Caparison

{{short description|Cloth covering laid over a horse or other animal for protection and decoration}} {{About|the covering laid over an animal|the guitar company|Caparison Guitars|the caparisoned horse in military funerals|Riderless horse}}

{{Refimprove|date=June 2020}} [[File:René d'Anjou Livre des tournois France Provence XVe siècle Barthélemy d'Eyck.jpg|thumb|246x246px|The Dukes of Brittany (left) and Bourbon on caparisoned horses at a tournament fight (1460s), from ''Le Livre des tournois'' by Barthélemy d'Eyck]] A '''caparison''' is a cloth covering laid over a horse or other animal for protection and decoration. In modern times, they are used mainly in parades and for historical reenactments. A similar term is '''horse-trapper'''.<ref>[https://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1479927 Trapper sold at Christie's] </ref> The word is borrowed from French, and ultimately derives from the Medieval Latin {{Lang|la|caparo}}, meaning a cape.<ref>{{cite web|title=caparison (n.)|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=caparison%09&allowed_in_frame=0|accessdate=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324211817/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=caparison%09&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History== [[Image:Picador.JPG|thumb|left|Picador on a caparisoned horse at a bullfight|220x220px]]In antiquity, a "magnificently caparisoned horse" takes a central place in a vision reported in the deutero-canonical text, {{bibleverse|2|Maccabees|3:25|NRSV}}, which prevents the Seleucid emissary Heliodorus from a planned assault on the Jewish temple treasury in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cline |first1=Eric H. |title=Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel |date=10 March 2010 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=76 |isbn=978-0-472-02537-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJVFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Middle Ages, caparisons were part of the horse armour known as barding, which was worn during battle and tournaments. They were adopted in the twelfth century in response to conditions of campaigning in the Crusades, where local armies employed archers, both on foot and horse, in large quantities. The covering might not completely protect the horse against the arrows but it could deflect and lessen their damage.

An early depiction of a knight's horse wearing a caparison may be seen on the small Carlton-in-Lindrick knight figurine from the late 12th century. Modern re-enactment tests have shown that a loose caparison protects the horse reasonably well against arrows, especially if combined with a gambeson-like undercloth underneath. Medieval caparisons were frequently embroidered with the coat of arms of the horse's rider.

In 1507, a horse disguised as a unicorn at the tournament of the Wild Knight and the Black Lady in Edinburgh had a caparison of black and white damask lined with canvas.<ref>James Balfour Paul, ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), p. 257.</ref> Mary, Queen of Scots, gave Lord Darnley a caparison made of gold and silver cloth in September 1566.<ref>Joseph Robertson, ''Inventaires'' (Edinburgh, 1863), pp. 42, 167.</ref> A caparison made of red taffeta for the horse of James VI of Scotland in June 1591 may have been intended for a masque performed at Tullibardine Castle.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', ''Medieval English Theatre 43'' (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), p. 118.</ref> Velvet caparisons lined with buckram were made for Henrietta Maria and her gentlewomen in 1630s.<ref>Arthur MacGregor, 'Horsegear, Vehicles and Stable Equipment', ''Archaeological Journal 153'' (1997), pp. 176, 195.</ref>

In the Indian state of Kerala, elephants are decorated during temple festivals. They wear a distinctive golden head covering called a ''nettipattam'', which is often translated into English as an elephant caparison. However, it covers only the head, not the body, as in a horse caparison.

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713184451/http://larsdatter.com/caparisons.htm Caparisons in 13th–17th century illustrations and artwork] * [https://www.wga.hu/html_m/s/spiering/swedish2.html A caparison made for the wedding-celebration of Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, 1621] * [https://coblaith.net/Heraldry/Manesse/barding.html#bardtable2/ Caparisons in the 14th-century German] – ''Codex Manesse''

Category:Animal armour Category:Horse protective equipment Category:Horse ornamentation Category:Barding