{{Short description|Japanese performers who provided live narration for silent films}} [[File:Musei_Tokugawa_1.JPG|thumb|220px|Musei Tokugawa, famous benshi]] {{Nihongo||弁士|'''Benshi'''}} were Japanese performers who provided live narration for silent films (both Japanese films and Western films). ''Benshi'' are sometimes called {{Nihongo||活動弁士|katsudō-benshi}} or {{Nihongo||活弁|katsuben}}.<ref>All these forms are abbreviations of {{Nihongo||活動写真弁士|katsudō-shashin-benshi}}, where {{Nihongo||活動写真|katsudō-shashin}} means "moving pictures", i.e., an old term for films, and {{Nihongo||弁士|benshi}} is an orator or public speaker; see {{Cite encyclopedia |title=katsuben |script-title=ja:活弁 |encyclopedia={{Nihongo|広辞苑|Kōjien}} | edition = 5th | publisher = {{Nihongo|岩波書店|Iwanami shoten}} | year = 2000 |language=Japanese |postscript = ;}} {{Cite encyclopedia |title=benshi |script-title=ja:弁士 |language=Japanese |encyclopedia = {{Nihongo3|New Japanese-English Dictionary|新和英大辞典|Shin-waei-daijiten}} | edition = 5th | publisher = {{Nihongo|研究社|Kenkyūsha}} | year = 2004}}</ref>
==Role== The earliest films available for public display were produced by Western studios, portraying brief scenes of everyday life, often less than a minute long. The first {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} were thus hired to provide greater value for the high ticket prices charged by theaters relative to other public entertainment, while also giving technical and cultural context to the audience. The operation of the projector itself would be described before the showing, and then explanations of Western culture would accompany the film with the {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} standing to the side of the screen. This commentary was as much part of the theater-going experience as the film itself. In one instance, a {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} was able to avoid government censorship of ''The Kiss'' by describing kissing in Western culture to be as casual a greeting as a pat on the back.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Benshi and the Introduction of Motion Pictures to Japan|journal=Monumenta Nipponica|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2668250|last=Dym|first=Jeffery|volume=55|pages=509–536|issue=4|doi=10.2307/2668250|year=2000|jstor=2668250 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> As film plots became longer and more complex, {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} often spoke for the characters on-screen in theatrical style and played multiple roles. Stemming from the traditions of {{Transliteration|ja|kabuki}}, {{Transliteration|ja|noh}} and {{Transliteration|ja|bunraku}} theaters, the {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}}'s narration and general commentary were an important part of the Japanese silent film experience. The {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} also provided translation for foreign (mostly American) movies.<ref>Standish, Isolde. ''A New History of Japanese Cinema: A Century of Narrative Film''. New York: Continuum, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8264-1709-4}}</ref>
Much like in the West, Japanese silent films were often accompanied by live music (in addition to the {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}}). However, unlike Western films, which tended to have a theatre organ as accompaniment, Japanese films had a score which supported the traditional Japanese instruments of a {{Transliteration|ja|kabuki}} play. Since {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} performed without external amplification, they had to carefully coordinate with the orchestra to be heard. At that time, theaters typically seated 1000, so a trademark of successful {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} was the ability to project their voices into large spaces.<ref>Dym, Jeffery (2008). ''A Brief History of Benshi (Silent Film Narrators)''. {{cite web |url=http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/a_brief_history_of_benshi |title=About Japan: A Teacher's Resource | Japan Society |accessdate=2008-04-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504044648/http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/a_brief_history_of_benshi |archivedate=2008-05-04 }}</ref>
Famous {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} active in the silent era include Musei Tokugawa (at the Aoikan and Musashinokan theaters), Saburō Somei (at the Denkikan), Rakuten Nishimura, Raiyū Ikoma (at the Teikokukan), Mitsugu Ōkura, and Shirō Ōtsuji.
== Influence on film aesthetic == As the film industry and art form developed in Japan, the presence of a ''benshi'' came to be part of the film. Benshi read the intertitles on silent films and voiced all on-screen characters. Perhaps most significantly for filmmakers, ''benshi'' would add their own commentary, explaining what was happening in a shot or describing what had happened in confusing edits or sudden transitions. Some ''benshi'' were known to interpret and add to a script, for example reciting poetry to accompany a moving visual.
In addition, it was traditional for the ''benshi'' to introduce the film, even giving a brief lecture about the history of the setting. This meant that filmmakers could assume that a live narrator, accustomed to improvisation, would be present at the showing to explain scenes or even explain missing scenes or unfilmed action.
Perhaps because most early Japanese films were simply ''kabuki'' plays adapted to film, the characterization style ''benshi'' performed roles strongly influenced by the narrators in ''kabuki'' or a ''noh'' chorus—a grave, dramatic, exaggerated style. Due to the influence of ''kabuki'', audiences were not distracted by a single ''benshi'' voicing male and female roles, regardless of the gender of the ''benshi''.
== Influence on film industry == In 1927, there were 6,818 ''benshi'', including 180 women.<ref>Cook, David A. (1990). ''A History of Narrative Film'', New York: W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-95553-2}}.</ref> Many ''benshi'' were famous in their own right and garnered great acclaim. The presence of a ''benshi'' was the aspect of the film presentation that drew in the audience, more so than the actors appearing in the film, and promotional posters would frequently include a photo of the ''benshi'' announcing the movie.
The silent film era lasted until the mid-1930s in Japan in part due to ''benshi'', despite the introduction of sound in full-length films in the late 1920s. The adoption of this new technology was slowed by the popularity and influence of the ''benshi'' (in addition to the high costs to the cinemas and production companies). Though the tradition has mostly faded, there are a few remaining active ''benshi'' in Japan (e.g., Midori Sawato).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubio |first1=Daniel |title=“Benshi” Sawato Midori: The Voice of Silent Film in Japan |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/people/e00210/benshi-sawato-midori-the-voice-of-silent-film-in-japan.html |work=nippon.com |publisher=Nippon Communications Foundation |date=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pau |first1=Josephine |title=Silent Film Reinvented: The Art of the Benshi 2024 World Tour |url=https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/news/80784 |work=Waseda University |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
=== Today === In Kayo Hatta's 1995 American film ''Picture Bride'', Toshirō Mifune plays a small role as a {{Transliteration|ja|benshi}} who travels to sugar cane plantations in Hawaii during the early 20th century, and Masayuki Suo's 2019 Japanese film ''Talking the Pictures'' features an aspiring benshi who uses the art of ''benshi'' to distract audiences while his accomplices rob them, finally gets the opportunity to become a real ''benshi''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=Mal |title=''PICTURE BRIDE'' Has Winning Simplicity |url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1995/vp950530/05270069.htm |work=THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT |publisher=Landmark Communications |date=30 May 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kiang |first1=Jessica |title=Film Review: ‘Talking the Pictures’ |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/talking-the-pictures-review-1203360349/ |work=Variety |publisher=Penske Media |date=5 October 2019}}</ref>
The art of the ''benshi'' has seen a renaissance in recent years with modern-day ''benshi'' Ichiro Kataoka (片岡一郎), Kumiko Omori, and Hideyuki Yamashiro participating in a world tour in 2024, performing in half a dozen cities across the United States and Japan in a collaboration between the Yanai Initiative, Waseda University, and the University of California, Los Angeles. Their slate of 28 films included the recently rediscovered Japanese American silent film ''The Oath of the Sword''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brenner |first1=Sean |title=‘Art of the Benshi’ tour will showcase century-old Japanese film tradition |url=https://humanities.ucla.edu/news/art-of-benshi-tour-japanese-film-tradition/ |work=UCLA Humanities |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles |date=1 February 2024}}</ref>
== Benshi in other cultures == * The ''benshi'' tradition was adopted in Taiwan under the name ''piansu'' ({{lang-zh|c=辯士|poj=piān-sū}}). * ''Benshi'' were present in Korea from the first decade of the twentieth century, where they were called ''byeonsa'' (변사).<ref>Maliangkay, Roald H. [http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm "Classifying Performances: The Art of Korean Film Narrators"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416135320/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm |date=April 16, 2007 }}. ''Image and Narrative: Online Magazine of the Visual Narrative'', Issue 10 (March 2005). ISSN 1780-678X. Accessed 12 April 2009.</ref>
== New benshi practices == The underlying concept of benshi, live narration of film, continues to work its way into performance practices. The actual practice of "benshi" is most commonly referenced in relation to live film narration largely due to it having been and when the practice was more formalized and financed. As evidenced by the (above) listings of "benshi" in other cultures, the art of cinema accompanied by a live performer was as international then as it is now.
There are groups in the United States seeking to revive this form and to continue exploring the possibilities of altering the form in the spirit of experimentation from which the practice emerged.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Likewise, new attempts to subvert traditional notions of storytelling and film watching are underway. Some performers interject commentary into films, drawing from a century of social critique, often presenting popular films along with new dialog and narrative intended to juxtapose their ideas with those of the audience. While some have adopted the term "Neo-Benshi", other performers have chosen to adopt the title "movieteller" as an alternative. They believe it emphasizes the multicultural past and future(s) of the form, while inviting further experimentation with the medium, such as a live narration of one's own films, the implementation of instruments as narrative devices, or any instance where a human contingent mediates between an audience and an image.
== Modern benshi == * Enju (縁寿) - formerly known as Yuko Saito * Ichirō Kataoka (片岡一郎) * Kumiko Omori (大森くみこ) * Midori Sawato * Hirono Yamada (山田広野) * Vanilla Yamazaki * Asoko Yata (麻生子八咫)
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | first =Geoffrey | last =Nowell-Smith | year = 1996 | title = The Oxford History of World Cinema | url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof | url-access =registration | edition = | pages = | location = | isbn = 0-19-874242-8 }} *{{cite book | first =Jeffrey A. | last =Dym |date=August 2003 | title = Benshi, Japanese Silent Film Narrators, and their Forgotten Narrative Art of Setsumei A History of Japanese Silent Film Narration | edition = | publisher = Edwin Mellen Press | location = | isbn = 0-7734-6648-7 }} *{{cite book | first =Michael | last =Emmerich |date=August 2024 | title = World of the Benshi | url = https://openlibrary.org/books/OL51126717M/World_of_the_Benshi | edition = | publisher = Yanai Initiative | location = | isbn = 9798989932405 }} {{refend}}
==External links== * "[http://www.altx.com/interzones/kino2/benshi.html The Benshi Tradition: Cinema = Performance]" by Tosh Berman (1995) * {{cite web|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/Detail/detail.do?LOCALID=ART0008702406&lang=en|title=The Benshi's New Face: Defining Cinema in Taisho Japan|accessdate=2009-05-29|last=Gerow|first=A. A.|year=1994|work=Iconics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810233817/http://ci.nii.ac.jp/Detail/detail.do?LOCALID=ART0008702406&lang=en|archive-date=2010-08-10|url-status=dead}} *[http://www.midnighteye.com/features/silentfilm_pt2.shtml Introduction to Japanese silent cinema with an interview from a modern-day benshi] * [http://www.matsudafilm.com/matsuda/b_pages/b_je.html List of Performing ''benshi''] from [http://www.matsudafilm.com/index_e.html Matsuda Film Productions] * {{cite web|url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm |title=Classifying Performances: The Art of Korean Film Narrators |accessdate=2007-05-04 |last=Maliangkay |first=Roald H. |date=March 2005 |work=Image & Narrative |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416135320/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm |archivedate=2007-04-16 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://tlweb.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr1100/jdfr11g.htm|title=Dancing shadows of film exhibition: Taiwan and the Japanese influence|accessdate=2014-04-29|last=Deslandes}} {{Authority control}} * https://www.matsudafilm.com/matsuda/e_pages/e_ee.html Category:Benshi Category:History of cinema in Japan Category:People of the silent film era Category:Entertainment occupations