{{short description|Property of math operations which yield an inverse result when arguments' order reversed}}
In mathematics, '''anticommutativity''' is a specific property of some non-commutative mathematical operations. Swapping the position of two arguments of an antisymmetric operation yields a result which is the ''inverse'' of the result with unswapped arguments. The notion ''inverse'' refers to a group structure on the operation's codomain, possibly with another operation. Subtraction is an anticommutative operation because commuting the operands of <math>a-b</math> gives <math>b-a=-(a-b)</math>; for example, <math>2-10=-(10-2)=-8</math>. Another prominent example of an anticommutative operation is the Lie bracket.
In mathematical physics, where symmetry is of central importance, or even just in multilinear algebra these operations are mostly (multilinear with respect to some vector structures and then) called '''antisymmetric operations''', and when they are not already of arity greater than two, extended in an associative setting to cover more than two arguments.
== Definition == If <math>A, B</math> are two abelian groups, a bilinear map <math>f\colon A^2 \to B</math> is '''anticommutative''' if for all <math>x, y \in A</math> we have
:<math>f(x, y) = - f(y, x).</math>
More generally, a multilinear map <math>g : A^n \to B</math> is anticommutative if for all <math>x_1, \dots x_n \in A</math> we have :<math>g(x_1,x_2, \dots x_n) = \text{sgn}(\sigma) g(x_{\sigma(1)},x_{\sigma(2)},\dots x_{\sigma(n)})</math>
where <math>\text{sgn}(\sigma)</math> is the sign of the permutation <math>\sigma</math>.
== Properties == If the abelian group <math>B</math> has no 2-torsion, implying that if <math>x = -x</math> then <math>x = 0</math>, then any anticommutative bilinear map <math>f\colon A^2 \to B</math> satisfies
:<math>f(x, x) = 0.</math>
More generally, by transposing two elements, any anticommutative multilinear map <math>g\colon A^n \to B</math> satisfies
:<math>g(x_1, x_2, \dots x_n) = 0</math>
if any of the <math>x_i</math> are equal; such a map is said to be '''alternating'''. Conversely, using multilinearity, any alternating map is anticommutative. In the binary case this works as follows: if <math>f\colon A^2 \to B</math> is alternating then by bilinearity we have
:<math>f(x+y, x+y) = f(x, x) + f(x, y) + f(y, x) + f(y, y) = f(x, y) + f(y, x) = 0</math>
and the proof in the multilinear case is the same but in only two of the inputs.
If <math>e_i^2 = 1, \quad e_i e_j + e_j e_i = 0, i \ne j\ ,</math> then <math>(\sum_{i=1}^n x_i e_i )^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2 .</math><ref>Marcel Riesz (1958) [https://archive.org/details/cliffordnumberss00ries/page/4/mode/2up Clifford Numbers and Spinors], pages 5 & 6, University of Maryland via Internet Archive</ref>
== Examples ==
Examples of anticommutative binary operations include:
* Cross product * Lie bracket of a Lie algebra * Lie bracket of a Lie ring * Subtraction
==See also== * Commutativity * Commutator * Exterior algebra * Graded-commutative ring * Operation (mathematics) * Symmetry in mathematics * Particle statistics (for anticommutativity in physics).
== References == {{Reflist}}
*{{Citation | last = Bourbaki | first = Nicolas | author-link = Nicolas Bourbaki | title = Algebra. Chapters 1–3 | place = Berlin-Heidelberg-New York City | publisher = Springer-Verlag | chapter = Chapter III. Tensor algebras, exterior algebras, symmetric algebras | series = Elements of Mathematics | year = 1989 | edition = 2nd printing | isbn = 3-540-64243-9 | mr = 0979982 | zbl = 0904.00001 }}.
== External links == {{Wiktionary}} *{{springer | title= Anti-commutative algebra | id= A/a012580 | last= Gainov | first= A.T. | author-link= }}. Which references the [http://m.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=sm&paperid=5238&option_lang=eng Original Russian work] *{{MathWorld |title=Anticommutative |urlname=Anticommutative}}
Category:Properties of binary operations