Subject (music)

{{Short description|Musical melody on which a composition is based}} {{Distinguish|Theme music}} {{redirect|Main theme|the Pink Floyd song|Main Theme}} {{redirect|Monothematic}} [[File:First theme Haydn's Sonata in G Major.png|thumb|First theme of Haydn's Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 1–12{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=136}}frameless

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In music, a '''subject''' is the material, usually a recognizable melody, upon which part or all of a composition is based. In forms other than the fugue, this may be known as the '''theme'''.

==Characteristics== A subject may be perceivable as a complete musical expression in itself, separate from the work in which it is found.{{sfn|Drabkin|2001}} In contrast to an idea or motif, a subject is usually a complete phrase or period.{{sfn|Dunsby|2002}} The ''Encyclopédie Fasquelle'' defines a theme (subject) as "[a]ny element, motif, or small musical piece that has given rise to some variation becomes thereby a theme".{{sfn|Michel|1958–1961}}

Thematic changes and processes are often structurally important, and theorists such as Rudolph Reti have created analysis from a purely thematic perspective.{{sfn|Reti|1951}}{{sfn|Reti|1967}} Fred Lerdahl describes thematic relations as "associational" and thus outside his cognitive-based generative theory's scope of analysis.{{sfn|Lerdahl|2001|loc=5}}{{clarify|date=November 2011}}

[[File:Mozart - Sonata in C Major, K. 309, I - exposition theme 1.png|thumb|First theme of Mozart's Sonata in C major, K. 309

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==In different types of music==  Music based on a single theme is called '''monothematic''', while music based on several themes is called '''polythematic'''. Most fugues are monothematic and most pieces in sonata form are polythematic.{{sfn|Randel|2002|loc=429}} In the exposition of a fugue, the principal theme (usually called the '''subject''') is announced successively in each voice – sometimes in a transposed form.

In some compositions, a principal subject is announced and then a second melody, sometimes called a '''countersubject''' or '''secondary theme''', may occur. When one of the sections in the exposition of a sonata-form movement consists of several themes or other material, defined by function and (usually) their tonality, rather than by melodic characteristics alone, the term '''theme group''' (or '''subject group''') is sometimes used.{{sfn|Rushton|2001}}{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=136}}

Music without subjects/themes, or without recognizable, repeating, and developing subjects/themes, is called '''athematic'''. Examples include the pre-twelve-tone or early atonal works of Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg, and Alois Hába. Schoenberg once said that, "intoxicated by the enthusiasm of having freed music from the shackles of tonality, I had thought to find further liberty of expression. In fact, I … believed that now music could renounce motivic features and remain coherent and comprehensible nevertheless".{{sfn|Schoenberg|1975|loc=88}}{{Clarify|date=April 2016|reason=What has this statement about 'motivic features' to do with 'subjects' or 'themes'?}} Examples by Schoenberg include ''Erwartung''. Examples in the works of later composers include ''Polyphonie X'' and ''Structures I'' by Pierre Boulez, Sonata for Two Pianos by Karel Goeyvaerts, and ''Punkte'' by Karlheinz Stockhausen.{{sfn|Grondines|2000}}{{Clarify|date=April 2016|reason=Are these examples of something called 'athematic', or of something lacking 'motivic features'?}}

==Countersubject==  {{See also|Call and response (music)}}

[[File:Bach - BWV 847, mm. 1-4.png|thumb|Opening of Bach's Fugue No. 2 in C minor from ''The Well-Tempered Clavier'', Book I, BWV 847, showing the subject, answer, and countersubject{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=57}}frameless

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In a fugue, when the first voice has completed the subject, and the second voice is playing the answer, the first voice usually continues by playing a new theme that is called the 'countersubject'. The countersubject usually contrasts with the subject/answer phrase shape.

In a fugue, a countersubject is "the continuation of counterpoint in the voice that began with the subject", occurring against the answer.{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=2:50}} It is not usually regarded as an essential feature of fugue, however.{{sfn|Walker|2001}}

The typical fugue opening resembles the following:{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=2:50}} '''Soprano voice:''' <u>Answer </u> '''Alto voice:''' <u>Subject '''Countersubject'''</u> Since a countersubject may be used both above and below the answer, countersubjects are usually invertible, all perfect fifths inverting to perfect fourths which required resolution.{{sfn|Benward and Saker|2009|loc=2:51}}

==See also== * Attacco * Cell * Figure * Formula composition * Leitmotif * Thematic transformation

==References== {{reflist|18em}}

'''Sources''' {{div col|colwidth=45em}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Benward and Saker|2009}}|reference=Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2009). ''Music in Theory and Practice'', eighth edition, vol. 2. Boston: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-310188-0}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Drabkin|2001}}|reference=Drabkin, William (2001). "Theme". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dunsby|2002}}|reference=Dunsby, Jonathan (2002). "Theme". ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', edited by Alison Latham. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866212-2}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Grondines|2000}}|reference=Grondines, Pierre (2000). "[http://www.scena.org/lsm/sm6-3/serialime-fr.html Une nouvelle grammaire musicale: prémices et premiers essais]" / "[http://www.scena.org/lsm/sm6-3/serialime-en.html A New Musical Grammar: Principles and Early Experiments]". ''La Scena Musicale'' 6, no. 3 (November).}} * {{cite book|last=Lerdahl|first=Fred|year=2001|title=Tonal Pitch Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bxFrgVMDpsC|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517829-6}} *{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Michel|1958–1961}}|reference=Michel, François (ed). (1958–1961). ''Encyclopédie de la musique'', 3 vols. Paris: Fasquelle. (Cited in {{harvnb|Nattiez|1990}}.)}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Nattiez|1990}}|reference=Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). ''Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music'', translated by Caroline Abbate [from ''Musicologie générale et sémiologie'', 1987]. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-09136-6}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-691-02714-5}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Randel|2002}}|reference=Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1999). ''The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. {{ISBN|0-674-00978-9}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Reti|1951}}|reference=Reti, Rudolph (1951). ''The Thematic Process in Music''. London: Faber and Faber; New York: Macmillan Co. Reprinted, London: Faber and Faber, 1961, Westport, CT: Greenwoid Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0-8371-9875-5}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Reti|1967}}|reference=Reti, Rudolph (1967). ''Thematic Patterns in Sonatas of Beethoven'', edited by Deryck Cooke. London: Faber and Faber; New York: Macmillan Co. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-306-79714-3}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Rushton|2001}}|reference=Rushton, Julia (2001). "Subject Group". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Schoenberg|1975}}|reference=Schoenberg, Arnold (1975). "My Evolution". In ''Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg'', edited by Leonard Stein, translated by Leo Black, 88. London: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|0-571-09722-7}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Walker|2001}}|reference=Walker, Paul M. 2001. "Countersubject". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} {{div col end}}

==Further reading== * Lerdahl, Fred (1992)."Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems". ''Contemporary Music Review'' 6, no. 2:97–121.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subject (Music)}} Category:Formal sections in music analysis Category:Melody Category:Polyphonic form