{{Short description|Ancient Roman military boot}} {{For|the Latin Rite liturgical garment|Liturgical stockings}} {{Distinguish|text=the Roman Emperor Caligula}} {{Italics title}} {{RomanMilitary}} thumb|A reproduction of a Roman ''caliga'' [[File:Caligae with nails.jpg|thumb|From below, showing hobnails]] '''''Caligae''''' (Latin; {{singular}}: {{lang|la|caliga}}) are heavy-soled hobnailed military sandal-boots that were worn as standard issue by Roman legionary foot-soldiers and auxiliaries, including cavalry.
==History== [[File:Caliga Qasr Ibrim.jpg|left|thumb|An original {{lang|la|caliga}} found at Qasr Ibrim, Egypt, {{circa}} 1st century BC – 1st century AD]] ''Caligae'' ({{singular}}: ''caliga'') are heavy-duty, thick-soled openwork boots, with hobnailed soles. They were worn by the lower ranks of Roman cavalrymen and foot-soldiers, and possibly by some centurions.<ref name=Gilliam1946>{{cite journal |last1=Gilliam |first1=J. F. |title=Milites Caligati |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |date=1946 |volume=77 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.2307/283455 |jstor=283455 }}</ref> A durable association of ''caligae'' with the common soldiery is evident in the latter's description as ''caligati'' ("booted ones").<ref name=Goldman1994>{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Norma |chapter=Roman footwear |pages=101–129 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxGPLju4KEkC&pg=PA101 |editor1-last=Sebesta |editor1-first=Judith Lynn |editor2-last=Bonfante |editor2-first=Larissa |editor2-link=Larissa Bonfante |title=The World of Roman Costume |date=1994 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-13854-7 }}</ref>
In the early 1st century AD, the soldiery affectionately nicknamed the two- or three-year-old Gaius "''caligula''" ("little boot"), because he wore a diminutive soldier's outfit, complete with small ''caligae''.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#9 Suetonius, ''The Lives of Twelve Caesars'', Life of Caligula 9.]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malloch |first1=S J V |title=Gaius' Persecution of the nobiles. A Study in the Politics of Memory and Nomenclature |journal=Athenaeum |date=2009 |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=489–506 |oclc=506184150 }}</ref>
Occasionally, hobnailed ''caligae'' must have proved inconvenient, especially on hard surfaces; Josephus describes the killing of a ''caliga''-shod Roman centurion who had slipped on the Temple of Jerusalem's marble floor during an attack.<ref name=Gilliam1946/> Nevertheless, the design of the ''caliga'' allowed for its adjustment, which would have helped reduce chafing; it probably made an "ideal marching boot",<ref name="van Driel-Murray 2001">{{cite journal |last1=van Driel-Murray |first1=Carol |title=Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear |journal=Britannia |date=2001 |volume=32 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.2307/526955 |jstor=526955 |s2cid=39749356 |pmid=19681218 }}</ref> and "the thunderous sound of an attack by a hobnailed army (''caligati'') must have been terrifying".<ref name=Goldman1994/> Indeed, the Tannaim (Jewish sages or Chazal) of Roman Judea limited their community's use of ''caligae'' in response to an instance when many Jews in hiding had misinterpreted their sound as that of approaching Romans and were killed in the resultant stampede (see Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 60a).
''Caligae'' would have been cooler on the march than enclosed boots. In warm, Mediterranean climates, this may have been an advantage. In northern Britain's cold, wet climate, additional woven socks or raw wool wadding in winter may have helped insulate the feet, but ''caligae'' seemed to have been abandoned there by the end of the 2nd century AD, in favour of civilian-style "closed boots" (''carbatinae'').<ref name="van Driel-Murray 2001"/> By the late 4th century, this seems to have applied throughout the Empire. The emperor Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices (301) includes set prices for footwear described as ''caligae'', but with no hobnails, made for civilian men, women and children.<ref name=Goldman1994/>
==Design and manufacture== The caliga's midsole and the openwork upper were cut from a single piece of high quality cow or ox-hide. An outsole was fastened to the mid-sole, using clinching hobnails, usually of iron but occasionally bronze. The turned-back clinching nail ends were covered by an insole. Like all Roman footwear, the ''caliga'' was flat-soled. It was laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville believed that the name "''caliga''" derived from the Latin ''callus'' ("hard leather"), or else from the fact that the boot was laced or tied on (''ligere''). Strapwork styles varied from maker to maker and region to region. The placement of hobnails is less variable; they were positioned to give optimal grip and foot-support, much like a modern sports shoe. At least one provincial manufacturer of army ''caligae'' has been identified by name.<ref name=Goldman1994/>
==See also== *List of shoe styles *Calceus *Soccus *Roman roads *Ho Chi Minh sandals
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623220048/http://www.legiotricesima.org/campusMartis/MakingCaligae/MakingAuthenticCaligae.html Making Authentic Caligae] at Legio Tricesima.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120617035334/http://s2.hubimg.com/u/345765_f520.jpg Image of Caligae]
{{footwear}} {{Historical clothing}} Category:Ancient Roman legionary equipment Category:Ancient Roman military clothing Category:Sandals Category:Historical footwear Category:Military boots Category:Shoes