23em}} * Bay Ridge Branch * Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel (proposed) * Ferry slip (includes examples of rail ferry and barge slips) * Linkspan * New York tugboats * Santa Fe Dock and Channel Company {{div col end}}
== References == {{reflist|30em}}
== External links == *''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001020615/http://www.geh.org/fm/feininger/htmlsrc/m197806060008_ful.html Railroad ferry, Hudson River, New York]'', Andreas Feininger, 1940. Still Photograph Archive, George Eastman House, Rochester, NY. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095203/http://www.nynjr.com/index.php NYNJ Rail] – official site *[http://www.freightrrofnyc.info Industrial & Offline Terminal Railroads of Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx & Manhattan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125182452/http://www.freightrrofnyc.info/ |date=2020-01-25 }}
{{ModernMerchantShipTypes}}
Category:Ship types Category:Train ferries