{{Short description|Family of mammals}} {{distinguish|text=Balanidae, a family of barnacles}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Balaenidae<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300003}}</ref> | fossil_range = Miocene to present | image = Balaenidae Diversity.png | image_caption = Montage of two extant balaenids, ''Balaena mysticetus'' (right) and ''Eubalaena australis'' (left) | taxon = Balaenidae | authority = Gray, 1821 | type_genus = ''Balaena'' | type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''Balaena''<br /> ''Eubalaena''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Antwerpibalaena''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Archaeobalaena''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Yoshihiro Tanaka |author2=Hitoshi Furusawa |author3=Masaichi Kimura |year=2020 |title=A new member of fossil balaenid (Mysticeti, Cetacea) from the early Pliocene of Hokkaido, Japan |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=7 |issue=4 |article-number=192182 |doi=10.1098/rsos.192182 |doi-access=free|pmid=32431893 |pmc=7211833 |bibcode=2020RSOS....792182T }}</ref><br /> {{Extinct}}''Balaenella''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Balaenula''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Balaenotus''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Charadrobalaena''<ref name="Charadrobalaena">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisconti |first1=M. |last2=Chicchi |first2=S. |last3=Monegatti |first3=P. |last4=Scacchetti |first4=M. |last5=Campanini |first5=R. |last6=Marsili |first6=S. |last7=Carnevale |first7=G. |title=Taphonomy, osteology and functional morphology of a partially articulated skeleton of an archaic Pliocene right whale from Emilia Romagna (NW Italy) |year=2023 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.4435/BSPI.2023.09 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375597501 }}</ref><br /> {{Extinct}}''Idiocetus''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Megabalaena''<ref name="Megabalaena">{{Cite journal |last1=Tanaka1 |first=Yoshihiro |last2=Kimura |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Shinmura |first3=Tatsuya |last4=Ohira |first4=Hiroto |last5=Furusawa |first5=Hitoshi |date=2025-08-20 |title=A new member of a large and archaic balaenid from the Late Miocene of Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan partly fills a gap of right whale evolution |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2025/5581-archaic-balaenid-from-japan |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=1–59 |doi=10.26879/1549 |issn=1094-8074}}</ref><br /> {{Extinct}}''Mesoteras''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Morenocetus''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Peripolocetus''<br /> {{Extinct}}''Protobalaena'' }}
'''Balaenidae''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|ᵻ|d|eɪ|,_|-|d|iː}}) is a family of whales of the parvorder Mysticeti (baleen whales) that contains mostly fossil taxa and two living genera: the right whale (genus ''Eubalaena''), and the closely related bowhead whale (genus ''Balaena'').<ref name="PerrinWursig2008b">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bannister|first=John L. |editor=Perrin, W. F. |editor2=Wursig, B. |editor3=Thewissen, J. G. M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80|access-date=20 May 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373553-9|page=80 |title=Baleen Whales (Mysticetes) |quote=Although Rice believed that all right whales belong with the bowhead in the genus ''Balaena'', recent genetic analysis have recognized three separate right whale species, in the genus ''Eubalaena'': in the North Atlantic (''E. glacialis''); in the North Atlantic (''E. japonica''); and in the Southern Hemisphere (''E. australis'').}}</ref><ref name="PerrinWursig2008">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kenney|first=Robert D. |editor=Perrin, W. F. |editor2=Wursig, B. |editor3=Thewissen, J. G. M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA963|access-date=20 May 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373553-9|page=963 |title=Right Whales (''Eubalaena glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australis'') |chapter=Box 1: Taxonomic Rules, J.E. Grey, and Right Whale Names |quote=The study by Churchill (2007) now has provided the evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage distinct from the bowhead and are rightly classified into a separate genus.}}</ref>
==Taxonomy== *Family Balaenidae **Genus ''Balaena'' ***Bowhead whale, ''Balaena mysticetus'' **Genus ''Eubalaena'' ***North Atlantic right whale, ''Eubalaena glacialis'' ***North Pacific right whale, ''Eubalaena japonica'' ***Southern right whale, ''Eubalaena australis''
