{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Short description|Movement encouraging black people to embrace their African heritage and culture}} {{Use American English|date=March 2024}} {{About|the cultural movement|the LGBT movement|Black gay pride|the political slogan and US movement|Black power}}{{Black Power sidebar}} {{African American topics sidebar}}
'''Black pride''' is a movement that encourages black people to celebrate their respective cultures and embrace their African heritage.
In the United States, it initially developed for African-American culture<ref name="Tyson2001">{{cite book|author=Lois Tyson|title=Learning for a Diverse World: Using Critical Theory to Read and Write about Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNe_wvUh3ewC&pg=PA209|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8153-3774-4|pages=208–209|quote=Because the dominant white culture in America treated African Americans as subalterns rather than full American citizens and full human beings, the black pride movement encouraged black Americans to look to Africa for their cultural origins.}}</ref> and was a direct response to white racism, especially during the civil rights movement.<ref name="Glasker2009">{{cite book|author=Wayne C. Glasker|title=Black Students in the Ivory Tower: African American Student Activism at the University of Pennsylvania, 1967-1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25VDW0nJQ28C&pg=PA28|date=1 June 2009|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-55849-756-6|page=28|quote=In 1966 the Black Power-black nationalist-black pride movements emerged as equal and opposite reactions to white racism as a reaction of the biracial civil rights movement.}}</ref> Stemming from the idea of black power, this movement emphasizes racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-25 |title=Black Power |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> Related movements include black power, black nationalism,<ref name="Glasker2009" /> and Afrocentrism.
==Arts and music== ===Brazil=== The black pride movement is very popular in Brazil, especially among poorer members of the country's population, and it is found in the Brazilian funk music genre which arose in the late 1960s, as well as in funk carioca, which emerged in the late 1980s. The origin of Brazilian funk and the origin of funk carioca both reflect Brazilian black resistance. Ethnomusicologist George Yúdice states that youths who embraced a black culture which was being mediated by a U.S. culture industry were met with many arguments against their susceptibility to cultural colonization. Although it borrows some ingredients from hip hop, its style still remains unique to Brazil (mainly Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo).<ref>{{Harvnb|Yúdice|1994}}</ref>
===United States=== Black pride is a major theme in some works by African American popular musicians. Civil Rights Movement era songs such as The Impressions's hit songs "We're a Winner"<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kkcmS0AzMEC&q=We%27re+a+Winner+black+pride&pg=PA141 | title=Chicago Soul | publisher=University of Illinois Press | author=Pruter, Robert | year=1991 | location=Champaign, IL | isbn=0-252-06259-0}}</ref> and "Keep on Pushing"<ref name="music">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xCFuu_YadAC&q=We%27re+a+Winner+black+pride&pg=PA237 | title=Music Cultures in the United States: An Introduction | publisher=Routledge | author=Koskoff, Ellen | year=2005 | location=New York | isbn=0-415-96589-6}}</ref> and James Brown's "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"<ref name="music" /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0r7uKMMFBUEC&q=We're%20a%20Winner%20black%20pride&pg=PA67 | title=The Blues Man: 40 Years with the Blues Legends | publisher=AuthorHouse | author=Jones, Melvyn "Deacon" | year=2008 | location=Bloomington, IN | isbn=978-1-4343-7571-1}}</ref> celebrated black pride. Beyoncé's half-time performance at Super Bowl 50, which included homages to Malcolm X and the Black Panthers, has been described by the media as a display of black pride.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-formation-essay-6873899/ | title=Why Are People Suddenly Afraid of Beyonce's Black Pride? | magazine=Billboard | date=10 February 2016 | access-date=11 February 2016 | author=Ex, Kris}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2016/0208/Beyonce-s-black-pride-moment-at-the-Super-Bowl | title=Beyoncé's black pride moment at the Super Bowl | work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=11 February 2016 | author=Gass, Henry}}</ref>
Dating back to the 1960s, there was a push for people of color to be heard. Artists, like James Brown, won over the respect of the United States through their art and music. Creating movements like "Black is Beautiful," a movement where the features of black women were highlighted in picture form, allowed black people to emphasize their beauty and further emphasize the idea of Black Pride.<ref>{{Cite web |title=21st Century Black Pride {{!}} Youth Collaboratory |url=https://www.youthcollaboratory.org/news/21st-century-black-pride |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=www.youthcollaboratory.org}}</ref>
==Beauty and fashion== ===Jamaica=== Black pride has been a central theme of the originally Jamaican Rastafari movement since the second half of the 20th century. It has been described as "a rock in the face of expressions of white superiority,"<ref>{{cite news |title=Rastafari and slavery |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/history/slavery.shtml |work=BBC |date=2009}}</ref> being promoted by national figures like Marcus Garvey as self-empowering.<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Lesroy W. |title=RASTAFARIANISM: ONE LOVE, ONE HEART, ONE PEOPLE |url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/rastafarianism-one-love-one-heart-one-people/ |work=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |date=6 June 2008 |location=Basseterre}}</ref> Dreadlocks became prominent and, according to Jesuit priest Joseph Owens, represented "refusal to depart from the ancient, natural way". However, American author and activist Alice Walker claims conservatives saw the movement's style as "not just disgusting, but down-right frightening".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Dianne |author-link=Dinah Johnson |title="She's Grown Dreadlocks": The Fiction of Angela Johnson |journal=World Literature Today |date=2004 |volume=78 |issue=3/4 |page=76 |doi=10.2307/40158506 |publisher=University of Oklahoma |jstor=40158506 |issn=0196-3570 |oclc=60619315}}</ref>
===United States=== Beauty standards are a major theme of black pride. Black pride was represented in slogans such as "black is beautiful"<ref name="Jha2015">{{cite book|author=Meeta Jha|title=The Global Beauty Industry: Colorism, Racism, and the National Body|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fWPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|date=16 September 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-55795-1|page=46}}</ref><ref name="Hurst2015">{{cite book|editor1=José Blanco F.|editor3=Patricia Kay Hunt-Hurst|editor4=Heather Vaughan Lee|editor2=Mary Doering|title=Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA52|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-310-3|page=52}}</ref> which challenged white beauty standards.<ref name="Rooks1996">{{cite book|author=Noliwe M. Rooks|title=Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCQbqC3lQnEC|year=1996|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-2312-5}}</ref> Prior to the black pride movement, the majority of black people straightened their hair or wore wigs.<ref name="Hurst2015" /> The return to natural hair styles such as the afro, cornrows, and dreadlocks were seen as expressions of black pride.<ref name="Hurst2015" /><ref name="Rooks1996" /><ref name="Craig">{{cite book|author=Maxine Leeds Craig|title=Ain't I a Beauty Queen? : Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y5SKe325PUC&pg=PA152|date=24 May 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803255-7}}</ref><ref name="Sherrow2006">{{cite book|author=Victoria Sherrow|title=Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA19|date=January 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33145-9}}</ref>
In the 1960s to 1970s, kente cloth and the Black Panthers uniform were worn in the U.S. as expressions of black pride.<ref name="Hurst2015" /> Headscarves were sometimes worn by Nation of Islam and other Black Muslim Movement members as an expression of black pride and a symbol of faith.<ref name="Craig" /> Other women used scarves with African prints to cover their hair.<ref name="Hurst2015" />
Maxine Leeds Craig argues that all-black beauty pageants such as Miss Black America were institutionalized forms of black pride created in response to exclusion from white beauty pageants.<ref name="Craig" />
==See also== *Afrocentrism *Black Arts Movement *{{anl|Black Consciousness Movement}} *{{anl|Black genocide}} *{{anl|Double consciousness}} *{{anl|White pride}}
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== *{{citation|last= Yúdice |first= George |author-link= George Yúdice |chapter= The Funkification of Rio |title= Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture |editor1-last= Ross |editor1-first= Andrew |editor2-first= Tricia |editor2-last= Rose |pages= 193–220 |place= London |publisher= Routledge |year= 1994 |isbn= 978-0-415-90907-5 }}
{{African American topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Pride}} Category:African-American culture Category:Black Power Category:Identity politics Category:Politics and race Category:Pride Category:Anti-racism in the United States