Belgitude

{{Short description|Idea of Belgian Culture}} {{distinguish|Belgicism (disambiguation){{!}}Belgicism}} {{Multiple issues| {{Essay-like|date=May 2021}} {{Original research|date=May 2021}} }} [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|National flag of Belgium]]

'''{{lang|fr|Belgitude}}''' ({{IPA|fr|bɛlʒityd}}; {{lit|Belgianness}}) is a term used loosely to express the typical Belgian soul and identity, often with a so-called keen sense of self-mockery that characterises its population.<ref name=bainbrigge></ref> Originating from a perceived lack of common identity among the different communities, regions and language areas of Belgium,<ref name="Jeanine Treffers-Daller 1994"></ref> the neologism was coined in the 1970s and 1980s<ref name=bainbrigge>{{cite book|last=Bainbrigge|first=Susan|title=Culture and identity in Belgian francophone writing: dialogue, diversity and displacement|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03-911382-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXY9keniD1UC&q=Belgitude&pg=PA18|accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> by allusion to the concept of ''négritude'' about feeling black, expressed among others by Léopold Sédar Senghor.<ref name="Senghor">{{cite journal |last1=Senghor |first1=Léopold Sédar |title=Problématique de la Négritude |journal=Présence Africaine |date=1971 |volume=78 |issue=2 |page=5|doi=10.3917/presa.078.0003 }}</ref> It has since gained in popularity and has primarily been used to describe typical or unique aspects of Belgian culture.

==Context== [[File: Map Gallia Tribes Towns.png|thumb|right|''Gallia Belgica'' at the time of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 54 BCE]]

Contrary to most other countries, Belgians have a mixed feeling towards their identity as one people.<ref name="Jeanine Treffers-Daller 1994">Jeanine Treffers-Daller, ''Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective'' (Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 25.</ref> This is a result of being occupied by many foreign European powers throughout the centuries, which led to somewhat of an inferiority complex about their status and power in the world. The regions known today as Belgium were conquered by Romans, Franks, Burgundy, Spain, Austria, the French and finally the Netherlands before becoming independent in 1830.<ref name="Morelli">Anne Morelli, ''Les grands mythes de l'histoire de Belgique, de Flandre et de Wallonie'', Evo-histoire, 1995, Bruxelles, {{p.|10}}</ref> Even then, they were occupied again by German forces during World War I and World War II.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dumoulin |first=Michel |title=L'Entrée dans le XX<sup>e</sup> Siècle, 1905–1918 |trans-title=The Beginning of the XX Century, from 1905–1918 |series=Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique |year=2010 |publisher=Le Cri édition |location=Brussels |isbn=978-2-8710-6545-6 |edition=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kossmann |first=E. H. |author-link=Ernst Kossmann |title=The Low Countries, 1780–1940 |year=1978 |series=Oxford History of Modern Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-19-822108-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacquemyns|first1=Guillaume|last2=Struye|first2=Paul|author-link2=Paul Struye|title=La Belgique sous l'Occupation Allemande: 1940–1944|year=2002|publisher=Éd. Complexe|location=Brussels|isbn=2-87027-940-X|edition=Rev.|language=fr}}</ref> Because of that, the foreign rulers who reigned over the Belgian provinces were often appropriated by later historians to make them into national heroes: Godfrey of Bouillon, Charlemagne, Philippe the Good, Charles V, etc., whilst these characters were unaware of the very notion of the entity of Belgium.<ref name="Morelli"></ref>

Another aspect contributing to ''belgitude'' is the fact that many Belgians identify more with being Flemish, Walloon or inhabitant of Brussels, but even within those groups many feel more attached to being part of a city or province than any national or communal identity.<ref name="Jeanine Treffers-Daller 1994"></ref> Politically the country was once polarised on matters of religion and, in recent decades, it has faced new divisions over differences of language and unequal economic development. This ongoing antagonism has caused far-reaching reforms since the 1970s, changing the formerly unitary Belgian state into a federal state, and repeated governmental crises.<ref name="frognier">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ| publisher= De Boeck & Larcier| edition= Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [705-720]| title= Les interactions stratégiques dans la problématique communautaire et la question bruxelloise| first= André-Paul| last= Frognier| language=French| location= Brussel| year= 1999| pages= 817| isbn= 2-8044-0525-7}}</ref><ref name="veron">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIKV9oOdpgIC |title=La dualité démographique de la Belgique : mythe ou réalité? |edition=Régimes démographiques et territoires: les frontières en question [255-278] |first=Catherine |last=Capron | language=French |year=2000 |publisher=INED |isbn=2950935680 |access-date=2013-04-26}}</ref><ref name="tétart">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WpbjQSwEhGgC| publisher= De Boeck Supérieur| edition=| title= Nationalismes régionaux: Un défi pour l'Europe| first= Frank | last= Tétart | language=French | location= | year= 2009| pages= 112| isbn=9782804117818 | access-date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