Until recently, all right whales of the genus ''Eubalaena'' were considered a single species—''E. glacialis''. In 2000, genetic studies of right whales from the different ocean basins led scientists to conclude that the populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere constitute three distinct species.<ref name="Rosenbaum et al 2005">{{Cite FTP | author = Rosenbaum, H. C. | author2 = R. L. Brownell Jr. | author3 = M. W. Brown | author4 = C. Schaeff | author5 = V. Portway | author6 = B. N. White | author7 = S. Malik | author8 = L. A. Pastene | author9 = N. J. Patenaude | author10 = C. S. Baker | author11 = M. Goto | author12 = P. Best | author13 = P. J. Clapham | author14 = P. Hamilton | author15 = M. Moore | author16 = R. Payne | author17 = V. Rowntree | author18 = C. T. Tynan | author19 = J. L. Bannister | author20 = R. Desalle | name-list-style=amp| year = 2000 | title = World-wide genetic differentiation of ''Eubalaena'': Questioning the number of right whale species | volume = 9 | url = ftp://swfscftp.noaa.gov/users/bhhanser/Papers%20included%20in%20table%20of%20Genetics%20working%20paper/Rosenbaum%20HC%20et%20al%202000%20right%20whale%20species.pdf | pages = 1793–802 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x | pmid = 11091315 | issue = 11 | bibcode = 2000MolEc...9.1793R | server = Molecular Ecology | url-status = dead | s2cid = 7166876 }}</ref> Further genetic analysis in 2005 using mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA has supported the conclusion that the three populations should be treated as separate species,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gaines, C.A.|author2=M.P. Hare|author3=S.E. Beck|author4=H.C. Rosenbaum|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|title=Nuclear markers confirm taxonomic status and relationships among highly endangered and closely related right whale species|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|volume=272|pages=533–42|pmid=15846869|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2895|pmc=1578701|issue=1562}}</ref> and the separation has been adopted for management purposes by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service and the International Whaling Commission.<ref name=NMFS2006>[http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/statusreviews/rightwhale2006.pdf National Marine Fisheries Service: Review of the Status of the Right Whales in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans (2006)]. (PDF). Retrieved September 15, 2011.</ref>
The cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between taxa. The point where a node branches off is analogous to an evolutionary branching – the diagram can be read left-to-right, much like a timeline. The following cladogram of the family Balaenidae serves to illustrate the current scientific consensus as to the relationships between the North Pacific right whale and the other members of its family:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Churchill, M. |author2=Berta, A. |author3=Deméré, T.|year=2012|title= The systematics of right whales (Mysteceti: Balaenidae)|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=28|pages=497–521|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00504.x|issue=3 |bibcode=2012MMamS..28..497C }}</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:92%;width:600px; |label1='''Balaenidae''' |1={{clade |label1=''Balaena'' (bowhead whales) |1=''B. mysticetus'' bowhead whale70px |label2=''Eubalaena'' (right whales) |2={{clade |1=''E. glacialis'' North Atlantic right whale70px |label2= |2={{clade |1=''E. japonica'' North Pacific right whale70px |2=''E. australis'' Southern right whale70px }} }} }} }}
===Evolutionary history=== Baleen whales belong to a monophyletic lineage of Mysticeti. Mysticeti are large filter-feeding cetaceans that also include some of the largest animals on earth as well as some of the most critically endangered.<ref>Churchill, M., Berta, A. and Deméré, T. (2012), The systematics of right whales (Mysticeti: Balaenidae). Marine Mammal Science, 28: 497–521.</ref><ref name=":0">''Kaliszewska, Z. A.J. SegerV. Rowntreeet al2005Population histories'' of right whales (Cetacea: Eubalaena) inferred from mitochondrial sequence diversities and divergences of their whale lice (Amphipoda: Cyamus)Molecular Ecology'''14'''34393456</ref> Based on morphology and molecular data, four extant family-level clades are recognized within Mysticeti: Balaenidae (bowhead and right whales), Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whales), Eschirichtiidae (gray whales), and Balaenopteridae (rorquals).<ref name=":0" /> Phylogenetic relationships of the mysticeti order remain unclear due to legal and logistical challenges.<ref name=":0" /> However, recent morphological analysis, support Balaenidae as a monophyletic group that is the sister group to Neobalaenidae.
