{{short description|Business that sells and trades new or used vehicles}} {{globalize|date=April 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{AI-generated|date=April 2026|partial=y|reason=this 2025 edit, one of many AI edits by this user; note WP:AISIGNS - superficial analyses, overgeneralization, AI edit summary, etc}} [[File:Car dealership.webp|thumb|Exterior of an Audi dealership in Onalaska, Wisconsin at night, as pictured above]] [[File:Ilmakuva1 (Large).png|thumb|right|An aerial view of a Škoda auto dealer's service in Kuopio, Finland]] thumb|right|Service and repair entrance thumb|right|Auto dealer's service and repair facility [[File:Beverly Hills Heritage Classics P4060231.jpg|thumb|right|Dealer for vintage cars]]
A '''car dealership''', or '''car dealer''', is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, typically under a franchise agreement with an automaker or its authorized distributor.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/car-dealership |title=Meaning of car dealership in English |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> In addition to vehicle sales, dealerships often provide after-sales services such as maintenance, repairs, financing, insurance, and the sale of spare parts.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.autodealertodaymagazine.com/364936/why-every-dealer-needs-a-post-sale-vehicle-service-contract-program |title=Why Every Dealer Needs a Post-Sale Vehicle Service Contract Program |date=11 June 2021 |first=Ronnie |last=Wendt |website=autodealertodaymagazine.com |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2024/08/car-dealerships-cant-charge-you-add-ons-you-dont-want |title=Car dealerships can't charge you for add-ons you don't want |first=Ari |last=Lazarus |date=16 August 2024 |work=US Federal Trade Commission - Consumer Advice |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>
In the United States, car dealerships have historically been a significant source of revenue for local and state sales taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cargroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Assessment-of-Tax-Revenue-Generated-by-the-Automotive-Sector.pdf |title=Assessment of Tax Revenue Generated by the Automotive Sector |work=Center for Automotive Research prepared for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers |date=April 2012 |first=Kim |last=Hill |first2=Debbie Maranger |last2=Menk |first3=Joshua |last3=Cregger |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> They possess significant political influence and have successfully lobbied for franchise laws that restrict or limit automakers from selling vehicles directly to consumers. By 2010, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had enacted some form of laws restricting direct manufacturer-to-consumer car sales, which helped support the survival of independent dealerships. Most states also restrict the establishment of new dealerships that compete with existing ones.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Laws Barring Direct Auto Sales to Consumers |url= https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10822 |work=Congressional Research Service |date=17 May 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Economists have described these regulations as a form of rent-seeking that increases consumer prices and limits competition, while raising profits for incumbent dealers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=Peter G. |last2=Zenger |first2=Todd R. |title=The Rent-Seeking Nature of Car Dealership Regulation |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=167–182 |year=2020 |doi=10.1257/jep.34.3.167 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In the United Kingdom, the structure of car retailing differs from that of the United States. Dealerships commonly operate under franchise agreements governed by the Block Exemption Regulation issued by the European Commission, which allows automakers to appoint authorized dealers while preserving competition among repairers and service providers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulation |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/motor-vehicle-block-exemption-regulation-guidelines |website=gov.uk |publisher=Competition and Markets Authority |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Following the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, the Competition and Markets Authority introduced a domestic version of the regulation in 2023, maintaining similar protections for consumers and independent repair businesses.<ref>{{cite press release |title=New rules to promote competition in the UK motor vehicle sector |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-rules-to-promote-competition-in-the-uk-motor-vehicle-sector |website=gov.uk |publisher=Competition and Markets Authority |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
Most UK dealerships sell multiple brands through franchise networks operated by large retail groups such as Pendragon, Lookers, and Arnold Clark, which account for a significant share of national vehicle sales.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Car Dealership Market Report 2024 |url= https://www.ibisworld.com/united-kingdom/market-research-reports/car-dealerships-industry/ |website=ibisworld.com/ |date=2024 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Dealerships are also regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) when offering consumer credit or finance products, ensuring transparency in vehicle finance and leasing agreements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Motor Finance |url= https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/motor-finance |website=fca.org.uk |publisher=Financial Conduct Authority |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
==Car dealerships in the United States== {{main|Car dealerships in the United States}} The early cars were sold by automakers to customers directly or through a variety of channels, including mail order, department stores, and traveling representatives.<ref name="Lafontaine">{{cite journal |last1=Lafontaine |first1=Francine |last2=Morton |first2=Fiona Scott |date=2010 |title=Markets: State Franchise Laws, Dealer Terminations, and the Auto Crisis |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=233–250 |doi=10.1257/jep.24.3.233 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, Sears made its first attempt at selling a gasoline-engined chain-drive high-wheeler in 1908 through its mail-order catalog and starting in 1951 the Allstate through select its stores and the catalog.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strohl |first1=Daniel |title=Sears sold many things well, just not automobiles |url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/sears-sold-many-things-well-just-not-automobiles/ |work=Hemmings |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tate |first1=Robert |title=When Sears Sold Vehicles: Remembering the Allstate |url= https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-week/2015/when-sears-sold-vehicles-remembering-the-allstate |website=motorcities.org |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>
The first car dealership was opened in 1889 by Fred Koller in Reading, Pennsylvania and sold cars manufactured in Cleveland, Ohio. This would have been the first dealership solely dedicated to automobiles, as opposed to horse-drawn carriages.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Ryan |url= https://fuseautotech.com/blog/dealership-business-model-the-future-of-automotive-retail# |title=Dealership Business Model: The Future of Automotive Retail |date=31 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220521175826/https://www.fuseautotech.com/blog/dealership-business-model-the-future-of-automotive-retail |archive-date=2022-05-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The first Ford dealer was opened by William L. Hughson in San Francisco in January 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://askus.thehenryford.org/researchguides/faq/210637 |title=Research Guide: First Ford Motor Company dealer |date=28 July 2025 |website=thehenryford.org |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> The first woman car dealer in the United States was Rachel "Mommy" Krouse who in 1903 opened her business, Krouse Motor Car Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Evening Bulletin |location=Philadelphia |title=Rachel Krouse |date=7 December 1953 |page=1 and 6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Evening Bulletin |location=Philadelphia |date=29 January 1954 |title=obituary: Rachel "Mommy" Krouse}}</ref>
Today, direct sales by an automaker to consumers are limited by most states in the U.S. through franchise laws that require new cars to be sold only by licensed and bonded, independently owned dealerships.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.americanbar.org/publications/franchise_lawyer/2013/summer_2013/has_traditional_automobile_franchise_system_run_out_gas.html |title=Has the Traditional Automobile Franchise System Run Out of Gas? |volume=16 |issue=3 |first=Roger M. |last=Quinland |journal=The Franchise Lawyer |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160514034137/http://www.americanbar.org/publications/franchise_lawyer/2013/summer_2013/has_traditional_automobile_franchise_system_run_out_gas.html |archive-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>
The number of car dealerships in the US peaked in 1927 at 53,125 and steadily decreased over the next decades. By 1960, there were 33,658 dealerships; by 1980, 23,379; and by 2001, 22,007.<ref name="Lafontaine" />
Car dealerships are usually franchised to sell and service vehicles by specific companies. They are often located on properties offering enough room to have buildings housing a showroom, mechanical service, and body repair facilities, as well as to provide storage for used and new vehicles. Many dealerships are located out of town or on the edge of town centers. An example of a traditional single proprietorship car dealership was Collier Motors in North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cotter |first=Tom |title=Former AMC Dealership Full of Cars |url= https://barnfinds.com/former-amc-dealership-full-cars/ |work=Barn Finds |date=22 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> Many modern dealerships are now part of corporate-owned chains with hundreds of locations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Sean |title=The Future of Car Shopping: Fewer Dealerships, More Consolidation |url= https://www.kbb.com/car-news/the-future-of-car-shopping-fewer-dealerships-national-chains/ |work=Kelley Blue Book |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> Dealership profits in the US mainly come from servicing, some from used cars, and little from new cars.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.nada.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=21474839497 |title=NADA Data 2015 the annual financial profile of new-car dealerships |pages=6–7 |publisher=National Automobile Dealers Association |date=2015 |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref>
Most automotive manufacturers have shifted the focus of their franchised retailers to branding and technology. New or refurbished facilities are required to have a standard look for their dealerships and have product experts to liaise with customers.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20140127/RETAIL07/301279961/new-bmw-stores-to-be-big-open-beige |title=New BMW stores to be big, open, beige}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20140505/RETAIL07/305059979/geniuses-smart-move-for-dealers-bmw-says |title=Geniuses smart move for dealers, BMW says}}</ref> Audi has experimented with a hi-tech showroom that allows customers to configure and experience cars on 1:1 scale digital screens.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ft.com/content/d13c6b1e-6e51-11e3-ac2a-00144feabdc0 |title=Online showrooms and digital dealerships revolutionise car buying|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140702121214/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d13c6b1e-6e51-11e3-ac2a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2xu0PgTZi |archive-date=2 July 2014|publisher=FT |first=Henry |last=Foy |date=29 December 2013 |accessdate=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/02/05/the-future-of-car-retailing/|title=The Future of Car Retailing |first=Sarwant |last=Singh |work=Forbes |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170429005716/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2014/02/05/the-future-of-car-retailing/ |archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> In markets where it is permitted, Mercedes-Benz opened city centre brand stores.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1662499-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |date=2 January 2014 |title=Mercedes-Benz growth strategy dominates 2013 |website=daimler.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108081607/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1662499-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>
Tesla, Inc. rejected the dealership sales model, claiming that dealerships do not properly explain the advantages of their cars over vehicles with an internal combustion engine, and thus they could not rely on third-party dealerships to handle their sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dealer or no dealer: Tesla's sales model under fire |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/10/8/dealer-or-no-dealerteslassalesmodelunderfire.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=america.aljazeera.com}}</ref> However, in the United States, direct manufacturer auto sales are prohibited in many states by franchise laws that requires new cars to be sold only by franchised dealers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/eag/246374.htm |title= Economic Effects of State Bans on Direct Manufacturer Sales to Car Buyers |first= Gerald R. |last= Bodisch |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=May 2009 |access-date=21 August 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150619181643/http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/eag/246374.htm |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> In response, Tesla operates city centre galleries where prospective customers can view their cars which can only be ordered online.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20140619/RETAIL07/140619836/tesla-sets-up-shop-in-dallas-minus-test-drives-and-sales |title=Tesla sets up shop in Dallas -- minus test-drives and sales}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.marketplace.org/2014/06/06/business/tesla-were-not-car-dealerships |title=Tesla: we're not car dealerships |date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160530214517/http://www.marketplace.org/2014/06/06/business/tesla-were-not-car-dealerships |archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> These stores were inspired by the Apple Stores.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tesla.com/blog/perfect-tesla-store|title=The Perfect Tesla Store |website=tesla.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140113/https://www.tesla.com/blog/perfect-tesla-store |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Tesla's model was the first of its kind, and has given them unique advantages as a new car company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_juice/2016/04/tesla_s_real_innovation_is_its_business_practices_not_its_electric_cars.html|title=Tesla's Real Innovation Isn't the Electric Car|first=Daniel|last=Gross|date=11 April 2016 |work=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140138/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_juice/2016/04/tesla_s_real_innovation_is_its_business_practices_not_its_electric_cars.html|archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>
===Economic theory=== In economic theory, car dealerships can be characterized as franchisees and automobile manufacturers as franchisors. A franchise relationship can be beneficial to both parties, as the franchisee can sell a well-made and attractive product while the franchisor can rely on the franchisee to incur downstream costs and use its local relationships to sell more products and services.<ref name="Lafontaine" />
The franchisor can act opportunistically by imposing constraints and burden on the franchisee after the latter has incurred sunk costs, such as investing in physical assets and building up a reputation with customers. The franchisor could for example require that cars be sold at low prices, and services be performed for little compensation. The franchisee could on the other hand act opportunistically by using its local monopoly to perform poor customer service, charge customers more, and pass those unnecessarily high costs to the franchisor.<ref name="Lafontaine" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=Inside the rise of 'stealerships' and the shady economics of car buying |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2022/08/30/1119715886/inside-the-rise-of-stealerships-and-the-shady-economics-of-car-buying}}</ref>
===Regulations that protect car dealers=== Car dealerships have lobbied for regulations that increase the survival and profitability of car dealerships:<ref name="Lafontaine" />
* By 2010, all US states had laws that prohibited manufacturers from side-stepping independent car dealers and selling cars to customers directly. * By 2009, most states imposed restrictions on the creation of new dealerships to compete with incumbent dealerships. * All states impose severe limits on the ability of a manufacturer to terminate a franchise relationship. * Most states prevent manufacturers from engaging in "quantity forcing" whereby manufacturers require that dealers purchase vehicles that they had not ordered. * Most states limit the ability of manufacturers to discriminate between car dealers (for example, by providing better terms to large car dealers with economies of scale or dealers that provide better customer service). * Many state laws impose upon manufacturers the precise terms under which they must compensate dealers for the costs associated with warranty repairs (these can incentivize dealers to increase the price of repairs to customers). * Most state laws require upon the termination of a dealership that manufacturers buy back the inventory, and special equipment and in some cases pay the rent of the dealer's facilities.
The issuance of new dealership licenses can be subject to geographical restriction; if there is already a dealership for a company in an area, no one else can open one. This has led to dealerships becoming in essence hereditary, with families running dealerships in an area since the original issuance of their license with no fear of competition or any need to prove qualification or consumer benefit (beyond proving they meet minimum legal standards), as franchises in most jurisdictions can only be withdrawn for illegal activity and no other reason.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mercatus.org/publications/regulation/state-franchise-law-carjacks-auto-buyers |title=State Franchise Law Carjacks Auto Buyers}}</ref>
====Criticism==== Economists have characterized these laws as a form of rent-seeking that extracts rents from manufacturers of cars and increases costs for consumers of cars while raising profits for car dealers.<ref name="Lafontaine" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=20 August 2015 |title=Death of a car salesman |magazine=The Economist |url= https://www.economist.com/business/2015/08/20/death-of-a-car-salesman |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=DePillis |first=Lydia |date=2017-06-01 |title=Auto dealerships are America's most powerful middlemen |url= https://www.chron.com/business/texanomics/article/Auto-dealerships-are-the-most-powerful-middlemen-11188891.php |website=chron.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Girotra |first1=Karan |last2=Netessine |first2=Serguei |date=21 March 2014 |title=The Fight Over Tesla Shows How Little Value Dealerships Add |magazine=Harvard Business Review |url= https://hbr.org/2014/03/tesla-and-drivers-want-to-know-what-value-do-car-dealerships-add |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Multiple studies have shown that regulations that protect car dealerships increase car costs for consumers and limit the profitability of manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mercatus.org/publications/regulation/auto-franchise-laws-restrict-consumer-choice-and-increase-prices |title=Auto Franchise Laws Restrict Consumer Choice and Increase Prices |first=Jerry |last=Ellig |first2=Jesse |last2=Martinez |date=30 March 2015 |work=Mercatus Center George Mason University |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>
This has led to consumer campaigns for establishment or reform, which have been met by huge lobbying efforts by franchise holders. New companies trying to enter the market, such as Tesla, have been restricted by this model and have either been forced out or been forced to work around the franchise model, facing constant legal pressure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |title=Car dealers are awful. It's time to kill the dumb laws that keep them in business. |url= https://www.vox.com/2014/10/26/6977315/buy-car-hassle-free |work=Vox |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref>
=== Electric vehicles === According to a 2023 survey by the Sierra Club, two-thirds of US car dealerships did not have electric or hybrid vehicles for sale.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=2023-05-12 |title=What two-thirds of car dealerships are missing in the US |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/12/23721484/electric-vehicles-ev-car-dealerships-united-states-sierra-club-survey |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> Reasons for this include supply chain difficulties,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Irfan |first=Umair |date=2023-05-08 |title=Why most car dealers still don't have any electric vehicles |url=https://www.vox.com/technology/23713040/ev-car-dealer-dealership-electric-sales-gm-ford-tesla-rivian |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> as well as a need for car dealers to make substantial investments in new employee training and infrastructure to be able to sell, service and maintain electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wayland |first=Michael |date=2023-01-28 |title=Carmakers face a crossroads as they work to fit auto dealers into their EV plans |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/28/ev-sales-automakers-dealers.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=CNBC }}</ref>
==Car dealerships in the European Union== {{Expand section|date=May 2023}} In the European Union, car manufacturers were permitted from 1985 to 2006 to enter into contracts with car dealerships that restricted what kinds of cars dealers were permitted to sell.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2001-09-05 |title=Car industry at the crossroads |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/car-industry-at-the-crossroads/ |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2006 |title=European car dealers win right to multi-francise [sic] |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/motors/european-car-dealers-win-right-to-multi-francise-1.1040413 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Car manufacturers were able "to impose qualitative, quantitative and geographical restrictions on supply by selling their cars only through a limited number of dealers bound by strict franchise agreements."<ref name=":1" /> In 2006, the European Commission determined that it was anti-competitive for car manufacturers to prohibit dealers from carrying multiple car brands.<ref name=":2" />
Car manufacturers in the European Union are increasingly shifting towards selling cars directly to customers without reliance on independent dealers. Volvo has announced plans to sell all vehicles directly to customers by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Peter |date=2021-03-02 |title=Volvo Cars to go all electric by 2030 as it shifts sales online |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/30bf1c69-e9d3-4410-aad3-cf0a343c14fc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Apeldoorn |first=Robert Van |date=2021-11-22 |title=Acheter sa voiture sur le net, une évolution qui pourrait bouleverser la vente via les concessionnaires |url=https://trends.levif.be/entreprises/acheter-sa-voiture-sur-le-net-une-evolution-qui-pourrait-bouleverser-la-vente-via-les-concessionnaires/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Trends-Tendances |language=fr-BE}}</ref>
==Multibrand car dealers== Multibrand and multi-maker car dealers sell cars from different and independent carmakers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpn/2006_2_33.pdf |title=Publications - European Commission |access-date=2015-03-22 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122632/http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpn/2006_2_33.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Some are specialized in electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2015/02/19/first-even-ev-store-opens-in-icelands-biggest-shopping-mall/ |title=First EVEN EV store opens in Iceland's biggest shopping mall|first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150406042203/http://www.autoblog.com/2015/02/19/first-even-ev-store-opens-in-icelands-biggest-shopping-mall/ |archive-date=6 April 2015}}</ref>
==Auto transport== Auto transport is used to move vehicles from the factory to the dealerships. This includes international and domestic shipping. It was largely a commercial activity conducted by manufacturers, dealers, and brokers. Internet use has encouraged this niche service to expand and reach the general consumer marketplace.
==See also== {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * Auto auction * Auto row * Automaker * Car broker * Car rental * List of auto dealership and repair shop buildings * Showroom * Used car {{div col end}}
===Organizations=== {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * Carfax * Kelley Blue Book * Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India (FADA) * National Automobile Dealers Association * Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Genat |first=Robert |title=The American Car Dealership |publisher=Motorbooks International |year=2004 |isbn=9780760319345}}
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