For all these reasons, the Belgian identity is seen as a "hollow" identity: it is defined mostly by what it is not. For example, the Belgian is neither French, Dutch or German. At the time of the term's coinage, it was not accepted by the general population, and the term seemed to have "more cultural than political weight". At the time, ''belgitude'' could be synonymous with marginality.<ref name=bainbrigge /> Susan Bainbrigge defines it as "a term that represents [the] new approach to francophone Belgium specificity [that emerged] in the 1970s and 1980s".<ref name=bainbrigge></ref> It involved the extent of the questioning identity of Belgians, often with a so-called keen sense of self-mockery that characterises them.<ref name=bainbrigge></ref>

==History of the Belgian feeling of identity== [[File:Baudouin 1969.jpg|thumb|King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola are symbols of Belgium before it became a federal state in 1993. Baudouin died the same year the law came into effect, further symbolising his ''belgitude'' status.]]

During his conquest of Gaul in 54 BCE, Julius Caesar wrote in his ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' about the three Celtic tribes that inhabited the country, namely the ''Aquitani'' in the southwest, the ''Gauls'' of the biggest central part, who in their own language were called ''Celtae'', and the ''Belgae'' in the north. Caesar famously wrote that the Belgae were "the bravest of the three peoples, being farthest removed from the highly developed civilization of the Roman Province, least often visited by merchants with enervating luxuries for sale, and nearest to the Germans across the Rhine, with whom they are continually at war".<ref>Julius Caesar, ''The Conquest of Gaul Gallico'', trans. S. A. Handford, revised with a new introduction by Jane F. Gardner (Penguin Books 1982), I.1.</ref> Despite Caesar referring to the Celtic tribe the Belgae and not modern day Belgium the quote was used a lot in Belgian history books from the 1830s on while the new independent state searched for its own identity.

The most famous quote about the Belgian identity was said by the Walloon socialist politician Jules Destrée. According to Destrée, Belgium was composed of two separate entities, Flanders and Wallonia, and a feeling of Belgian nationalism was not possible, illustrated in his 1906 work ''An idea that is dying: the fatherland''. In the ''Revue de Belgique'' of 15 August 1912, he articulated this in his famous and notorious ''Letter to the king on the separation of Wallonia and Flanders'', where he wrote: ''In Belgium there are Walloons and Flemings. There are no Belgians.''

Contrary to later interpretations, Destrée did not favor separatism, but wanted a move to a federal state. King Albert I of Belgium wrote an official answer to the letter, which read: "I read the letter of Destrée, which, without uncertainty, is some literature of great talent. All that he said is absolutely true, but it is not less true that administrative separation would be an evil with more disadvantages and dangers than any aspect of the current situation."<ref>{{in lang|fr}} J'ai lu la lettre de Destrée qui, sans conteste, est un littérateur de grand talent. Tout ce qu'il dit est absolument vrai, mais il est non moins vrai que la séparation administrative serait un mal entraînant plus d'inconvénients et de dangers de tout genre que la situation actuelle. Landro, 30 août, ''A Jules Ingebleek, secrétaire privé du Roi et de la Reine'', lettre reproduite in extenso in M-R Thielemans et E. Vandewoude, ''Le Roi Albert au travers de ses lettres inédites'', Office international de librairie, Bruxelles, 1982, pp. 435-436.</ref> In 1960, Flemish politician Gaston Eyskens modified this quote, saying ''Sire, there are no more Belgians'', after the first steps were taken to transform Belgium into a federal state.