==Description== [[File:Right whale size.svg|thumb|left|Size of the southern right whale compared to an average human]] Balaenids are large whales, with an average adult length of 15 to 17 metres (45–50 feet), and weighing 50-80 tonnes. Their principle distinguishing feature is their narrow, arched, upper jaw, which gives the animals a deeply curved jawline. This shape allows for especially long baleen plates. The animals utilise these by ram feeding, swimming at or near the surface with their mouth open for minutes at a time, and straining food from the water, which they then scrape off the baleen with their tongues<ref name= "Simon2009">{{cite journal|last1= Simon|first1= M.|last2= Johnson|first2= M.|last3= Tyack|first3= P.|last4= Madsen|first4=P. T.|title= Behaviour and kinematics of continuous ram filtration in bowhead whales (''Balaena mysticetus'') |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume= 276|issue= 1674|year= 2009|pages= 3819–3828|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2009.1135|pmid= 19692400|pmc= 2817290|doi-access= free}}</ref> – a feeding method that contrasts with those of the rorquals and the gray whale.<ref name="Goldbogen2019">{{cite journal|last1= Goldbogen|first1=J. A.|last2= Cade|first2=D. E.|last3= Wisniewska|first3=D. M.|last4= Potvin|first4= J.|last5= Segre|first5=P. S.|last6= Savoca|first6=M. S.|last7= Hazen|first7=E. L.|last8= Czapanskiy|first8=M. F.|last9= Kahane-Rapport|first9=S. R.|last10= DeRuiter|first10=S. L.|last11= Gero|first11= S.|last12= Tønnesen|first12= P.|last13= Gough|first13=W. T.|last14= Hanson|first14=M. B.|last15= Holt|first15=M. M.|last16= Jensen|first16=F. H.|last17= Simon|first17= M.|last18= Stimpert|first18=A. K.|last19= Arranz|first19= P.|last20= Johnston|first20=D. W.|last21= Nowacek|first21=D. P.|last22= Parks|first22=S. E.|last23= Visser|first23= F.|last24= Friedlaender|first24=A. S.|last25= Tyack|first25=P. L.|last26= Madsen|first26=P. T.|author27-link=Nicholas Pyenson|last27= Pyenson|first27=N. D.|title= Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological drivers and ecological limits in the age of ocean giants|journal= Science|volume= 366|issue= 6471|year= 2019|pages= 1367–1372|doi= 10.1126/science.aax9044|pmid=31831666|bibcode=2019Sci...366.1367G|hdl= 10023/19285|s2cid=209339266|url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53258 |hdl-access= free}}</ref> Their diet consists of small crustaceans, primarily copepods, although some species also eat a significant amount of krill.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Gaskin, David E.|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/230 230–235]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/230}}</ref> Similarities in terms of physical appearances of jawlines and usages between balaenidae and flamingo have been pointed as a result of possible convergent evolution.<ref>Laist W. D.. 2017. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PmBgDgAAQBAJ&dq=right+whale+taranto&pg=PA27 North Atlantic Right Whales: From Hunted Leviathan to Conservation Icon]. "Right Whales and Flamingos: Convergent Evolution on a Grand Scale?". p.36-42. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved on September 06, 2017</ref> [[File:Eubalaena glacialis (North Atlantic right whale) 6 (30986324001).jpg|thumb|Skull and skeleton of the North Atlantic right whale]] Balaenids are also robustly built by comparison with the rorquals, and lack the grooves along the throat that are distinctive of those animals. They have exceptionally large heads in comparison with their bodies, reaching 40% of the total length in the case of the bowhead whale. They have short, broad, flippers, and lack a dorsal fin.
All species are at least somewhat migratory, moving into warmer waters during the winter, during which they both mate and give birth. Gestation lasts 10–11 months, results in the birth of a single young, and typically occurs once every three years.<ref name=EoM />
==Distribution== thumb|left|Range of Balaenidae species The four species of the Balaenidae are found in temperate and polar waters; ''Eubalaena glacialis'' (North Atlantic right whale), ''Eubalaena japonica'' (North Pacific right whale), ''Eubalaena australis'' (southern right whale), and ''Balaena mysticetus'' (bowhead whale). Bowhead and right whales can reach up to 18 meters in length and over 100 tons at maturity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/166508/|title = Balaenidae - the Encyclopedia of Earth}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
==Exploitation and conservation status== [[File:Bowhead Whale flensing, Barrow, Alaska, October 2017.jpg|thumb|Inupiaq Eskimos in the process of flensing a bowhead whale, Alaska]] Members of Balaenidae can live over 70 years and were hunted extensively in the late 1800s for their blubber. Approximately 40% of right whales' body mass is blubber, and thus they were known as the "right" whale to kill.<ref name=":2">Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776) North Atlantic right whale, Encyclopedia of Life, accessed 11-30-2015</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/9364.html |title=Right Whale Fact Sheet - NYS Dept. Of Environmental Conservation |access-date=2015-11-30 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905064801/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/9364.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
After death, the large blubber deposits caused right whales to float to the surface, which facilitated an easier oil harvest. With a population estimated at between 300-350 individuals,<ref>{{Cite web|title=North Atlantic Right Whale {{!}} Species {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/north-atlantic-right-whale|access-date=2021-05-14|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> the North Atlantic right whale is the most critically endangered great whale. The Northern Pacific right whale is also endangered with only about 500 individuals extant.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaenidae/|title=Balaenidae (bowhead whales and right whales)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The Southern right whale (~7500 individuals in 1997) and the Bowhead whale (20,000 to 40,000) have made stronger recoveries since whale hunting was significantly curtailed by international agreement.<ref name=":3" />
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == *{{Commons category-inline|Balaenidae}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Balaenidae}}
{{Cetacea|M.}} {{Portal bar|Cetaceans|Mammals|Animals|Biology|Marine Life}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q782603}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Balaenidae Category:Baleen whales Category:Mammal families Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray