Foot whipping

{{short description|Method of corporal punishment}} {{Redirect|Bastinado|the Roman punishment of that name, involving stoning or cudgeling|Fustuarium}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} {{corporal punishment}} thumb|262px|Bastinado demonstration using a cane '''Foot whipping''', '''falanga/falaka''' or '''bastinado''' is a method of inflicting pain and humiliation by administering a beating on the soles of a person's bare feet. Unlike most types of flogging, it is meant more to be painful than to cause actual injury to the victim. Blows are generally delivered with a light rod, knotted cord, or lash.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/flogging#ref177595 |title=Flogging | punishment}}</ref>

Bastinado is also referred to as ''foot (bottom) caning'' or ''sole caning'', depending on the instrument in use. The German term is ''Bastonade'', deriving from the Italian noun ''bastonata'' (''stroke with the use of a stick''). In former times it was also referred to as ''Sohlenstreich'' (corr. ''striking the soles''). The Chinese term is ''dǎ jiǎoxīn'' (打脚心 / 打腳心).

==Overview== The first clearly identified written documentation of bastinado in Europe dates to 1537, and in China to 960.{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=274}} References to bastinado have been hypothesised to also be found in the Bible (Prov. 22:15; Lev. 19:20; Deut. 22:18), suggesting use of the practice since antiquity.<ref name="www.biblegateway.com">{{cite web| title=Bastinado| url=http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/dictionaries/dict_meaning.php?source=1&wid=T0000469| publisher=www.biblegateway.com| access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

Bastinado was practiced in the Third Reich era. In several German and Austrian institutions it was still practised during the 1950s.<ref name="kurier.at">{{cite web| title=Wimmersdorf: 270 Schläge auf die Fußsohlen| date=15 October 2013| url=http://kurier.at/chronik/niederoesterreich/wimmersdorf-270-schlaege-auf-die-fusssohlen/30.980.261| language=de| publisher=kurier.at| access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="krone.at">"krone.at" vom 29. März 2012 [http://www.krone.at/Oesterreich/Berichte_ueber_Folter_in_Kinder-Heim_auf_der_Hohen_Warte-Schwere_Vorwuerfe-Story-316489 Berichte über Folter im Kinderheim auf der Hohen Warte]; 3 March 2014</ref>{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=275}}<ref name="Cesereanu">Ruxandra Cesereanu: ''An Overview of Political Torture in the Twentieth Century''. p. 124f.</ref>

== Impact == Hyperpigmentation was found on torture victims' feet after months or years since being tortured. As a physical sign of torture, it can support requests for political asylum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Longstreth |first1=George F. |last2=Grypma |first2=Lydia |last3=Willis |first3=Brittney A. |last4=Anderson |first4=Kathi C. |title=Foot Torture (Falanga): Ten Victims with Chronic Plantar Hyperpigmentation |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |date=February 2021 |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=278–281 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.016 |url=https://notorture.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Our-falanga-article.pdf}}</ref>

== Appearance ==

=== Regional === [[File:Antoin Sevruguin 12 Falak Whipping the soles of a criminal.jpg|thumb|right|Middle Eastern falaka using a plank; Iran, early 20th century]] Foot whipping was common practice as means of disciplinary punishment in different kinds of institutions throughout Central Europe until the 1950s, especially in German territories.<ref name="kurier.at" /><ref name="krone.at" /> <br /> In German prisons this method consistently served as the principal disciplinary punishment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=Francis Bisset |title=Germany: The Spirit of Her History, Literature, Social Condition and National Economy : Illustrated by Reference to Her Physical, Moral, and Political Statistics, and by Comparison with Other Countries |publisher=Charles Jugel at the German and foreign library |date=1839 |page=235}}</ref> Throughout the Nazi era, it was frequently used in German penal institutions and labour camps. It was also inflicted on the population in occupied territories, notably Denmark and Norway.{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=275}}

In Greece, during the Greek junta period, in a 1967 survey, 83% of the inmates in Greek prisons reported about frequent infliction of bastinado. It was also used against rioting students. In Spanish prisons 39% of the inmates reported about this kind of treatment. The French Sûreté reportedly used it to extract confessions. The British used it in Palestine, and the French used it in Algeria. Within Colonial India it was used to punish tax offenders.{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=275}}

Bastinado is still practised in penal institutions of several countries around the world.

=== In history === *The Bastinado was a common punishment during Mexico's Porfirian era, when the ''Rurales'' secret police would commonly use bull penises for the task.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFGOJ2VYgT4C|title=Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution|date=2001|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=978-0-7126-6677-0|pages=23|language=en}}</ref> *In the United States, corporal punishment through foot whipping was reported from juvenile penal institutions until 1969, as for example in Massachusetts.{{sfn|Rejali|2009|p=275}} *Foot whipping was practised in juvenile institutions and protectories in Austria until the 1960s.<ref>„krone.at“ 29 March 2012 [http://www.krone.at/Oesterreich/Berichte_ueber_Folter_in_Kinder-Heim_auf_der_Hohen_Warte-Schwere_Vorwuerfe-Story-316489 Berichte über Folter in Kinderheimen auf der Hohen Warte]; 22 February 2014</ref> *In Nazi Germany caning the soles of a prisoner's bare feet was employed as a form of chastisement in concentration camps, prison camps and penitentiaries.<ref name=Ruxandra>Vgl. Ruxandra Cesereanu: ''An Overview of Political Torture in the Twentieth Century''. S. 124f.</ref><ref name="Schwartz">"Weibliche Angelegenheiten": Handlungsräume von KZ-Aufseherinnen in Ravensbrück und Neubrandenburg ("Female Matters": Responsibilities of overseers in the concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Neubrandenburg): [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV59DwAAQBAJ&dq=barfu%C3%9Fzwang&pg=PT275] 1.6.2023</ref><ref>"Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung": Helga Schwarz u. Gerda Szepansky: ... und dennoch blühten Blumen (S. 26) ("Brandenburg Central for political education": ... and yet the flowers bloomed p. 26)[https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/system/files/downloads/ravensbrueck_0.pdf] 1.6.2023</ref> * Indian Imperial Police officer Charles Tegart is said to have instituted foot whipping, a practice derived from Ottoman times, in an interrogation centre established at Jerusalem in 1938 as part of the effort to suppress the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. *Foot whipping was used by Fascist Blackshirts against Freemasons critical of Benito Mussolini as early as 1923 (Dalzell, 1961). *It was used as a method of torture during the Greek Civil War of 1946 to 1949 and the regime of the Colonels from 1967 to 1974.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSvAKgxEhuwC&dq=%22the+method%22+%22pericles+korovessis%22&pg=PA71 Pericles Korovessis, ''The Method: A Personal Account of the Tortures in Greece''], trans. Les Nightingale and Catherine Patrarkis (London: Allison & Busby, 1970); extract in William F. Schulz, ''The Phenomenon of Torture: Readings and Commentary'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, pp. 71-9.</ref> *It was reported that Russian prisoners of war were "bastinadoed' at Afion camp by their Ottoman captors during World War I. However, British prisoners escaped this treatment.<ref>Christopher Pugsley, ''Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story'', Appendix 1, p. 357.</ref> *Foot whipping was, among other methods, used as a method of obtaining confession from alleged political criminals during the communist regime of Czechoslovakia<ref>{{cite news | last = Kroupa | first = Mikuláš | title = Příběhy 20. století: Za vraždu estébáka se komunisté mstili torturou |trans-title=Tales of the 20th century: For the murder of a state security officer, the communists took revenge with torture | newspaper = iDnes | date = 10 March 2012 | url = http://zpravy.idnes.cz/pribehy-20-stoleti-za-vrazdu-estebaka-se-komuniste-mstili-torturou-1dt-/domaci.aspx?c=A120309_150646_domaci_brm | language = cs | access-date = 1 July 2012}}</ref> *Bahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith) underwent foot whipping in August 1852. (Esslemont, 1937). *Foot whipping was used at the S-21 prison in Phnom Penh during the rule of the Khmer Rouge and is mentioned in the ten regulations to prisoners now on display in the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. *This punishment has, at various times, been used in China. "No crimes pass unpunished in China. The bastinado is the common punishment for slight faults, and the number of blows is proportionable to the nature of the fault... When the number of blows does not exceed twenty, it is accounted a fatherly correction. The emperor himself sometimes commands it to be inflicted on great persons, and afterwards sees them and treats them as usual." (Père du Halde: ''Chinese Punishments'', c. 1680)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1680halde3.asp|title = Internet History Sourcebooks}}</ref>

===Modern era=== thumb|Foot whipping in an Iraqi prison; museum exhibit *Foot whipping was a commonly reported torture method used by the security officers of Bahrain on its citizens between 1974 and 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain |title=E/CN.4/1997/7 Fifty-third session, Item 8(a) of the provisional agenda UN Doc., 10 January 1997. |access-date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209174652/http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain |url-status=dead }}</ref> See Torture in Bahrain. *Falanga is allegedly used by the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) against persons suspected of involvement with the opposition Movement for Democratic Change parties (MDC-T and MDC-M).<ref>[http://www.hrforumzim.com/special_hrru/analysis_1998_2006.pdf "An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998-2006"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721200732/http://www.hrforumzim.com/special_hrru/analysis_1998_2006.pdf |date=21 July 2008 }} (PDF).</ref> *The Prime Minister of Eswatini, Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, threatened to use this form of torture (''sipakatane'') to punish South African activists who had taken part in a mass protest for democracy in that country.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sibongile Sukati |url=http://www.times.co.sz/index.php?news=20549 |title=Sipakatane for rowdy foreigners |newspaper=Times of Swaziland |location=Mbabane |date=9 September 2010}}</ref> *Reportedly used during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein in Iraq (1979–2003). *Reportedly used in Tunisia by security forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps |title=Justice en Tunisie : un printemps inachevé |publisher=ACAT |access-date=26 September 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140926182603/http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps |url-status=usurped }}</ref> *Recent research in imaging of torture victims confirms it is still used in several other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2014/08/confirming-torture-use-imaging-victims-falanga|title=Confirming Torture: The Use of Imaging in Victims of Falanga|first1=Christine|last1=Miller|first2=Jessica|last2=Popelka|first3=Nicole|last3=Griffin|date=8 June 2014|website=www.forensicmag.com|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513153918/http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2014/08/confirming-torture-use-imaging-victims-falanga|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Foot whipping amongst other methods is still practised today in the torture of prisoners in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/30/leaked-video-blows-lid-torture-russian-prisons|title=Leaked Video Blows Lid off Torture in Russian Prisons |work=Human Rights Watch |location=Russia |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> *Foot whipping is a common torture method in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/ |title=Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists | Amnesty International |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113154234/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== In literature === {{More citations needed section|date=March 2026}} *In act V, scene I of the Shakespearean comedy ''As You Like It'', Touchstone threatens William with the line: "I will deal in poison with thee, or in bastinado, or in steel..." *In act I, scene X of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera, ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'' ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), Osmin threatens Belmonte and Pedrillo with bastinado: ''"Sonst soll die Bastonade Euch gleich zu Diensten steh'n."'' (lit. "Or the bastonade will serve you soon."). *In act I, scene XIX of Mozart's opera ''The Magic Flute'', Sarastro orders Monostatos to be punished with 77 blows on the soles of his feet: "He! gebt dem Ehrenmann sogleich/nur sieben und siebenzig Sohlenstreich'." (lit. "Give the gentleman immediately just seventy-seven strokes on the soles.") *In Chapter 8, Climatic Conditions, of Robert Irwin's novel ''The Arabian Nightmare'', Sultan's doppelgänger is discovered and is questioned. "He was bastinadoed lightly to make him talk (for a heavy bastinado killed), but the man sobered up quickly and said nothing." thumb|Fig. 5.—The Bastinado; Beni-Hassan. (Champollion, pl. 390.) in A History of Art in Ancient Egypt (1883) *In Chapter 58 of ''Innocents Abroad'' by Mark Twain, a member of Twain's party goes to collect a specimen from the face of the Sphinx and Twain sends a sheik to warn him of the consequences: "...by the laws of Egypt the crime he was attempting to commit was punishable with imprisonment or the bastinado." * In Henri Charrière's ''Papillon'', the author recalls having this done to him at Devil's Island, whereupon he had to be carried about in a wheelbarrow, with the soles of his feet resting against garden fork handles. * In Tony Anthony's autobiography: ''Taming the Tiger'', he was tortured and interrogated by Cyprian policemen using primarily this method, before being imprisoned in Nicosia central prison. * When "Gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thompson ran an unsuccessful campaign for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, in 1970, he said his plan for dealing with the illicit drug trade was that "My first act as Sheriff will be to install, on the courthouse lawn, a bastinado platform and a set of stocks in order to punish dishonest dope dealers in a proper public fashion."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://therake.com/stories/icons/fear-clothing-hunter-s-thompson/ |title=The Clothes of Hunter S. Thompson |first=Christian |last=Barker |date=October 2016 |website=The Rake}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lithub.com/when-hunter-s-thompson-ran-for-sheriff/ |title=When Hunter S. Thompson Ran for Sheriff |website=Literary Hub |first=David |last=Willis |date=3 September 2020}}</ref> * In Mario Puzo's novel of ''The Godfather'', three corrupt home-repair workers are "thoroughly bastinadoed" by Sonny Corleone.

==See also== {{Commons category|Foot whipping}} *Barefoot *Judicial corporal punishment *Physical restraint *Prisoners' rights

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==Sources== * {{cite book|last=Rejali|first=Darius|year=2009|title=Torture and Democracy|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691143330}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foot Whipping}} Category:Corporal punishments Category:Penal imprisonment Category:School punishments Category:Whipping Category:Physical torture techniques