{{Short description|French colloquial term describing people whose parents immigrated from the Maghreb}} {{Other uses}} {{more citations needed|date=April 2011}} {{Italic title}} '''''Beur''''' ({{IPA|fr|bœʁ|pron}}), or alternatively '''''rebeu''''', is a colloquial term, sometimes considered pejorative, in French to designate European-born people whose parents or grandparents are immigrants from the Maghreb.<ref>[http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french-english/beur/8912 Beur] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721205639/http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french-english/beur/8912 |date=July 21, 2011 }}. Larousse Dictionary. Accessed 2011-04-25</ref> The equivalent term for a female ''beur'' is a '''''beurette'''''. However, the term ''beurette'' is condemned and criticized by several anti-racist organizations because of the xenophobic and degrading connotation that this word has taken on over the decades (in particular because of the fetishization of North African women in France as well as an insult stemming from colonialism.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-11-21 |title=Oui, "beurette" est une insulte |url=https://www.meltingbook.com/oui-beurette-insulte/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=MeltingBook |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-05 |title=Salima Tenfiche : " Le terme "beurette" montre que le corps des femmes arabes est le dernier territoire de conquête coloniale " |url=https://www.causette.fr/societe/en-france/salima-tenfiche-le-terme-beurette-montre-que-le-corps-des-femmes-arabes-est-le-dernier-territoire-de-conquete-coloniale/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=" Le mot "Beurette", c'était le symbole de l'intégration républicaine avant d'être une insulte " - Radio Nova |url=https://www.nova.fr/news/le-mot-beurette-cetait-le-symbole-de-lintegration-republicaine-avant-detre-une-insulte-141965-17-05-2021/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website= |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Et si on arrêtait d'employer le mot " beurette " ? - URBANIA FR |url=https://urbania.fr/article/et-si-on-arretait-demployer-le-mot-beurette |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=urbania.fr |language=fr}}</ref> The term ''rebeu'' is neither applicable to females nor does it have a female version.
== Use == The word ''beur'' was coined using verlan for the word ''arabe'', which means Arabic or Arab in French. Since the late 1990s, many young people have used the twice-verlanised term ''rebeu'' as a synonym. This term is now the dominant term used by the younger generations (under 30). The word ''beurette'', the female version of ''beur'', is created by adding the -ette female suffix in French. In French many slang words are created by simply reversing the syllables in a word and then reading the result (e.g. "femme" becomes "meuf" in verlan. The word ''beurgeois'' is derived from a combination of the words ''beur'' and ''bourgeois''.
The term is mostly used in French-speaking European countries ― France, Belgium, Monaco, Luxembourg and Switzerland ― as well as in the Maghreb. Due to cultural integration between such peoples across Europe, the term is now popular in other parts of Europe with a large Maghrebi community, such as the UK, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Since 1992, the BEUR.FM radio station has broadcast nationwide (106.7 FM in Paris).<ref>[http://www.beurfm.net/ BEUR.FM]. Accessed 2012-01-11</ref>
==See also== *Maghrebis *Maghrebi communities of Paris *Berbers in France *Arabs in France *Arabs in Europe *Maghrebi Jews *Pied-Noir *Demographics of France *Arab diaspora *''Neuilly sa mère !''
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * Nora Barsali, François Freland and Anne-Marie Vincent (Hg.): ''Générations Beurs. Français à part entière''. Éditions Autrement 2003 * Philippe Bernard: ''La crème des beurs. De l'immigration à l'intégration''. Seuil 2004 * Hafid Gafaïti (Hg.): ''Cultures transnationales de France. Des «Beurs» aux… ?'' L'Harmattan 2001
On Beur Literature: * Alec G. Hargreaves: ''La littérature beur: Un guide bio-bibliographique''. CELFAN Edition Monographs, New Orleans 1992 * Alec G. Hargreaves: ''Voices from the North African Immigrant Community in France. Immigration and Identity in Beur Fiction''. Berg, New York/ Oxford 1991/1997 * Michel Laronde: ''Autour du roman beur. Immigration et identité''. L'Harmattan 1993 * Laura Reeck: ''Writerly Identities in Beur Fiction and Beyond''. Lexington Books 2011
==External links== {{Wiktionary|Beur}} * [https://blogs.eui.eu/grase/beurettes-genealogy-of-a-contemporary-insult-gender-and-race-matters-in-france/ ‘Beurettes’, genealogy of a contemporary insult. Gender and race matters in France.] by the Gender, Race & Sexuality (GRaSe) Working Group, an interdisciplinary working group at the European University Institute (EUI) {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20201128174732/https://blogs.eui.eu/grase/beurettes-genealogy-of-a-contemporary-insult-gender-and-race-matters-in-france/|date=28 Nov 2020}} * [https://archive.today/20121204155732/http://beurgeoisie.fr/ La Beurgeoisie] The French website for successful "Beurs".
{{Immigration to France}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Society of France Category:French words and phrases Category:French people of Arab descent Category:Arabs in France Category:North African diaspora in France