{{Short description|Election in Illinois}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{confused|1964 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see WP:SDNONE --> {{Featured article}} {{Infobox election | election_name = 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election | country = Illinois | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = 1962 Illinois House of Representatives election | previous_year = 1962 | next_election = 1966 Illinois House of Representatives election | next_year = 1966 | turnout = | seats_for_election = All 177 seats in the Illinois House of Representatives | majority_seats = 89 | election_date = {{Start date|1964|11|03}} | image1 = John P. Touhy, Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.jpg | image1_size = | leader1 = John Touhy | party1 = Democratic Party (United States) | leaders_seat1 = | last_election1 = 87<ref name="il-1962-certified-results" group="p" /> | seats1 = '''118''' | seat_change1 = {{increase}}'''31''' | popular_vote1 = '''273,638,326'''{{efn|name=pop|Popular vote figures represent the total amounts of Democratic and Republican votes. Since every voter could vote for 177 candidates, this sums to a grand total much larger than the population of Illinois.}} | percentage1 = '''52.05%''' | swing1 = <!--{{increase}}--> | image2 = John W. Lewis, Jr. (Illinois Blue Book portrait).png | leader2 = John W. Lewis Jr. | party2 = Republican Party (United States) | leaders_seat2 = | last_election2 = 90<ref name="il-1962-certified-results" group="p" /> | seats2 = 59 | seat_change2 = {{decrease}}31 | popular_vote2 = 252,085,214{{efn|name=pop}} | percentage2 = 47.95% | swing2 = <!--{{decrease}}--> | map_alt = Map showing the composite partisan vote in the 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election in each county | map_image = 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election results map by county.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Composite vote by county {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''Democrats''' {{legend|#7996E2|50–60%}} {{legend|#6674DE|60–70%}} {{col-2}} '''Republicans''' {{legend|#E27F7F|50–60%}} {{legend|#D75D5D|60–70%}} {{col-end}} | title = Speaker | posttitle = | before_election = John W. Lewis Jr. | before_party = Republican Party (United States) | after_election = John Touhy | after_party = Democratic Party (United States) }} {{ElectionsIL}}
The U.S. state of Illinois held an election on November 3, 1964, for all 177 members of the state's House of Representatives for the 74th Illinois General Assembly, alongside other state and federal elections. Due to the state's failure to redistrict, all of the seats were elected at-large by plurality block voting, with voters choosing up to 177 candidates to support. Each party was only allowed to nominate 118 candidates. All 118 Democratic candidates won, flipping control of the chamber to Democrats with a two-thirds supermajority.
From 1901 to 1954, the state had failed to conduct legislative redistricting, at which point a constitutional amendment to force regular redistricting of the House was passed. Under its provisions, if the legislature and a backup redistricting commission failed to enact a map, an election would be held at-large. For the 1960 redistricting cycle, the state's governor was Democrat Otto Kerner Jr., while both chambers of the legislature were controlled by Republicans. The legislature passed a map along partisan lines which was vetoed by Kerner, and the commission faced similar partisan deadlock. Following a ruling by the Supreme Court of Illinois, an at-large election was held.
The ballot for the election was {{convert|33|in|cm}} long. Both parties nominated their candidates at party conventions, which were made up of delegates elected on the old legislative lines. Candidates did little campaigning outside of their home regions. Due to straight-ticket voting and the coattails of Lyndon B. Johnson in the concurrent presidential election, every Democrat was elected, receiving more votes than every Republican. The Republicans elected were mainly those endorsed by Chicago-area newspapers.
Reactions to the election were mixed. Politicians in both political parties received significant criticism for their failure to redistrict. Some pundits predicted significant voter confusion, and a high number of undervotes, but this did not happen. The legislature elected in 1964 pushed for governmental reform, starting the process that eventually led to the 1970 rewrite of the Constitution of Illinois. This election is the only time the lower house of a state legislature has been elected entirely at-large in the United States.
==Background== ===Constitutional procedure=== Prior to the 1960s, Illinois had redistricted its House of Representatives only once since 1901. While the Constitution of Illinois stated that the legislature was required to redistrict the state after each United States census, it did not provide any method of enforcement if the legislature did not. Population shifts in the state had resulted in Chicago having a higher percentage of the state's population, and downstate legislators did not want their region to lose influence. Therefore, starting in the cycle after the 1910 United States census, legislators chose not to redistrict the state and the courts chose not to intervene to force redistricting.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|291–292}} A constitutional convention, approved by voters in 1918, aimed to deal with the issue,<ref name="il-blue-book-1962" group="r" />{{Rp|443}} but voters rejected its proposed constitution in 1922.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|291–292}} The 1901 legislative map had 51 districts, with 19 located in Cook County, which contains Chicago and many of its suburbs.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|291}}{{efn|Districts were used for both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each district elected one member to the Senate and three to the House of Representatives with a version of cumulative voting, where each voter had three votes, and had the option to vote multiple times for a single candidate. This system was intended to ensure a bipartisan delegation from each district.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|291}}}}
As the population of Chicago and Cook County grew, the level of malapportionment continued to increase. In the 1930 United States census, Cook County contained a majority of the state's population, but it continued to contain only 37.3% of the state's legislative districts.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|294}} Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, residents of the Chicago area, most notably John B. Fergus and John W. Keogh, argued before both state and federal courts in unsuccessful attempts to force redistricting.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|292–294}} In the 1930s, there were various efforts supported by governors Louis L. Emmerson and Henry Horner to allow Cook County proportional representation in either the Illinois House of Representatives or the Illinois Senate, while limiting its representation in the other, but these proposals died due to strong bipartisan opposition from downstate politicians.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|294–295}}
By 1953, William Stratton, the newly elected governor of Illinois, viewed redistricting as a priority amidst increasing public pressure over malapportionment. Through a number of compromises, he managed to convince the legislature to pass a constitutional amendment to establish new redistricting procedures. The amendment allotted the 58 districts of the Illinois Senate into three areas: 18 to Chicago, 6 to Cook County, and 34 to downstate. The amendment, written to keep the Senate in downstate control, did not provide for periodic reapportionment of the Senate, intending to lock in the districts drawn in 1954 indefinitely, but it did provide that for the House's 59 districts, requiring redistricting after every decennial U.S. census. Initially, 23 districts would be assigned to Chicago, 7 to suburban Cook County, and 29 to downstate.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|296–297}} To ensure regular reapportionment, the constitution contained two separate procedures in case the legislature failed to redistrict. First, redistricting would be done by a ten-member commission, with five members appointed from each political party by the governor. If that commission failed to create districts after four months, an at-large election would be held.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|297}}
Opposition to the amendment was disorganized, while supporters included many state politicians and newspapers. The new redistricting process was approved by voters in a 1954 referendum with about 80% of the vote.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|297–298}} Following the passage of the amendment, new districts were drawn in 1955. At this time, both chambers were Republican-controlled, as was the governorship, leading to a relatively non-controversial redistricting cycle. Each chamber created a map for their own chamber and passed the map that the other chamber created, with the maps being signed by Stratton. The map used for the House of Representatives was fairly apportioned, while the Senate's map still retained significant malapportionment. However, the maps were overall considered a significant improvement.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|298}}
===1960 redistricting cycle=== Following the 1962 elections, Republicans controlled both chambers of the legislature, albeit with a one-seat majority in the House. Governor Otto Kerner Jr., however, was a Democrat, resulting in a divided government. Redistricting for the House was required to take place in 1963, in preparation for the 1964 elections.<ref name="nytimes-bath-towel" group="n">{{Cite news|last=Wehrwein|first=Austin|date=October 29, 1964|title=Ballot in Illinois Big as Bath Towel|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/29/archives/ballot-in-illinois-big-as-bath-towel-voters-face-177-choices-in.html|access-date=March 8, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205034842/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/29/archives/ballot-in-illinois-big-as-bath-towel-voters-face-177-choices-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="il-blue-book-1964" group="r"/>{{rp|380}} In data from the 1960 census, the state's population had shifted towards suburbs of Chicago, particularly in Cook County, Lake County, and DuPage County. Using population-based apportionment, two districts would be shifted from Chicago to the suburbs, and two more from southern Illinois to northeastern Illinois.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|298}} On April 23, 1963, Republicans in the legislature introduced a plan to that effect. Democrats responded on the same day with a plan to instead have districts that would include parts of both Chicago and its suburbs, allowing the city to have control of 23 districts, arguing that this was fair given Chicago's under-representation in the Senate.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}}
Democrats received no Republican support for their redistricting plan, while Republicans failed to pass their plan over southern Illinois lawmakers in their caucus, who objected to the plan's proposed removal of two districts from their area. As a compromise, Republicans passed a plan that would only remove one district from southern Illinois, at the expense of a district planned for Lake County.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}} However, this bill was vetoed by Kerner on July 1, as he deemed it "unfair".<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}}<ref name="nytimes-bath-towel" group="n"/> Kerner had previously promised to veto any partisan redistricting plan, and his veto message referred to the deliberate under-representation of Republican areas (which occurred as a result of the compromises made to appease downstate lawmakers). Kerner's veto was challenged at the Supreme Court of Illinois, where it was upheld. The failure of the legislature to redistrict caused the responsibility to fall to the backup commission.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}}
===Special commission deadlock=== Each party's state central committee nominated ten candidates for the redistricting commission. Kerner appointed five from each party on August 14, 1963.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}} The five Democrats appointed were George Dunne, finance chairman (and future president) of the Cook County Board of Commissioners; Ivan Elliott, former Illinois Attorney General; Alvin Fields, mayor of East St. Louis; Daniel Pierce, a member of the Democratic state central committee; and James Ronan, the chairman of the Democratic state central committee. The five Republicans appointed were Edward Jenison, a former U.S. representative; David Hunter, a former state legislator; Michael J. Connolly, the Republican leader in Chicago's 5th Ward; Eldon Martin, an attorney from Wilmette; and Fred G. Gurley, former president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.<ref name="kerner-names" group="n">{{cite news |date=August 15, 1963 |title=Kerner Names Commission for House Remap |work=The Daily Register |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-kerner-names-commissi/134092022/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104530/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-kerner-names-commissi/134092022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dunne served as the Democratic spokesman on the commission, while Gurley served as the Republican spokesman.<ref name="deadline-tonight-hoping" group="n"/> Kerner avoided appointing some of the more prominent politicians whom parties nominated for the commission: he did not appoint former governor Stratton, nominated by Republicans, and did not appoint Paul Powell, the Democratic minority leader in the House, or John Touhy, the Democratic minority whip.<ref name="kerner-names" group="n"/>
The redistricting commission deadlocked over a similar issue to what prevented a bipartisan map from passing the legislature – namely, the number of districts in Chicago. Democrats on the commission argued for maintaining 23 districts in Chicago, and refused to accept a map with less than 22, while Republicans would only accept a map with 21 districts in the city, with two districts being moved to the Cook County suburbs.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|300}}<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Percy |date=November 4, 1963 |title=Here's What Remap Fight is All About |pages=1–2 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-heres-what-remap-fight/134096412/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026093044/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-heres-what-remap-fight/134096412/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting on November 14, the Republicans on the commission began boycotting the meetings due to Democrats' insistence that Chicago control 23 districts.<ref name="deadline-tonight-hoping" group="n"/> Republicans only resumed attending the meetings on December 12, two days before the final deadline to agree on a new map.<ref name="deadline-tonight-hoping" group="n">{{cite news |title=Redistricting Deadline Tonight; Still Hoping |url=https://newspapers.com/article/alton-evening-telegraph-redistricting-de/134096540/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |work=The Telegraph |agency=Associated Press |date=December 14, 1963 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104528/https://www.newspapers.com/article/alton-evening-telegraph-redistricting-de/134096540/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Negotiations continued up until the deadline, with Democrats eventually proposing a map with only 22 Chicago-based districts, but the commission ultimately could not reach a compromise.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|300}}<ref name="nytimes-bath-towel" group="n"/><ref name="deadline-tonight-hoping" group="n"/> The commission faced harsh criticism in editorials for its failure to agree on a map, with particularly strong criticism directed at the Democratic members for insisting on more Chicago-based districts than the city's population warranted.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|300}}
===Court rulings and special legislative session=== Before the commission's ultimate failure to create maps, Republican state representative Gale Williams sued to overturn Kerner's veto of the legislative map, arguing that the governor had no authority to veto a redistricting bill. Kerner's actions were defended by the Illinois Attorney General, William G. Clark. This lawsuit was initially dismissed by Sangamon County Circuit Court judge Dewitt S. Crow on July 16.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Appeal Pending on Validation of Remap Veto |url=https://newspapers.com/article/galesburg-register-mail-appeal-pending-o/138933308/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |work=Galesburg Register-Mail |agency=Associated Press |date=July 18, 1963 |location=Murphysboro, Illinois |pages=2 |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117081300/https://www.newspapers.com/article/galesburg-register-mail-appeal-pending-o/138933308/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Williams appealed to the Illinois Supreme Court, which dismissed his case on November 13.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|299}}<ref group="n">{{cite news |date=November 12, 1963 |title=Redistricting Veto Studied by High Court |work=Belleville News-Democrat |agency=Associated Press |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-belleville-news-democrat-redistricti/134097158/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104529/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-belleville-news-democrat-redistricti/134097158/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Remapping Veto Upheld |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-edwardsville-intelligencer-remapping/138933403/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |work=Edwardsville Intelligencer |agency=United Press International |date=November 13, 1963 |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117081302/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-edwardsville-intelligencer-remapping/138933403/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Two lawsuits were decided by the Supreme Court on January 4, 1964.<ref name="illinois-refuses-to-bar" group="n"/><ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|300}} First, a lawsuit filed by Republican state representative Fred Branson challenged the legality of the commission, arguing that since the legislature had not "failed to act" on redistricting, as they had passed a map, a commission could not be established. This lawsuit instead requested that the election be held using the previous redistricting cycle's map.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Bakke |first1=Bruce B. |title=GOP Boycotts Remap Sessions; Another Lawsuit Filed |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-edwardsville-intelligencer-gop-boyco/134097192/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |work=Edwardsville Intelligencer |agency=United Press International |date=November 22, 1963 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104528/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-edwardsville-intelligencer-gop-boyco/134097192/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The court rejected this argument, ruling that an at-large election had to take place. Secondly, a lawsuit filed by Chicago lawyer Gus Giannis argued that an at-large election also had to take place for the State Senate.<ref name="illinois-refuses-to-bar" group="n">{{cite news |title=Illinois to Elect House At-large |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/illinois-to-elect-house-atlarge-state-high-court-refuses-to-bar.html |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=January 5, 1964 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412180711/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/illinois-to-elect-house-atlarge-state-high-court-refuses-to-bar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to this case, Attorney General Clark issued a ruling stating that an at-large election would be required for the Senate as well.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Senate Aspirant Asks At-Large Court Ruling |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-senate-aspirant-asks-at-l/134097471/ |access-date=October 26, 2023 |work=The Pantagraph |agency=United Press International |date=December 22, 1963 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104529/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-senate-aspirant-asks-at-l/134097471/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court rejected this argument, ruling that the constitution would only mandate an at-large election for the Senate if the chamber had not been redistricted in 1956, as the constitution did not otherwise require the Senate to be redistricted.<ref group="p">{{cite court|litigants=People Ex Rel. Giannis v. Carpentier|vol=30|reporter=Ill. 2d|opinion=24|court=Supreme Court of Illinois|date=January 4, 1964|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/illinois/supreme-court/1964/38312-5.html}}</ref><ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|300}}
