Echinochloa

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the grass family}} {{Automatic taxobox |name = Barnyard grass Cockspur grass |display_parents = 4 |image = Echinochloa crus-galli 2006.08.27 14.59.37-p8270051.jpg |image_caption = Common barnyard grass (''Echinochloa crus-galli'') |taxon = Echinochloa |authority = P.Beauv. |type_species = ''Echinochloa crus-galli'' |type_species_authority = (L.) P.Beauv. |synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40000893 Tropicos, ''Echinochloa'' P. Beauv.]</ref><ref name=r>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=451441 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> |synonyms = * ''Oplismenus'' sect. ''Echninochloa'' (P.Beauv.) Dumort. * ''Panicum'' sect. ''Echinochloa'' (P.Beauv.) Döll * ''Panicum'' sect. ''Echinochloa'' (P.Beauv.) Nees * ''Panicum'' sect. ''Echinochloa'' (P.Beauv.) Trin. * ''Panicum'' ser. ''Echinochloa'' (P.Beauv.) Benth. * ''Panicum'' subg. ''Echinochloa'' (P.Beauv.) A. Gray * ''Tema'' Adans. * ''Ornithospermum'' Durande, not validly published }}

'''''Echinochloa''''' is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394132#page/137/mode/1up Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 53] in Latin</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=111218 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 515 <big>稗属</big> bai shu ''Echinochloa'' P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 53. 1812. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=111218 Flora of Pakistan]</ref> Some of the species are known by the common names '''barnyard grass''' or '''cockspur grass.'''<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=echinochloa Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Echinochloa''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022126/http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Echinochloa |date=2015-02-01 }}</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=ECHIN4 US Department of Agriculture plants profile, ''Echinochloa'' P. Beauv., cockspur grass ]</ref>

Some of the species within this genus are millets that are grown as cereal or fodder crops. The most notable of these are Japanese millet (''E. esculenta'') in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet (''E. frumentacea'') in South Asia, and burgu millet (''E. stagnina'') in West Africa. Collectively, the members of this genus are called '''barnyard grasses''' (though this may also refer to ''E. crus-galli'' specifically), and are also known as '''barnyard millets''' or '''billion-dollar grasses'''.

When not grown on purpose, these grasses may become a nuisance to farmers. In particular, common barnyard grass (''E. crus-galli'') is notorious as a weed.<ref>{{aut|Pheng, S.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C. & Jahn, G.C.}} (2001): Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of ''Echinochloa crus-galli''. International Rice Research Institute Notes '''26'''(2): 36-37. [http://www.irri.org/publications/irrn/pdfs/vol26no2/irrn262pestsci.pdf PDF fulltext] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705073019/http://www.irri.org/publications/irrn/pdfs/vol26no2/irrn262pestsci.pdf |date=2010-07-05 }}</ref> It is not easily suppressed with living mulches such as velvet bean (''Mucuna pruriens'' var. ''utilis'').<ref>{{aut|Caamal-Maldonado, J.A.; Jimenez, J.J.; Torres, A. & Anaya, A.}} (2001): The use of allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for weed control in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal '''93'''(1): 27-36. [http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/93/1/27.pdf PDF fulltext]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Early barnyard grass (''E. oryzoides'') is a well-known example of Vavilovian mimicry: the plants have evolved to resemble rice (''Oryza''), enabling them to escape weeding more easily.<ref>{{aut|Barrett, S.}} (1983): Mimicry in Plants. Scientific American '''257'''(3): 76-83.</ref>

Among the plant pathogens that affect this genus are the sac fungus ''Cochliobolus sativus'', which has been noted on common barnyard grass, and rice hoja blanca virus. Both affect many other grass species, in particular most important cereals, and ''Echinochloa'' weeds may serve as a reservoir. The fungi ''Drechslera monoceras'' and ''Exserohilum monoceras'' have been evaluated with some success as potential biocontrol agents of common barnyard grass in rice fields. More research is necessary, however, because they may not be host-specific enough to be of practical use.<ref>{{aut|Huang, S.W.; Watson, A.K.; Duan, G.F. & Yu, L.Q.}} (2001): Preliminary evaluation of potential pathogenic fungi as bioherbicides of barnyardgrass (''Echinochloa crus-galli'') in China. International Rice Research Institute Notes '''26'''(2): 36-37. [http://www.irri.org/publications/irrn/pdfs/vol26no2/irrn262pestsci.pdf PDF fulltext] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705073019/http://www.irri.org/publications/irrn/pdfs/vol26no2/irrn262pestsci.pdf |date=2010-07-05 }}</ref> Insect pests include ''Atherigona falcata'', the barnyard millet shoot fly.<ref name=InsectPests>{{cite book|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128042434/insect-pests-of-millets|title=Insect Pests of Millets: Systematics, Bionomics, and Management|year=2017|first1=A.|last1=Kalaisekar|first2=P.G.|last2=Padmaja|first3=V.R.|last3=Bhagwat|first4=J.V.|last4=Patil|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-804243-4}}</ref>