==Etymology== [[File:TV-uitzending Domino Jacques Brel tijdens de opname in Amsterdam, Marcanti, Bestanddeelnr 914-8399.jpg|thumb|right|Singer-songwriter Jacques Brel is an example of ''belgitude'' due to his international fame and the fact he was raised perfectly bilingual.]]

The neologism ''belgitude'' was coined in 1976, by Pierre Mertens and Claude Jevaeu, in an issue of the ''Nouvelles littéraires'' called "L'autre Belgique".<ref name=bainbrigge /> It alludes to the term ''négritude'' about feeling black, expressed among others by the Senegalese poet, politician and cultural theorist Leopold Sedar Senghor.<ref name="Senghor"></ref> The term caught on quick enough to be referred to in Belgian singer Jacques Brel's song "Mai 1940" (''May 1940''), which was left off his final album ''Les Marquises'' in 1977, but made available in 2003. In the song, Brel refers to German soldiers who occupied Belgium during World War II and wiped out his ''belgitude'': {{Quote|''D'un ciel plus bleu qu'à l'habitude'' ''(Translation: "With a heaven bluer than usual")''

''Ce mai 40 a salué'' ''(Translation: "That May 1940 greeted")''

''Quelques Allemands disciplinés'' ''(Translation: "Several disciplined Germans")''

''Qui écrasaient ma belgitude'' ''(Translation: "Crushing out my belgitude".)''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ons003200301_01/_ons003200301_01_0174.php|title=Ons Erfdeel. Jaargang 46 · dbnl|last=DBNL|website=DBNL}}</ref>}}

In 2011, the word ''belgitude'' was listed in the French encyclopedic dictionary the ''Petit Larousse'',<ref>«''Belgitude''» in ''le Petit Larousse illustré'', 27 June 2011</ref> and one year later, in the ''Robert''.<ref>«''Belgitude'' fait son entrée au Robert » in ''Le Soir'', 22 June 2012.</ref>

==Examples of ''belgitude''== ''Belgitude'' is primarily characterised today by subject matters and symbols that are typical or unique to Belgian culture, such as Belgian Dutch and Belgian French. The Dutch in Belgium has many gallicisms and the French in Belgium many hollandisms, both in terms of words as well as grammar. For instance, the word "plezant" ("amusing") in Flanders is derived from the French word "plaisant" and is hardly used in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlaamsetaal.be/artikel/171/franse-invloed|title=VlaamseTaal.be - Franse invloed|website=www.vlaamsetaal.be|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-date=2014-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406225201/http://www.vlaamsetaal.be/artikel/171/franse-invloed|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Typical foods and drinks, such as Belgian beer, ''moules-frites'', speculoos, waterzooi, witloof, Brussels sprouts, and Belgian chocolate, to name a few, are seen as examples of ''belgitude'', because they are often promoted abroad. People who were important to Belgian history are also often cited: Ambiorix, Godfrey of Bouillon, Charles V, Adolphe Sax, King Baudouin, as are cultural icons such as ''Manneken Pis'', the Gilles of Binche, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Peter Paul Rubens, Tintin, Inspector Maigret, the Atomium, Jacques Brel, René Magritte, Soeur Sourire, Django Reinhardt, etc. In the fields of sport, Eddy Merckx and the Red Devils are good examples. The song ''"Potverdekke! (It's great to be a Belgian)" (1998)'' by Mr. John is also an expression of ''belgitude''. The satirical comedy and film adaptation ''Sois Belge et tais-toi!'', the films of Jan Bucquoy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bucquoy_jan.htm|title = Jan Bucquoy}}</ref> and the comedy team Les Snuls are all loving and mocking tributes to the Belgian identity.

<gallery widths="170" heights="170"> File:Moules Frites.jpg|''Moules-frites'' or ''mosselen met friet'' is a representative dish of Belgium. File:Manneken Pis (crop).jpg|The statue of ''Manneken Pis'' in Brussels is an example of a cultural ''belgitude''. File:Tintin and Snowy on the roof.jpg|Tintin and Snowy are international cultural symbols of ''belgitude''. </gallery>

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

Category:Culture of Belgium Category:Belgian nationalism Category:French words and phrases Category:Holism Category:National identities