Following the court's decisions, Kerner called a special session of the legislature on January 6 to set up procedures for the at-large election.<ref name="illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting" group="n">{{cite news |title=Illinois Sets Up At-large Voting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/30/archives/illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting-governor-signs-emergency-bill-for.html |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=January 30, 1964 |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419113544/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/30/archives/illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting-governor-signs-emergency-bill-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerner proposed procedures for the election, which the legislature was to consider. Notably, Illinois's practice of cumulative voting for the House of Representatives would be suspended, and instead minority party representation was to be guaranteed by only allowing each party to nominate 118 candidates for the 177 seats available.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|301–302}}<ref group="n">{{cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Court Rejects Challenge to At-Large Vote |work=Herald & Review |agency=Associated Press |location=Springfield |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/herald-and-review-court-rejects-challeng/134236002/ |access-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028202308/https://www.newspapers.com/article/herald-and-review-court-rejects-challeng/134236002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
An initial bill was passed unanimously by the House, but sunk by Republicans in the Senate over concerns that each party would choose to nominate fewer than 118 candidates, leading to an uncompetitive election unfairly favorable to incumbents. The Senate passed an amendment requiring that at least 118 candidates be nominated.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Showdown Tuesday on At-Large Election |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/mt-vernon-register-news-showdown-tuesda/138994234/ |access-date=January 18, 2024 |work=Mt. Vernon Register-News |agency=Associated Press |date=January 27, 1964 |location=Chicago |pages=1 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118033859/https://www.newspapers.com/article/mt-vernon-register-news-showdown-tuesda/138994234/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the House refused to adopt this amendment. On January 28, nearing the deadline for the legislation, the Senate passed the House's bill, which suggested each party nominate 100 candidates while limiting each party to 118 candidates.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Gov. Kerner Signs Emergency Bill for At-Large Election |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-dispatch-gov-kerner-signs-emergency/138995417/ |access-date=January 18, 2024 |work=The Dispatch /The Dispatch |agency=Associated Press |date=January 29, 1964 |pages=2 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118033851/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-dispatch-gov-kerner-signs-emergency/138995417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The vote on the final bill was 161–0 in the House and 46–6 in the Senate. Kerner signed the bill on January 29.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|302}}
==Election procedure and campaign== [[File:Stitched 1964 Illinois House of Representatives Sample Ballot.jpg|thumb|A sample ballot for the election from Lake County]]Under the terms of the special session's emergency bill, each party could nominate up to 118 candidates at their party convention.<ref name="illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting" group="n"/> Delegates to each party's convention were elected using the previous districts during the state's April primary.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|301–302}} The House recommended that each party nominate 100 candidates, to protect incumbent House members and ensure the minority party would have at least 77 seats.<ref name="illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting" group="n"/> Third-party and independent candidates could also run, though they needed to gather 25,000 signatures to make the ballot.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Robert |title=Legal Blocks Seen to Third Slate in State |url=https://newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-legal-blocks-seen-to-thi/138528833/ |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=June 4, 1964 |pages=23 |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111203741/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-legal-blocks-seen-to-thi/138528833/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The election was held on November 3, 1964, as part of the 1964 Illinois elections.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|289}}
===Candidate selection=== Both the Democratic and Republican conventions were held on June 1 in Springfield. The Republican convention, held at a local Elks Club building, was controlled by delegates loyal to Charles H. Percy, the party's candidate for governor. Delegates loyal to Percy refused to renominate nine incumbent legislators from the Chicago area, a part of the so-called "West Side bloc", who were viewed as loyal to the Democratic political machine in Cook County.{{efn|Of these nine candidates, three, Gale Williams, J. Lisle Laufer, and Hector Brouillet, were not elected as convention delegates.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=West Side Bloc Hit |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/southern-illinoisan-west-side-bloc-hit/138937758/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |work=Southern Illinoisan |date=May 10, 1964 |pages=26 |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117131208/https://www.newspapers.com/article/southern-illinoisan-west-side-bloc-hit/138937758/ |url-status=live }}</ref><!--editorial, but should be fine for this--> The remaining six were W. J. Murphy, Robert Austin, Peter Granata, Louis Capuzi, Peter J. Miller, and Walter McAvoy.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Percy Raps Demo 'Alliance'; Seeks Okay on House Candidates |url=https://newspapers.com/article/belvidere-daily-republican-percy-raps-de/138937816/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |work=Belvidere Daily Republican |agency=Associated Press |date=June 1, 1964 |pages=1, 8 |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117131207/https://www.newspapers.com/article/belvidere-daily-republican-percy-raps-de/138937816/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|302}}<ref name="supplement-explains" group="n"/> In the end, 70 Republican incumbents were renominated. The Democratic convention, held at the St. Nicholas Hotel, delegated the responsibility for preparing a slate of candidates to an executive committee. The convention met again on June 20 to approve the candidates; all 68 incumbents who chose to run were renominated with little controversy. Both parties nominated slates of 118 candidates in total.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|302–303}}
There were multiple attempts to run a "Third Slate" of candidates. The Better Government Association of Chicago, along with some downstate politicians, presented a "blue ribbon" slate of candidates. However, with both parties putting up what were deemed to be acceptable slates of candidates, and Republicans choosing not to renominate the West Side bloc and nominating some blue ribbon candidates instead, this Third Slate effort disbanded.<ref name="supplement-explains" group="n">{{cite news |title=Newspaper Supplement Explains At-Large House Vote |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122747763/newspaper-supplement-explains-at-large/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The Southern Illinoisan |date=October 25, 1964 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412185546/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122747763/newspaper-supplement-explains-at-large/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n">{{Cite news|last1=Pearson|first1=Rick|last2=Hardy|first2=Thomas|title=Ruling Rekindles Visions of '64 'Bedsheet' Ballot|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-12-17-9104230254-story.html|access-date=2021-03-08|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US|date=December 17, 1991|archive-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302203129/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-12-17-9104230254-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Another attempt to put a Third Slate on the ballot was backed by various civil rights groups and labor unions, including the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the United Auto Workers.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=This 'Third Slate' Different |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-this-third-slate-differ/131937329/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=The Pantagraph |date=August 6, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212303/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-this-third-slate-differ/131937329/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their planned platform focused on election reform and civil rights. The Third Slate intended on nominating 59 candidates, allowing a voter to straight-ticket vote for the slate as well as one of the two major parties.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Third Slate Party Now Distributing Petitions |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-third-slate-party-now/131937079/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=The Daily Register |date=July 31, 1964 |location=Peoria |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212306/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-third-slate-party-now/131937079/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this Third Slate failed to make the ballot, with the Illinois State Board of Elections ruling on August 21 that they had failed to gather the 25,000 signatures necessary.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Third Party is Ruled Out |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-chronicle-third-party-is-ruled/131937434/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Daily Chronicle |date=August 21, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009213819/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-chronicle-third-party-is-ruled/131937434/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Popular names were picked to run on each party's ticket. Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson III, the son of Adlai Stevenson II (a popular former governor), and John A. Kennedy, a businessman with a similar name (but no relation) to president John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated the previous year. Republicans ran Earl D. Eisenhower, the brother of popular former president Dwight D. Eisenhower.<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/>
===Ballot=== The ballot for the State House election was separate from the ballot for other concurrent elections. Voters were allowed to cast up to 177 votes, with a straight-ticket voting option available to vote for all 118 candidates of a party's slate. Voters who voted straight-ticket could also vote for up to 59 candidates from the other party. Both parties recommended utilizing straight-ticket voting.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Questions and Answers on Illinois At-Large Election |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122746906/questions-and-answers-on-illinois-at-lar/ |work=The Daily Register |date=September 24, 1964 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127115225/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-questions-and-answers/122746906/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ballot was {{convert|33|in|cm}} long and was often referred to as the "bedsheet ballot".<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/>
Both parties used the same method to order their candidates on the ballot. Incumbent legislators were placed at the top, ordered by seniority, alternating between candidates from Cook County and downstate. The remaining candidates were then listed, also alternating between Cook County and downstate candidates.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|306}}
There were four ballots given to voters in 1964: a white ballot, containing most of the typical races (such as for president and governor); a green ballot, voting on the retention elections for various judges; a blue ballot, containing two constitutional amendments to be voted on; and the orange ballot, solely reserved for the House of Representatives election. Before the election, the sheer number of ballots to be voted on led to predictions of a high number of undervotes in the House of Representatives election, but post-election analysis revealed that this did not take place.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|303–304}}
===Campaigning and endorsements=== Both parties encouraged a straight-ticket vote. Republicans explicitly discouraged voting for any Democratic candidates, arguing that voting for Democrats would cause the legislature to become controlled by Richard J. Daley, the mayor of Chicago. The Democratic campaign, run by the Democratic State Central Committee, argued that a straight-ticket vote would "assure representation from every district in Illinois".<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|303}} Individual candidates for the legislature generally avoided campaigning across the state, instead only campaigning around their home region, if at all.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|303}}<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/>
Many newspapers endorsed a partisan slate. The Field Enterprises newspapers,{{efn|name=field|Includes the ''Chicago Daily News'' and the ''Chicago Sun-Times''.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/>}} the ''Chicago Tribune'', the ''Champaign News-Gazette'', and the ''Illinois State Journal'' endorsed the Republican slate. However, the ''Illinois State Register'', which was, like the ''Illinois State Journal'', under Copley ownership, had a different editorial team and endorsed the Democratic slate.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r" /> Given the unique electoral system allowing voters to vote for candidates of both parties, some newspapers made bipartisan endorsements of candidates, either in addition to their partisan endorsements, or without making an overall partisan endorsement.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/> The Lindsay-Schaub group{{efn|name=lindsay-schaub|Includes ''The Southern Illinoisan'', the ''Champaign–Urbana Courier'', the ''Decatur Herald and Review'', and the ''East St. Louis Journal''.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/>}} of newspapers endorsed 48 Democrats and 48 Republicans after sending a questionnaire to all candidates in the election, suggesting voters choose a straight-ticket and all of the newspaper's endorsed candidates of the opposing party.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/><ref name="supplement-explains" group="n"/> Likewise, the ''Daily Herald'', a newspaper serving the suburbs of Chicago, endorsed seven candidates (four Republicans and three Democrats) who they believed had a good understanding of suburban issues.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Suburb Candidates Merit Our Support |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122747479/suburb-candidates-merit-our-support/ |work=Daily Herald |date=October 8, 1964 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412191048/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122747479/suburb-candidates-merit-our-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Results==
=== Reporting === Results were not known immediately after the election; while the results in other statewide races were known on November 4, the statewide tally and canvass for the House elections took multiple weeks.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Results Are Delayed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-results-are-delayed/131931952/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 4, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009213813/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-results-are-delayed/131931952/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on early reported returns in some downstate precincts, Democrats declared victory on November 4, predicting that they had elected their entire slate. However, Republicans did not yet concede, believing they still had a chance of victory.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last=Howard |first=Robert |title=Illinois House Vote Count Delayed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-illinois-house-vote-coun/131937995/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 5, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212305/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-illinois-house-vote-coun/131937995/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook County's results were fully counted by November 9, though not reported until later.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Results to be Kept Secret Till Canvass |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-result-to-be-kept-secret/131932068/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 9, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212305/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-result-to-be-kept-secret/131932068/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unofficial results for 100 counties, excluding Cook and DuPage, were reported on November 26, showing a strong performance by Democrats.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Downstaters Head G.O.P. Ballot; Chicagoans Trail |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-downstaters-head-gop/131932148/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 26, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212307/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-downstaters-head-gop/131932148/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unofficial statewide results were reported on December 3, showing that every Democratic candidate had won, with many Republican incumbents losing re-election.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=35 in G.O.P. Lose State House Seats |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-35-in-gop-lose-state/131932219/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=December 4, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212304/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-35-in-gop-lose-state/131932219/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Five Republican candidates{{efn|Lewis V. Morgan, Jack T. Knuepfer, Jack Bowers, Arthur J. Reis, and Edward A. Bundy<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Injunction Lifted, Recount Still Asked |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-injunction-lifted-reco/135304965/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |work=Daily Herald |date=December 10, 1964 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116204159/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-injunction-lifted-reco/135304965/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} obtained an injunction over the results in DuPage County, claiming that there were errors in the vote count in five precincts.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Weston |first1=Jean |title=Attorney General Enters Vote Hassle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-attorney-general-enters/131932787/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Daily Herald |date=December 17, 1964 |location=Wheaton |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212303/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-attorney-general-enters/131932787/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The injunction was issued by circuit judge Philip Locke on November 30. After the release of statewide results, it became apparent that the discrepancies would not affect the overall balance of power in the legislature.<ref group="n">{{cite news |title=Won't Delay Legislature, Judge Vows |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-wont-delay-legislature/131932914/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=December 25, 1964 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009213816/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-wont-delay-legislature/131932914/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 14, Democratic Attorney General William G. Clark filed a motion to move the case to the Illinois Supreme Court, to force the vote count to be released. The Illinois Supreme Court acted on this on January 6, 1965, releasing the DuPage results only hours before legislators were sworn in. Locke interpreted the Supreme Court's order as allowing him to order recounts in certain precincts, which he did. The recounts found only minor errors with no significant impact on the results.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Weston |first1=Jean |title=Democrats Blast Locke's Order to Recount Ballots |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-democrats-blast-lockes/131933101/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=Daily Herald |date=January 7, 1965 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009213815/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-herald-democrats-blast-lockes/131933101/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Analysis=== {{Multiple image|total_width = 450 <!-- Layout parameters --> | align = right | header = <!-- header text -->Elected members by county<ref name="il-blue-book-1966" group="r"/>{{Rp|195–311}} | image1 = Number of members elected in the 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election by county.svg | caption1 = Number of members elected from each county {{legend|#006666|91 members}} {{legend|#009696|5 members}} {{legend|#2AACAC|4 members}} {{legend|#51C2C2|3 members}} {{legend|#7DDDDD|2 members}} {{legend|#ACF2F2|1 member}} | image2 = Party membership of members elected in the 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election by county.svg | caption2 = Partisanship of each county's delegation {{legend|#4170cd|Only Democrats}} {{legend|#8da9e2|Majority Democrats}} {{legend|#d02923|Only Republicans}} {{legend|#ed8783|Majority Republicans}} {{legend|#c88fe4|Tied}} | footer_align = center | footer = {{legend|#999999|No members}} }} Straight-ticket votes elected Democrats to the majority, with every Democrat receiving more votes than any Republican, resulting in the election of all 118 Democratic candidates.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|305}} The strong Democratic performance was attributed to coattails from Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson's victory over Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election in Illinois.<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/> However, voters who did not vote only straight-ticket had a significant impact as well: they determined the 59 Republicans who were elected, as well as the order of the winning Democratic candidates.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|306}}
Contrary to many preelection predictions, voting was not driven by ballot order, with little correlation between where candidates were placed on the ballot and how many votes they received. The top-placing Democrat was Adlai E. Stevenson III, while the top-placing Republican was Earl D. Eisenhower. Both were listed on the bottom half of their respective side of the ballot (Stevenson was the 102nd Democratic candidate listed, and Eisenhower the 79th Republican).<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|306}} The results were strongly influenced by endorsements. In downstate Illinois, these were mainly those of the Illinois Agricultural Association and the Illinois AFL-CIO, as well as the Lindsay-Schaub group{{efn|name=lindsay-schaub}} of downstate newspapers. However, the election was mainly decided in Chicago and its suburbs, where the endorsements of the Field Enterprises newspapers,{{efn|name=field}} and to a lesser extent the ''Chicago American'',<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/> were mostly responsible for the results.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/><ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|306}} There were also relatively few undervotes; post-election estimates showed that only about 5% of those who voted in the presidential election did not vote in the House election.<ref group="r">{{cite journal |last1=Hooper |first1=Michael |title=Party and Newspaper Endorsement as Predictors of Voter Choice |journal=Journalism Quarterly |date=June 1969 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=302–305 |doi=10.1177/107769906904600211}}</ref><ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|304}}
Among the Democrats elected, 68 were incumbents while 50 were new members, and among the Republicans, 31 were incumbents and 28 were new members. 37 incumbent Republicans who ran for reelection lost their seats.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|307}} Geographically, candidates living in Cook County won a narrow majority of seats. About half of counties had no representatives, and a majority of representatives from both Cook County and from downstate were Democrats.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|307}}{{efn|The exact membership counts differ slightly between ''McDowell 2007'' and the 1965–1966 ''Illinois Blue Book'', which it cites as its source.<ref name="il-blue-book-1966" group="r"/>{{Rp|195–311}}}}
{{Election box begin no change|collapsible=yes| title = 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election<ref name="il-1964-certified-results" group="p"/><ref name="il-blue-book-1964" group="r"/>{{rp|159}}}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Adlai E. Stevenson III |votes = 2,417,978 |percentage = 0.46% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John K. Morris (incumbent) |votes = 2,410,365 |percentage = 0.46% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Anthony Scariano (incumbent) |votes = 2,385,622 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John P. Touhy (incumbent) |votes = 2,378,228 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Abner J. Mikva (incumbent) |votes = 2,377,439 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William A. Redmond (incumbent) |votes = 2,371,134 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph T. Connelly |votes = 2,369,556 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John E. Cassidy, Jr. |votes = 2,368,063 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John A. Kennedy |votes = 2,367,755 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Bernard M. Peskin (incumbent) |votes = 2,367,287 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Chester P. Majewski (incumbent) |votes = 2,366,785 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Daniel M. Pierce |votes = 2,364,469 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James P. Loukas (incumbent) |votes = 2,363,338 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Esther Saperstein (incumbent) |votes = 2,361,847 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Mrs. Dorah Grow |votes = 2,360,574 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Harold D. Stedelin |votes = 2,358,491 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Lloyd (Curly) Harris (incumbent) |votes = 2,357,709 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Paul F. Elward (incumbent) |votes = 2,357,524 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William E. Hartnett |votes = 2,356,700 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Marvin S. Lieberman |votes = 2,356,576 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Robert E. Mann (incumbent) |votes = 2,356,342 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Harold A. Katz |votes = 2,355,168 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James Moran |votes = 2,354,684 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Cecil A. Partee (incumbent) |votes = 2,351,757 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Eugenia S. Chapman |votes = 2,351,257 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Raymond J. Welsh, Jr. (incumbent) |votes = 2,349,573 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joe (Joseph) Callahan |votes = 2,348,350 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = J. W. (Bill) Scott (incumbent) |votes = 2,343,772 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William Pierce (incumbent) |votes = 2,341,983 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James C. Kirie |votes = 2,340,388 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Edward A. Warman |votes = 2,340,263 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Leland Rayson |votes = 2,339,745 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = E. J. (Zeke) Giorgi |votes = 2,339,506 |percentage = 0.45% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Phillip C. Goldstick |votes = 2,337,565 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John Merlo (incumbent) |votes = 2,337,425 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Allen T. Lucas (incumbent) |votes = 2,333,588 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James A. McLendon |votes = 2,332,951 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John M. Daley |votes = 2,332,665 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Leland J. Kennedy (incumbent) |votes = 2,331,981 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Paul E. Rink (incumbent) |votes = 2,331,722 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James D. Carrigan (incumbent) |votes = 2,330,860 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joe W. Russell (incumbent) |votes = 2,330,466 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Melvin McNairy |votes = 2,328,466 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Harold Washington |votes = 2,328,125 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John Jerome (Jack) Hill (incumbent) |votes = 2,328,023 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Clyde Lee (incumbent) |votes = 2,326,629 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Clyde L. Choate (incumbent) |votes = 2,324,383 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Charles Ed Schaefer (incumbent) |votes = 2,324,100 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James D. Holloway (incumbent) |votes = 2,323,732 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Chester R. Wiktorski, Jr. (incumbent) |votes = 2,321,044 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Robert V. Walsh (incumbent) |votes = 2,320,956 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William J. Schoeninger |votes = 2,320,724 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James Von Boeckman |votes = 2,320,580 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Roy Curtis Small |votes = 2,320,211 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = C. R. (Butch) Ratcliffe (incumbent) |votes = 2,318,456 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph P. Stremlau (incumbent) |votes = 2,316,029 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Francis X. Mahoney |votes = 2,315,855 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Carl H. Wittmond (incumbent) |votes = 2,315,638 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Miles E. Mills (incumbent) |votes = 2,315,065 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Elmo (Mac) McClain |votes = 2,314,645 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Corneal A. Davis (incumbent) |votes = 2,313,943 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Robert Craig (incumbent) |votes = 2,313,925 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Tobias (Toby) Barry (incumbent) |votes = 2,312,923 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Fred J. Schraeder |votes = 2,312,797 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William A. Moore, M.D. |votes = 2,311,742 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Bert Baker (incumbent) |votes = 2,311,412 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Leo F. O'Brien |votes = 2,309,250 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John J. McNichols |votes = 2,306,601 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Leo Pfeffer (incumbent) |votes = 2,306,163 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John W. Alsup (incumbent) |votes = 2,306,002 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Michael H. McDermott (incumbent) |votes = 2,305,217 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Frank C. Wolf (incumbent) |votes = 2,304,540 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William J. Frey |votes = 2,303,934 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Dan E. Costello (incumbent) |votes = 2,303,723 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Daniel O'Neill |votes = 2,303,161 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Howard R. Slater |votes = 2,301,528 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Charles F. Armstrong (incumbent) |votes = 2,301,421 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Michael E. Hannigan (incumbent) |votes = 2,299,077 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = H. B. Tanner |votes = 2,298,128 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Thomas J. Hanahan, Jr. |votes = 2,297,898 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Francis J. Loughran (incumbent) |votes = 2,297,846 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Frank X. Downey (incumbent) |votes = 2,296,178 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph Fennessey |votes = 2,295,190 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Dan Teefey (incumbent) |votes = 2,293,692 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph Tumpach |votes = 2,293,423 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Leo B. Obernuefemann |votes = 2,292,278 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Matt Ropa (incumbent) |votes = 2,291,587 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = James Y. Carter (incumbent) |votes = 2,291,419 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Henry M. Lenard (incumbent) |votes = 2,291,033 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Oral (Jake) Jacobs |votes = 2,290,242 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John J. Houlihan |votes = 2,289,912 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Frank J. Smith (incumbent) |votes = 2,287,950 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Omer Sanders |votes = 2,287,943 |percentage = 0.44% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Kenneth W. Course (incumbent) |votes = 2,285,860 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Sam Romano (incumbent) |votes = 2,285,599 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = LaSalle J. DeMichaels |votes = 2,285,455 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Andrew A. Euzzino (incumbent) |votes = 2,284,415 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = William A. Giblin |votes = 2,284,254 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John P. Downes (incumbent) |votes = 2,283,416 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John G. Fary (incumbent) |votes = 2,283,240 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Edward J. Shaw (incumbent) |votes = 2,283,155 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Peter J. Whalen (incumbent) |votes = 2,281,873 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Robert F. McPartlin (incumbent) |votes = 2,281,797 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John M. Vitek (incumbent) |votes = 2,281,726 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = John F. Leon (incumbent) |votes = 2,281,623 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Edward F. Sensor |votes = 2,281,431 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph F. Fanta |votes = 2,281,018 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Bernard B. Wolfe |votes = 2,280,958 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Nicholas Zagone (incumbent) |votes = 2,280,192 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Edward W. Wolbank (incumbent) |votes = 2,279,315 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Frank Lyman (incumbent) |votes = 2,279,018 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Peter M. Callan (incumbent) |votes = 2,278,241 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Calvin L. Smith |votes = 2,278,068 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Frank J. Broucek |votes = 2,276,080 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Benedict Garmisa |votes = 2,275,684 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Nick Svalina (incumbent) |votes = 2,275,432 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Otis G. Collins |votes = 2,274,028 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = Lawrence DiPrima (incumbent) |votes = 2,262,258 |percentage = 0.43% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Earl D. Eisenhower |votes = 2,191,826 |percentage = 0.42% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Charles W. Clabaugh (incumbent) |votes = 2,186,592 |percentage = 0.42% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John Clinton Youle |votes = 2,184,069 |percentage = 0.42% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = William E. Pollack (incumbent) |votes = 2,178,460 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Noble W. Lee (incumbent) |votes = 2,177,503 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Paul J. Randolph |votes = 2,176,388 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Mrs. Robert (Marjorie) Pebworth |votes = 2,175,501 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Frances L. Dawson (incumbent) |votes = 2,173,989 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Lawrence X. Pusateri |votes = 2,172,480 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Carl W. Soderstrom (incumbent) |votes = 2,172,032 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = George F. Sisler |votes = 2,171,458 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John C. Parkhurst (incumbent) |votes = 2,169,751 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John W. Carroll (incumbent) |votes = 2,169,659 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Terrel E. Clarke (incumbent) |votes = 2,167,451 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Albert W. Hachmeister (incumbent) |votes = 2,166,786 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = William D. Walsh (incumbent) |votes = 2,166,243 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = J. David Jones |votes = 2,165,919 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Mrs. Brooks McCormick |votes = 2,165,415 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = William L. Blaser |votes = 2,163,785 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = George Thiem |votes = 2,162,963 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Maj. Gen. Robert M. Woodward |votes = 2,161,782 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Thomas F. Railsback (incumbent) |votes = 2,161,428 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Harris Rowe (incumbent) |votes = 2,159,212 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Richard A. Walsh (incumbent) |votes = 2,158,621 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Arthur E. Simmons (incumbent) |votes = 2,157,072 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = George M. Burditt |votes = 2,156,996 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Clarence E. Neff (incumbent) |votes = 2,156,668 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Lewis V. Morgan, Jr. (incumbent) |votes = 2,155,932 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Alan R. Johnston (incumbent) |votes = 2,155,834 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John H. Conolly (incumbent) |votes = 2,155,828 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Ronald A. Hurst |votes = 2,155,622 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John W. Lewis, Jr. (incumbent) |votes = 2,154,348 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Leslie N. Jones |votes = 2,153,681 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = G. William Horsley (incumbent) |votes = 2,152,602 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John Henry Kleine |votes = 2,152,221 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Herbert F. Geisler |votes = 2,151,603 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = James H. Oughton, Jr. |votes = 2,150,431 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Paul P. Boswell, M.D. |votes = 2,149,578 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edward H. Jenison |votes = 2,149,326 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Mary K. Meany |votes = 2,147,427 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Eugene F. Schlickman |votes = 2,145,913 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = W. Robert Blair |votes = 2,145,703 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Jack T. Knuepfer |votes = 2,143,965 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Ralph T. Smith (incumbent) |votes = 2,143,304 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Wayne Fitzgerrell (incumbent) |votes = 2,142,955 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Robert R. Canfield |votes = 2,142,725 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Carl L. Klein |votes = 2,142,638 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Francis J. Berry |votes = 2,142,274 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Stanley A. Papierz |votes = 2,141,662 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Ben S. Rhodes (incumbent) |votes = 2,141,539 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Don A. Moore (incumbent) |votes = 2,140,695 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Bernard McDevitt (incumbent) |votes = 2,139,731 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = C. L. McCormick (incumbent) |votes = 2,138,193 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Jack Bowers |votes = 2,137,573 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Dr Edwin E. Dale (incumbent) |votes = 2,137,486 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Dean McCully (incumbent) |votes = 2,136,128 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Ed Lehman (incumbent) |votes = 2,134,749 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Michael A. Ruddy (incumbent) |votes = 2,134,681 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = William J. "Bill" Cunningham |votes = 2,134,243 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = W. K. (Kenny) Davidson (incumbent) |votes = 2,132,504 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Louis Janczak (incumbent) |votes = 2,132,011 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = W. J. McDonald |votes = 2,130,597 |percentage = 0.41% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Joseph R. Hale (incumbent) |votes = 2,128,570 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Fred Branson (incumbent) |votes = 2,127,908 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Nick Keller |votes = 2,126,958 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Charles M. (Chuck) Campbell (incumbent) |votes = 2,126,209 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edward McBroom (incumbent) |votes = 2,126,189 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = George S. Brydia (incumbent) |votes = 2,126,047 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Harland D. Warren (incumbent) |votes = 2,125,539 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Robert J. Lehnhausen<!--while never a legislator, was mayor of Peoria and other roles that imply they could be notable--> |votes = 2,124,841 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Charles K. Willett (incumbent) |votes = 2,124,588 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = A. B. McConnell (incumbent) |votes = 2,124,433 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = William F. Martin |votes = 2,123,689 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John E. Velde, Jr. |votes = 2,122,408 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Meade Baltz (incumbent) |votes = 2,121,885 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = H. B. Ihnen (incumbent) |votes = 2,120,757 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John W. Johnson |votes = 2,119,621 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John J. Donovan (incumbent) |votes = 2,119,546 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Frank A. Marek (incumbent) |votes = 2,119,175 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Garrel Burgoon (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,800 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edward M. Finfgeld (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,682 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edward Schneider (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,514 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Raymond E. (Ray) Anderson (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,462 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Merle K. Anderson (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,328 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Orval W. Hittmeier (incumbent) |votes = 2,118,246 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Paul F. Jones (incumbent) |votes = 2,117,605 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Claude A. Walker (incumbent) |votes = 2,117,257 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = J. Horace Gardner (incumbent) |votes = 2,116,919 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Hubert A. Dailey |votes = 2,116,519 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Bradley L. Manning |votes = 2,116,339 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Albert E. Bennett |votes = 2,116,319 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Charles O. Miller (incumbent) |votes = 2,116,139 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Kenneth W. Miller (incumbent) |votes = 2,116,012 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Marshall R. Schroeder<!--probably notable; see https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-09-03-8603050739-story.html--> |votes = 2,115,493 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = George P. Johns (incumbent) |votes = 2,115,224 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edwin A. McGowan (incumbent) |votes = 2,115,107 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Elwood Graham (incumbent) |votes = 2,114,521 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Arthur J. Reis |votes = 2,114,337 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Ben C. Blades (incumbent) |votes = 2,114,263 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Carl T. Hunsicker (incumbent) |votes = 2,114,146 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Allan L. "Al" Schoeberlein (incumbent) |votes = 2,113,809 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = John F. Wall (incumbent) |votes = 2,113,500 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Oscar Hansen (incumbent) |votes = 2,113,266 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Paul K. Zeman |votes = 2,113,065 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Jack E. Walker (incumbent) |votes = 2,112,532 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Edward A. Bundy |votes = 2,111,052 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Sydney L. "Syd" Perkins |votes = 2,109,299 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Eugene T. Devitt<!--maybe notable? https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-05-27-9305270097-story.html--> |votes = 2,108,237 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Jack D. Songer |votes = 2,107,794 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = David W. Johnson |votes = 2,105,944 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Richard L. LoDestro (incumbent) |votes = 2,104,909 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = James D. Heiple |votes = 2,104,813 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Romie J. Palmer |votes = 2,103,232 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = J. Theodore Meyer<!--elected to the IL house in 1966 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-10-07-0410070268-story.html--> |votes = 2,103,129 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Raymond J. Kahoun (incumbent) |votes = 2,098,387 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Norbert L. Lundberg |votes = 2,098,300 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Alfred B. Two |votes = 2,098,286 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Hellmut W. Stolle (incumbent) |votes = 2,094,314 |percentage = 0.40% }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 525,723,540 |percentage = 100% }} {{Election box end}}
==Aftermath== The results provided a significant shake-up of the balance of power in the state. While Republicans maintained control of the Illinois Senate, Democrats held the governorship and won a two-thirds supermajority in the State House. Democrats elected John P. Touhy as the speaker of the House.<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Bob |title=Touhy Elected Speaker of House |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-touhy-elected-speaker-of/131957634/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |work=The Pantagraph |date=January 7, 1965 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212304/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-touhy-elected-speaker-of/131957634/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Governmental reform=== The election of many "blue ribbon" candidates in both parties led to a focus on governmental reform, especially improvements to the operation of the legislature.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|290}} The legislature formed the Illinois Commission on the Organization of the General Assembly, chaired by state representative Harold A. Katz.<ref name="itsl" group="r"/>{{Rp|iv}} In 1967, the commission published a report—''Improving the State Legislature''—detailing 87 improvements it found that could be made to state government.<ref name="itsl" group="r"/>{{Rp|139–146}} Building on this, the 75th General Assembly (elected in 1966) proposed a constitutional convention, which was approved by voters in 1968, creating the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention. The convention was successful in creating a new constitution, which was approved by voters in 1970.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|290}}
===Redistricting=== One of the first matters the newly elected legislature had to consider was redistricting. New maps for the State House had to be passed to avoid another at-large election, while new maps for the State Senate had to be passed to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in ''Reynolds v. Sims'', which required that state legislature districts be roughly equal in population. There was again difficulty in passing maps, with downstate and Chicago legislators not wanting to give up representation in favor of the suburbs, which had grown their relative share of the population. In the end, the Illinois Supreme Court and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois agreed on a new map for the State Senate in compliance with ''Reynolds v. Sims'', while a legislative committee appointed by the governor was responsible for redistricting the House.<ref name="legislative-redistricting-report" group="r" /><ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Tagge |first1=George |title=Top Illinois Judges O.K. U.S. Changes |url=https://newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-top-illinois-judges-ok/139396498/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=August 26, 1965 |pages=1, 3 |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123180141/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-top-illinois-judges-ok/139396498/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="p">{{cite court|litigants=Scott v. Germano|vol=381|reporter=U.S.|opinion=407|court=Supreme Court of the United States|date=June 1, 1965|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/381/407/}}</ref> The resulting maps were relatively fair to both parties, although they caused a significant shift of power from downstate to the Chicago area.<ref name="legislative-redistricting-report" group="r" />{{Rp|16–17}}
Illinois's constitution was rewritten in 1970. The new constitution modified the procedures for redistricting, adding a tie-breaking member to the redistricting commission that would be established if the legislature failed to redistrict.<ref name="legislative-redistricting-report" group="r" />{{Rp|18}} The tie-breaking member would only be added if the commission deadlocked, and would be randomly chosen by the Secretary of State, with one candidate nominated by each party.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|308}}
The legislative process was not successful for redistricting in 1971, 1981, 1991, or 2001, necessitating a commission be formed in each case. In 1971, the commission was successful without a tie-breaker.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|308}} A tie-breaker was needed in 1981, with a Democrat being chosen by Secretary of State Jim Edgar; the resulting map was biased in favor of the Democratic Party. In 1991, the legislature, controlled by Democrats, passed a map that was vetoed by now-governor Edgar. With the commission initially unsuccessful, Secretary of State George Ryan chose a Republican for the tie-breaker. However, the Illinois Supreme Court, controlled by Democrats, rejected the commission's initial plan, threatening an at-large election if the commission could not create a valid plan.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|310}} Ryan described this as a potential constitutional crisis.<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/> The commission eventually enacted a map that survived court challenges after a Democrat on the court voted with the court's Republicans to uphold the map. In 2001, the commission needed a tie-breaker, with Secretary of State Jesse White selecting a Democrat by pulling a name out of a stovepipe hat; the commission passed its maps on a party-line basis.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|310}}<ref group="n">{{Cite web| url = https://www.nprillinois.org/statehouse/2001-10-01/state-of-the-state-the-tie-breaker-provision-has-become-the-start-of-state-redistricting| title = State of the State: The tie-breaker provision has become the start of state redistricting| last = Chambers| first = Aaron| date = 2001-10-01| publisher = NPR Illinois| access-date = 2024-11-03}}</ref>
The failure of the legislature to redistrict in six consecutive redistricting cycles (between 1963 and 2001), as well as the commission failing in most of those years without a tie-breaker, has received significant criticism. Politicians have been described as choosing to play "redistricting roulette" in attempts to get a favorable map, instead of compromising to draw a fair one. As of 2001, Illinois was the only state to use a randomly selected tie-breaker for its redistricting commission.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|311}}
This was the only time in which a state legislative election was held at-large in the United States.<ref name="role-newspapers" group="r"/> However, at-large elections have been held for all of a state's congressional seats when states have failed to pass a congressional map.{{efn|The U.S. Congress did not pass legislation requiring states redistrict following the 1930 United States census. Following this, in 1932, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, and Virginia elected their House members at-large with plurality block voting. North Dakota continued to do so until 1960. Arizona did so in 1942, 1944, and 1946. Following the loss of a congressional seat in the 1960 United States census, Alabama elected all of its members at-large in 1962. New Mexico elected their members at-large starting in 1942, and Hawaii in 1962; both states continued doing so until this practice was banned in 1967 by the Uniform Congressional District Act.<ref name="Flores" group="r">{{cite web |url=http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm |title=The 1967 Single-Member District Mandate |access-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044913/http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm |url-status=live |last=Flores| first=Nicolas}}</ref>}}<ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Montgomery |first1=David H. |title=Minnesota races for Congress in 2022 could get wild |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/02/23/races-for-congress-in-2022-could-get-wild |access-date=December 22, 2023 |work=Minnesota Public Radio |date=February 23, 2021 |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |language=en |archive-date=December 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222194458/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/02/23/races-for-congress-in-2022-could-get-wild |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Members elected=== The 1964 election helped launch the political careers of certain Democrats, including Adlai E. Stevenson III, who later represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate, and Harold Washington, who eventually became mayor of Chicago.<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/> The last member elected in 1964 to leave the House was Edolo J. Giorgi, a Democrat from Rockford, who served until his death in 1993.<ref name="tribune-rekindles" group="n"/><ref group="n">{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Rick |title=Rep Edolo J. Giorgi; Created State Lottery |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-10-25-9310250101-story.html |access-date=October 9, 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 25, 1993 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029180643/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-10-25-9310250101-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2000, Pat Quinn, a state politician and future governor,<!--not in source given publication date but easily verifiable--> proposed that some members of the Illinois legislature should be elected at-large, arguing that the 1964 election had produced many good legislators.<ref name="mcdowell-orange" group="r"/>{{Rp|312}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== ===Books and reports=== {{reflist|group="r" |refs= <ref name="il-blue-book-1962">{{cite book |editor1-last=Carpentier |editor1-first=Charles F. |editor1-link=Charles F. Carpentier |title=Illinois Blue Book |edition=1961-1962 |url=https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/14023 |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106224821/https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/14023 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="il-blue-book-1964">{{cite book |editor1-last=Chamberlain |editor1-first=William H. |editor1-link=William H. Chamberlain |title=Illinois Blue Book |edition=1963-1964 |url=https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/15579/rec/55 |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |access-date=2023-09-16 |archive-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212304/https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/15579/rec/55 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="il-blue-book-1966">{{cite book |editor1-last=Powell |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-link=Paul Powell (politician) |title=Illinois Blue Book |edition=1965-1966 |url=https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/15788/rec/56 |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |access-date=2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203004326/https://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/15788/rec/56 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="mcdowell-orange">{{cite journal |last1=McDowell |first1=James L. |title=The Orange-Ballot Election: The 1964 Illinois At-Large Vote—and After |journal=Journal of Illinois History |date=2007 |volume=10 |pages=289–314 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112103937048&seq=307 |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106224822/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112103937048&seq=307 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="role-newspapers">{{cite journal |last1=McDowell |first1=James L. |title=The Role of Newspapers in Illinois' At-Large Election |journal=Journalism Quarterly |date=June 1965 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=281–284 |doi=10.1177/107769906504200217 |s2cid=144140012 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/107769906504200217 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127115146/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769906504200217?journalCode=jmqb |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="legislative-redistricting-report">{{cite report |title=Legislative Redistricting in Illinois: An Historical Analysis |publisher=Illinois Commission on Intergovernmental Cooperation |date=1987 |last=Green |first=Paul M. |url=https://www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/Green.pdf |access-date=2023-09-17 |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224131217/https://www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/Green.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="itsl">{{cite book |title=Improving the State Legislature: A Report of the Illinois Commission on the Organization of the General Assembly |date=1967 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana}}</ref> }}
===Newspapers=== {{reflist|group="n"}}
===Other primary sources=== {{reflist|group="p"|refs= <ref name="il-1962-certified-results">{{cite web |title=Official Vote of the State of Illinois |url=https://elections.il.gov/NewDocDisplay.aspx?khDtbt6dhc8zLboSZnz8zqVh5SQVox7uAOAe2nieWDAlNyd4%2btjArHsz9xVXIJ4p6Y57u3FvWw0%2bgnNWdT3uKyV44EJPSNKJqSNPoTMrt%2fmA2Vga9kq1ZXrHCzqRzWcetZpt%2bDb3HXoITebfMQbS9ef8B1Lpm%2f3pBYWBvx5JOT0AZs%2ffDDpdEtj5lTtANxJ%2fRV12RArYQeYWCc%2brAZ%2bMog%3d%3d |website=Illinois State Board of Elections |access-date=September 16, 2023 | date=1962}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref name="il-1964-certified-results">{{cite web |title=Official Vote of the State of Illinois |url=https://elections.il.gov/NewDocDisplay.aspx?khDtbt6dhc8zLboSZnz8zqVh5SQVox7uAOAe2nieWDAlNyd4%2btjArHsz9xVXIJ4p6Y57u3FvWw0%2bgnNWdT3uKyV44EJPSNKJqSNPoTMrt%2fmA2Vga9kq1ZXrHCzqRzWcetZpt%2bDb3HXoITebfMQbS9YxToiebqRaeZq%2b0jUZGSQYSRHlFsQD9qOlckt6uVz9PUusOLD2G55ulI%2fafPVXYAQ%3d%3d |website=Illinois State Board of Elections |access-date=September 16, 2023 | date=1964}}{{cbignore}}</ref> }}
Category:1964 Illinois elections Category:Illinois House of Representatives elections Illinois House of Representatives election