==Species== ; Species<ref name=r/><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Echinochloa The Plant List search for Echinochloa]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Echinochloa Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref><ref>Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers. 1972. A revision of ''Echinochloa'' in the United States. American Midland Naturalist 87(1): 36–59</ref> {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * ''Echinochloa brevipedicellata'' * ''Echinochloa callopus'' * ''Echinochloa chacoensis'' * ''Echinochloa colona'' – shama grass, samo * ''Echinochloa crus-galli'' – common barnyard grass, cockspur grass * ''Echinochloa crus-pavonis'' – gulf cockspur grass - southwestern + south-central USA; Mexico, Honduras * ''Echinochloa elliptica'' * ''Echinochloa esculenta'' – Japanese millet * ''Echinochloa frumentacea'' – Indian barnyard millet * ''Echinochloa glabrescens'' * ''Echinochloa haploclada'' * ''Echinochloa helodes'' * ''Echinochloa holciformis'' * ''Echinochloa inundata'' * ''Echinochloa jaliscana'' - Jalisco * ''Echinochloa jubata'' * ''Echinochloa kimberleyensis'' * ''Echinochloa lacunaria'' * ''Echinochloa macrandra'' * ''Echinochloa muricata'' – rough barnyard grass, American barnyard grass - widespread in Canada, USA, northern Mexico * ''Echinochloa obtusiflora'' * ''Echinochloa oplismenoides'' - Mexico, Guatemala, Arizona * ''Echinochloa oryzicola''<ref name="Vigueira-et-al-2013">{{cite journal | last1=Vigueira | first1=C C | last2=Olsen | first2=K M | last3=Caicedo | first3=A L | title=The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution | journal=Heredity | publisher=Nature | volume=110 | issue=4 | date=2012-11-28 | issn=0018-067X | doi=10.1038/hdy.2012.104 | pages=303–311| pmid=23188175 | pmc=3607111 }}</ref> * ''Echinochloa oryzoides'' – early barnyard grass * ''Echinochloa paludigena'' - Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico * ''Echinochloa picta'' * ''Echinochloa pithopus'' * ''Echinochloa polystachya'' - from Texas, Louisiana, + West Indies to Argentina * ''Echinochloa praestans'' * ''Echinochloa pyramidalis'' * ''Echinochloa rotundiflora'' * ''Echinochloa stagnina'' – burgu millet * ''Echinochloa telmatophila'' * ''Echinochloa turneriana'' * ''Echinochloa ugandensis'' * ''Echinochloa walteri'' – Walter's barnyard grass - Quebec, Ontario, USA (Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, South-central, California); much of Latin America + West Indies }}

[[File:Echinochloa colona (Jungle Rice) W2 IMG 0528.jpg|thumb|right|jungle rice (''Echinochloa colona'')]] ; Formerly included<ref name=r/> see ''Acroceras'', ''Axonopus'', ''Brachiaria'', ''Oplismenopsis'', ''Oplismenus'', ''Panicum'', ''Pseudechinolaena'', ''Setaria'', ''Urochloa'' {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * ''Echinochloa compressa - Axonopus compressus'' * ''Echinochloa cubensis - Oplismenus hirtellus'' * ''Echinochloa echinata'' P.Beauv. not (Willd.) Nakai 1952 - ''Pseudechinolaena polystachya'' * ''Echinochloa elephantipes - Panicum elephantipes'' * ''Echinochloa eruciformis - Brachiaria eruciformis'' * ''Echinochloa erythrosperma - Setaria italica'' * ''Echinochloa geminata - Paspalidium geminatum'' * ''Echinochloa hirta - Urochloa panicoides'' * ''Echinochloa intermedia - Setaria italica'' * ''Echinochloa lanceolata - Oplismenus compositus'' * ''Echinochloa najada - Oplismenopsis najada'' * ''Echinochloa nervosa - Acroceras gabunense'' * ''Echinochloa notabilis - Urochloa mosambicensis'' * ''Echinochloa polystachya'' (Kunth) Roberty 1954 not (Kunth) Hitchc. 1920- ''Pseudechinolaena polystachya'' * ''Echinochloa pulchella - Panicum pulchellum'' * ''Echinochloa ramosa - Brachiaria ramosa'' * ''Echinochloa reptans - Brachiaria reptans'' * ''Echinochloa setigera - Urochloa setigera'' * ''Echinochloa setosum - Setaria setosa'' * ''Echinochloa squarrosa - Pseudoraphis spinescens'' * ''Echinochloa subcordata - Brachiaria reptans'' * ''Echinochloa zizanioides - Acroceras zizanioides'' }}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Echinochloa+crus-galli&CAN=COMIND Plants for a Future: ''E. crus-galli''.] * [http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309049903/html/266.html ''Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 1: Grains'', Chapter 14: Wild Grains.]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/millet.html ''Alternative Field Crops Manual'': Millets.]

Category:Echinochloa Category:Millets Category:Grasses of Asia Category:Grasses of North America Category:Grasses of South America Category:Poaceae genera Category:Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois