Anti–People's Republic of China sentiment

{{Short description|Opposition to the Chinese government}} {{Distinguish|Anti-Chinese sentiment}} {{Infobox Chinese | s = 反中华人民共和国 | t = 反中華人民共和國 | w = {{Tone superscript|fan3 Chung1hua2 Jên2min2 Kung4ho2kuo2}} | p = fǎn Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó | bpmf = ㄈㄢˇ ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ | s2 = 反中 | t2 = 反中 | l2 = Anti-China | w2 = {{Tone superscript|fan3 Chung1}} | p2 = fǎn zhōng | bpmf2 = ㄈㄢˇ ㄓㄨㄥ | t3 = 反華 | s3 = 反华 | p3 = fǎn huá | bpmf3 = ㄈㄢˇ ㄏㄨㄚˊ | s4 = 抗中 | t4 = 抗中 | l4 = resist China | w4 = {{Tone superscript|kʻang4chung1}} | p4 = kàng zhōng | bpmf4 = ㄎㄤˋ ㄓㄨㄥ | s5 = 反共 | t5 = 反共 | l5 = Anti-Communist (China) | order = st }}

[[File:831港島 03.jpg|thumb|"Chinazi" flag during Hong Kong's protest in August 2019]] '''Anti–People's Republic of China sentiment''' ({{lang-zh|t=反中華人民共和國}}),<ref name="China Studies">{{cite book |author1=Chih-yu Shih |title=China Studies In South And Southeast Asia: Between Pro-china And Objectivism |author2=Prapin Manomaivibool |author3=Reena Marwah |date=August 13, 2018 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company |page=36}}</ref><ref name="紀紅兵">{{cite book |author1=紀紅兵 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_uDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%8E%22&pg=PT46 |title=《十九大不准奪權》: 反貪─清除野心家 |author2=內幕出版社 |date=August 25, 2016 |publisher=內幕出版社 |isbn=978-1-68182-072-9 |language=Chinese |quote=... 第三點,作為獨立學者,與您分享下本人“反中不反華”的觀點。 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_uDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%8E%22&pg=PT46#v=onepage&q=%22%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%8E%22&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=蕭文軒 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVTbDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22anti-PRC%22+%22%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%22&pg=PA243 |title=柬埔寨的政治經濟變遷（1953-2018） |author2=‎顧長永 |author3=‎林文斌 |date=2020 |publisher=Lian jing chu ban shi ye gu fen you xian gong si |isbn=978-957-08-5468-8 |quote=顯然,蘇、越所建立的「反中印支陣線」(Anti-PRC Indochina Front)獲得鞏固。}}</ref><ref name="C Wu">C Wu (2020). [https://sites.duke.edu/honorsthesis2020/files/2020/04/Thesis-Final-Draft.pdf Nationalism and Social Order in Public] "Two keywords highlight attacks to the Chinese nation: anti-PRC (反中) and anti-China (反华)."</ref> also known as '''anti-China''' ({{lang-zh|t=反中 or 反華}}),{{NoteTag|Opposition to the PRC is sometimes referred to as 反華.<ref name="DW">{{cite web |title=韓國反華情緒為何日益高漲？ |date=July 20, 2025 |website=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/zh-hant/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%8D%E8%8F%AF%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%97%A5%E7%9B%8A%E9%AB%98%E6%BC%B2/a-73293410 |quote=南韓的反華情緒究竟有多嚴重？韓媒《每日經濟》的數據顯示，2015 年對中國持負面態度的南韓人僅佔 16%；2020 年上升至 40%。近些年來，這一現象不但影響到訪韓的中國大陸遊客，部分港台遊客也感受到了韓國反華的「熱度」。}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=反华法案并非解决之道 |date=October 13, 2011 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2011/10/anti-china-legislation-is-not-the-solution?lang=zh |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=在这种情况下，将真正的罪魁祸首归咎于中国凶猛的出口极为容易。}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-China Legislation Is Not the Solution |date=October 13, 2011 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2011/10/anti-china-legislation-is-not-the-solution?lang=en |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Sinology for A New Period |date=10 December 2017 |website=Asia Society |url=https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/new-sinology-new-period |quote=I often despair when I hear terms such as “亲华” (pro-China) or “反华” (anti-China), “亲美” (pro-U.S.) or “反美” (anti-U.S.)}}</ref> However, some authors draw a distinction between 反中 and 反華, and 反華 can encompass both "anti-PRC sentiment" and "anti-Chinese racism".<ref name="China Studies" /><ref name="紀紅兵" /><ref name="DW"/>}} '''anti-PRC''' ({{lang-zh|t=抗中}}),<ref name="抗中">{{cite book |editor1=Chun-Yi Lee |editor2=Jonathan Sullivan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_New_Era_in_Democratic_Taiwan/vbJjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22%E6%8A%97%E4%B8%AD%22+%22anti-China%22&pg=PT83& |title=A New Era in Democratic Taiwan: Trajectories and Turning Points in Politics and Cross-Strait Relations |quote=... Unsurprisingly the TSU brands itself as 'Number One Anti China Brand' (抗中第一品牌). |date=July 11, 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> '''anti-CCP''', or '''anti-Beijing''' sentiment,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Changgang Guo |author2=Liu Debin |author3=Jan Nederveen Pieterse |title=China's Contingencies and Globalization |quote=the line at anti-Beijing (in other words, anti-communist, anti-regime, anti-PRC) politicians like those in the pan-democratic movement. |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |page=158}}</ref> is antipathy to the People's Republic of China (PRC). "Anti-PRC" is different from "anti-Chinese sentiment" in cultural and ethnic contexts, but they sometimes appear at the same time and are described as "Sinophobia".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinophobia is "Fear of or contempt for China, its people, or its culture" states The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Online Edition. Retrieved July 12, 2012. |url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Sinophobic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629203922/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Sinophobic |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=July 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/sinophobia. Macmillan dictionary. Retrieved July 7, 2022.]</ref><ref>[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sinophobia. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved July 7, 2022.]</ref>

Reasons cited for opposing the People's Republic of China include the policies of its government and the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the suppression of democracy in China, human rights abuses, intelligence activities, diplomatic practices, threats to dissidents, oppression of secessionist movements, as well as negative impressions of its nationals.

Concerns over the increasing economic and military power of China, its technological prowess and cultural reach, as well as international influence, has been attributed to drive negative media coverage of China. This is often also exhibited by policymakers and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Lee |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Congress Proposes $500 Million for Negative News Coverage of China |url=https://prospect.org/api/content/c55b832e-8933-11ec-9ed9-12f1225286c6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230856/https://prospect.org/politics/congress-proposes-500-million-for-negative-news-coverage-of-china/ |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The American Prospect |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=King's College |title=Shaping the policy debate: How the British media presents China |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/british-media-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711145343/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/british-media-china |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=King's College London |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-28 |title=India among countries seeing fastest rise in anti-China sentiments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jul/28/india-among-countries-to-see-fastest-growth-in-anti-china-sentiments-2599531.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Statistics and background == {| class="wikitable sortable floatright plainrowheaders" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;" |+ style="background:#f8cccc;" |Results of 2025 Pew Research Center poll<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Laura Silver, Laura Clancy, Jonathan Schulman, William Miner and Christine |date=2025-07-15 |title=International Views of China Turn Slightly More Positive |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/07/15/international-views-of-china-turn-slightly-more-positive/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> "% who have a(n) favorable/unfavorable opinion of China" (default-sorted by decreasing negativity of each country) ! scope="col" |Country polled ! scope="col" |Favorable ! scope="col" |Unfavorable ! scope="col" |Difference |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Japan}} |{{Percentage bar|13|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|86|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-73 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|South Korea}} |{{Percentage bar|19|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|80|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-61 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|79|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-59 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|United States}} |{{Percentage bar|21|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|77|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-56 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Australia}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|76|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-53 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Germany}} |{{Percentage bar|29|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|67|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-38 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |{{Percentage bar|30|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|66|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-36 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|India}} |{{Percentage bar|21|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|54|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-33 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Canada}} |{{Percentage bar|34|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|63|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-29 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Israel}} |{{Percentage bar|33|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|59|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-26 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|France}} |{{Percentage bar|36|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|58|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-22 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |{{Percentage bar|35|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-21 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |{{Percentage bar|39|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-17 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Spain}} |{{Percentage bar|37|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|53|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-16 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Poland}} |{{Percentage bar|35|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|43|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-8 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Italy}} |{{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|52|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |-7 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Hungary}} |{{Percentage bar|51|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|42|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+9 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Brazil}} |{{Percentage bar|51|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|40|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+11 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Argentina}} |{{Percentage bar|47|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|32|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+15 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Greece}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|36|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+20 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|South Africa}} |{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|36|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+21 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Mexico}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|34|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+22 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} |{{Percentage bar|65|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|32|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+33 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Kenya}} |{{Percentage bar|74|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|22|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+52 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} |{{Percentage bar|81|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|13|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |+68 |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable floatright plainrowheaders" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="background:#f8cccc;" |Results of 2022 Morning Consult poll<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthew Kendrick |date=4 August 2022 |title=China's Alliance With Russia Weakens Its Position in Eastern Europe |url=https://morningconsult.com/2022/08/04/china-alliance-with-russia-weakens-position-in-eastern-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202091247/https://morningconsult.com/2022/08/04/china-alliance-with-russia-weakens-position-in-eastern-europe/ |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Morning Consult}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2025|reason=There arer newer polls available}} "Do you have a favorable or unfavorable view of China?" (default-sorted by increasing negativity of each country) ! scope="col" |Country polled ! scope="col" |Positive ! scope="col" |Negative ! scope="col" |Neutral ! scope="col" |Difference |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |{{Percentage bar|82|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|13|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|5|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+69 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Russia}} |{{Percentage bar|74|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|9|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+65 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} |{{Percentage bar|74|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|16|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|10|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+58 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|24|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+48 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Peru}} |{{Percentage bar|58|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|19|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+35 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Colombia}} |{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|20|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+34 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Thailand}} |{{Percentage bar|54|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|20|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|26|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+34 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} |{{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|26|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+31 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Mexico}} |{{Percentage bar|49|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|20|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|31|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+29 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} |{{Percentage bar|46|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|36|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+28 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|South Africa}} |{{Percentage bar|54|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|28|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+26 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |{{Percentage bar|55|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|31|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+24 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Chile}} |{{Percentage bar|48|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|34|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+14 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Brazil}} |{{Percentage bar|43|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|31|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|26|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+12 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Argentina}} |{{Percentage bar|44|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|33|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+11 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Malaysia}} |{{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|40|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |+5 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Singapore}} |{{Percentage bar|41|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|41|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |0 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Romania}} |{{Percentage bar|38|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|39|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-1 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |{{Percentage bar|38|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|45|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-7 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Philippines}} |{{Percentage bar|37|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|45|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-8 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Spain}} |{{Percentage bar|31|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|47|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|22|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-16 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Israel}} |{{Percentage bar|32|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|52|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|16|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-20 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Italy}} |{{Percentage bar|27|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|53|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|20|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-26 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Vietnam}} |{{Percentage bar|28|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|58|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-30 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|21|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-33 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Poland}} |{{Percentage bar|22|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|55|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-33 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|India}} |{{Percentage bar|24|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|59|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-35 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Belgium}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|56|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|26|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-38 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|France}} |{{Percentage bar|15|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|57|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|28|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-42 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Ireland}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|20|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-44 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|United States}} |{{Percentage bar|16|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|22|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-46 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |{{Percentage bar|15|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|23|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-47 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Canada}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|24|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-48 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|24|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-48 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} |{{Percentage bar|19|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|69|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|12|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-50 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Norway}} |{{Percentage bar|16|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|70|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-54 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Austria}} |{{Percentage bar|14|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|70|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|16|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-56 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Australia}} |{{Percentage bar|13|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|69|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-56 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Germany}} |{{Percentage bar|13|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|69|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|18|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-56 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Sweden}} |{{Percentage bar|12|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|73|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-61 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|Japan}} |{{Percentage bar|7|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|78|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-71 |- ! scope="row" |{{flagcountry|South Korea}} |{{Percentage bar|5|c=#80FF80|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|88|c=#FF8080|width=50}} |{{Percentage bar|7|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} |-83 |- |} In 2013, Pew Research Center from the United States conducted a survey on sinophobia, finding that China was viewed favorably in half (19 of 38) of the nations surveyed, excluding China itself. The highest levels of support came from Asia in Malaysia (81%) and Pakistan (81%); African nations of Kenya (78%), Senegal (77%) and Nigeria (76%); as well as Latin America, particularly in countries heavily engaging with the Chinese market, such as Venezuela (71%), Brazil (65%) and Chile (62%).<ref name="Chapter-32">[http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/chapter-3-attitudes-toward-china/ Chapter 3. Attitudes toward China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313090502/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/chapter-3-attitudes-toward-china/|date=March 13, 2019}} - Pew Global Attitudes. Posted on July 18, 2013.</ref>

=== Anti-China sentiment === Anti-China sentiment has been clearly evident in the West and other Asian countries. In the 2013 Pew Research survey, only 28% of Germans and Italians and 37% of Americans viewed China favorably while in Japan, just 5% of respondents had a favorable opinion of the country. 11 of the 38 nations viewed China unfavorably by more than 50%. Japan was polled to have the most anti-China sentiment, where 93% saw the People's Republic in a negative light. There were also majorities in Germany (64%), Italy (62%), and Israel (60%) who held negative views of China. Germany saw a large increase of anti-China sentiment, from 33% disfavor in 2006 to 64% in the 2013 survey, with such views existing despite Germany's success in exporting to China.<ref name="Chapter-32"/> Anti-PRC rhetoric in English-speaking countries tends to flow from security agencies to governments to the media.<ref name="securitization" />

=== Positive views of China === Respondents in the Balkans have held generally positive views of China, according to 2020 polling. An International Republican Institute survey from February to March found that only in Kosovo (75%) did most respondents express an unfavourable opinion of the country, while majorities in Serbia (85%), Montenegro (68%), North Macedonia (56%), and Bosnia (52%) expressed favourable views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2020 |title=Western Balkans Regional Poll (pages 49-53) |url=https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/final_wb_poll_for_publishing_6.9.2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719072952/https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/final_wb_poll_for_publishing_6.9.2020.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-19 |website=International Republican Institute, Ipsos}}</ref> A GLOBSEC poll on October found that the highest percentage of those who saw China as a threat were in the Czech Republic (51%), Poland (34%), and Hungary (24%), while it was seen as least threatening in Balkan countries such as Bulgaria (3%), Serbia (13%), and North Macedonia (14%). Reasons for threat perception were generally linked to the country's economic influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GLOBSEC Trends 2020 |url=https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/GLOBSEC-Trends-2020_read-version.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204203041/https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/GLOBSEC-Trends-2020_read-version.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-04 |website=Globsec |page=49}}</ref>

According to Arab Barometer polls, views of China in the Arab world have been relatively positive, with data from March to April 2021 showing that most respondents in Algeria (65%), Morocco (62%), Libya (60%), Tunisia (59%), and Iraq (56%) held favourable views of the country while views were less favourable in Lebanon (38%) and Jordan (34%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Robbins |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Fragile Popularity: Arab Attitudes Towards China – Arab Barometer |url=https://www.arabbarometer.org/2021/12/fragile-popularity-arab-attitudes-towards-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111152559/https://www.arabbarometer.org/2021/12/fragile-popularity-arab-attitudes-towards-china/ |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Arab Barometer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Impact of COVID pandemic === {{Further|Chinese government response to COVID-19|COVID-19 misinformation by China}} Global polling in 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic reported a decrease in favourable views of China, with an Ipsos poll done in November finding those in Russia (81%), Mexico (72%), Malaysia (68%), Peru (67%) and Saudi Arabia (65%) were most likely to believe China's future influence would be positive, while those in Great Britain (19%), Canada (21%), Germany (24%), Australia (24%), Japan (24%), the United States (24%) and France (24%) were least likely.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2020 |title=Fewer global citizens believe China will have a positive influence on world affairs in coming decade |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-ch/fewer-global-citizens-believe-china-will-have-positive-influence-world-affairs-coming-decade |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002160222/https://www.ipsos.com/en-ch/fewer-global-citizens-believe-china-will-have-positive-influence-world-affairs-coming-decade |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |work=Ipsos}}</ref> A YouGov poll on August found that those in Nigeria (70%), Thailand (64%), Mexico (61%), and Egypt (55%) had more positive views of China regarding world affairs while those in Japan (7%), Denmark (13%), Britain (13%), Sweden (14%), and other Western countries had the least positive views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouGov Cambridge Globalism 2019/20 |url=https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/kkh07ajgn8/Globalism2020%20TBI%20China%20Reputation%20Annual%20Comparison.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921092811/https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/kkh07ajgn8/Globalism2020%20TBI%20China%20Reputation%20Annual%20Comparison.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-21 |website=YouGov}}</ref>

== History == === Mao era and Cold War === In 1949, when the Second Chinese Civil War was terminated and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in mainland China, the existing Republic of China (ROC) retreated to Taiwan. However, in the early Cold War, the PRC was not recognized by many Western countries and was often referred to as "Red China",<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=May 20, 1966 |title=Essay: What the U.S. Knows about Red China |url=https://time.com/archive/6629405/essay-what-the-u-s-knows-about-red-china/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> with the ROC being called "Free China".<ref>{{Cite web |last=China (Taiwan) |first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of |date=January 1, 1968 |title=The month in Free China |url=https://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/Politics/Taiwan-Review/5733/The-month-in-Free-China |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Taiwan Today |language=en}}</ref> Until 1971, according to the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (which consisted of the ROC, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States), 'China' was the ROC controlling Taiwan, not the PRC controlling mainland China. At the time, the Republic of China and its Western allies openly opposed the PRC, asserting that the ROC was the only legitimate 'China'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garver |first=John W |title=The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2003 |pages=45–50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Nancy Bernkopf |title=The China Threat: Memories, Myths, and Realities in the 1950s. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |pages=15–22}}</ref>

During the Cold War, anti-Chinese sentiment became a permanent fixture in the media of the Western world and anti-communist countries following the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cheng |first=Yinghong |title=Ideology and Propaganda in Communist China: A Historical Analysis |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |pages=102–108}}</ref> From the 1950s to the 1980s, anti-Chinese sentiment was high in South Korea as a result of the Chinese intervention against the South Korean army in the Korean War (1950–1953).<ref>{{cite book |last=Jager |first=Sheila Miyoshi |title=Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea. |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2013 |pages=234–240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Mikyoung |title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |pages=115–120}}</ref>

In the Soviet Union, anti-Chinese sentiment became high following the hostile political relations between the PRC and the USSR from the late 1950s onward, which nearly escalated into war between the two countries in 1969. The "Chinese threat", as it was described in a letter by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, prompted expressions of anti-Chinese sentiment in the Russian dissident samizdat movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zisserman-Brodsky |first1=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbHAAAAQBAJ&q=anti-chinese+sentiment+soviet+union&pg=PA50 |title=Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union: Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism |date=July 3, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781403973627 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230856/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbHAAAAQBAJ&q=anti-chinese+sentiment+soviet+union&pg=PA50#v=snippet&q=anti-chinese%20sentiment%20soviet%20union&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

"Anti-CCP" can be used in a similar sense to "anti-PRC" due to the country being a one-party state.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lo |first1=Sonny Shiu-Hing |title=The Dynamics of Peaceful and Violent Protests in Hong Kong: The Anti-extradition Movement |last2=Hung |first2=Steven Chung-Fun |last3=Loo |first3=Jeff Hai-Chi |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-6711-7 |location=Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-6712-4}}</ref>{{Rp|page=262}}

=== After the Chinese economic reform === {{see also|Chinese imperialism}} As the People's Republic of China's external power grows under sustained economic growth, the surrounding countries have become more concerned about the external expansion of the People's Republic of China through state capitalism, and its long-term tendency towards hegemony and neo-imperialism, with its nationalistic sentiments and territorial disputes with neighboring countries, which has led to the emergence of Chinese threat theories within each country.<ref name = "反中"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting China's Military Challenge: Collective Responses of U.S. Allies and Partners |url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/meeting-chinas-military-challenge-collective-responses-of-u-s-allies-and-partners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317023059/https://www.nbr.org/publication/meeting-chinas-military-challenge-collective-responses-of-u-s-allies-and-partners/ |archive-date=2022-03-17 |access-date=2022-03-12 |work=National Bureau of Asian Research |publisher=nbr.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Michael |date=2013-02-12 |title=Troubling signs of the rise of Chinese ultra-nationalists |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/troubling-signs-of-the-rise-of-chinese-ultra-nationalists-20130212-2ebf8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317023315/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/troubling-signs-of-the-rise-of-chinese-ultra-nationalists-20130212-2ebf8.html |archive-date=2022-03-17 |access-date=2022-03-12 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The domestic and international consequences of Xi's political philosophy |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-domestic-and-international-consequences-of-xis-political-philosophy/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |date=2021-09-03 |work=The Strategist |language=en-AU |archive-date=2022-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325024146/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-domestic-and-international-consequences-of-xis-political-philosophy/ }}</ref> For example, the Sunflower Student Movement in Taiwan reflects the anxiety of Taiwanese young people in Taiwan about the threat of China, especially the influence of China on Taiwan's internal democratic development through its political and economic power.<ref name="反中">{{Cite web |url=http://buzzorange.com/2015/04/16/the-younger-people-see-about-china-and-taiwan/ |title=台灣年輕人普遍陷入焦慮，促使「反中護台」意識高漲 |work=BuzzOrange |access-date=2015-08-13 |archive-date=2015-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423012352/http://buzzorange.com/2015/04/16/the-younger-people-see-about-china-and-taiwan/ }}</ref> 2012, when Tsai Ing-wen, chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of Taiwan, and Wang Dan, an exiled dissident from China, had a conversation, Tsai Ing-wen suggested that the DPP was not against China, but against the hegemony and undemocratic nature of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20120325/34113204/|title=蔡英文：民進黨不反中|publisher=蘋果日報|date=2012-03-24|author=|accessdate=2014-05-14|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514101551/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20120325/34113204/}}</ref> Andrew Chubb traces a shift in rhetoric surrounding China in Australia, which he refers to as the securitization of Chinese influence, to the political campaign of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull. The use of anti-PRC rhetoric by the Turnbull campaign had the end-impact of creating a "a 'toxic environment' for Chinese-Australians, especially in public and political life" and worsened relations between Australia and China. Chubb notes that this trend of securitzation of discourse, flowing from intelligence agencies to politicians to the media is replicated in other English-speaking Liberal democracies.<ref name="securitization">{{cite journal |last1=Chubb |first1=Andrew |date=January 2023 |title=The Securitization of 'Chinese Influence' in Australia. |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |publisher=Routledge |volume=32 |issue=139 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.1080/10670564.2022.2052437 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Definition and interpretation of anti–PRC sentiment == Opposition to the People's Republic of China does not necessarily equate to opposition to or disapproval of the Chinese people or culture, but "anti-PRC" is often equated with "anti-Chinese" because the government of the People's Republic of China is considered by most countries in the international arena to be the sole legitimate government of China and the sole representative of the Chinese people in China.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} The PRC government equates its counter-discussion of its regime or policies with "anti-Chinese" (反華), which means total rejection and opposition to China, its Chinese people or culture. In Hong Kong, for example, pro-Communists have launched a website called ''Against the pan-Democrats, for the sake of Hong Kong'' (反泛民，救香港), which categorizes pan-Democrats as anti-Chinese "Hanjian scum" (漢奸人渣) and "anti-China and stirring up trouble in Hong Kong" (反中亂港).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130309/18189484|title=將不同意見視為反中亂港極左網站打壓民主|publisher=蘋果日報|date=2013-03-29|author=林俊謙|accessdate=2014-05-14|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103522/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130309/18189484}}</ref>

In ''The Third Chinese Imagination: The Chinese Factor and Democracy in Taiwan'' (第三種中國想像：中國因素與台灣民主), published by Wu Jiemin (吳介民), an associate researcher at Academia Sinica in Taiwan, it was argued that the People's Republic of China (PRC) factor threatened the development of Taiwanese democracy. However, he advocated treating the government of the People's Republic of China and the mainland Chinese people separately, and believed that a third way should be established between the two directions of pro-PRC and anti-PRC. He hoped that Taiwan would have positive interactions with democrats and civic organizations in mainland China, and would not only focus on the government of the PRC and the Chinese Communist Party. Former Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Chairman Frank Hsieh was interviewed by ''China Times'' on January 14, 2014; he believes that although Taiwan is opposed to being ruled by the PRC government, this sentiment should not be extended to the Chinese people, and should not be negative towards spouses or students from mainland China who come to Taiwan to study and survive. Lin Yi-hsiung, also the former chairman of the DPP, advocated that Taiwan should develop positive interactions with the People's Republic of China and refrain from engaging in international political confrontation, a view supported by the celebrity Dong Zhisen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140115000475-260102|author=林佩怡、朱真楷、楊舒媚|language=zh-tw|title=謝長廷：綠什麼都反對但都阻止不了|publisher=中國時報|date=January 14, 2014 |accessdate=2014-01-15|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105841/http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140115000475-260102}}</ref><ref>何榮幸 (2005-05-28). "林義雄：推動公投解決統獨問題" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中國時報.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=兩岸關係，聽我的|url=http://magazine.chinatimes.com/ctweekly/20150529005012-300106|author=董智森|newspaper=《時報周刊》第1945期|date=2015-05-29|accessdate=2015-09-13|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306110052/http://magazine.chinatimes.com/ctweekly/20150529005012-300106}}</ref>

== By region ==

=== Greater China ===

==== Hong Kong ==== {{see also|Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict|Hong Kong nationalism}} After the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, some anti-Communist Mainlanders moved southward to Hong Kong to establish their roots, including members of the Kuomintang, intellectuals and capitalists. Tens of thousands moved to Hong Kong in 1949 to escape the Chinese Communist Revolution. The population of Hong Kong increased from 1.8 million in 1947 to 2.2 million in 1951. As mainland Chinese fled to Hong Kong over the next 30 years, the population of Hong Kong increased by 1 million every 10 years. Those who experienced hunger and political struggle under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) internalized stronger anti-communist sentiments than Hong Kongers who did not experience CCP rule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-30 |title=中門大開：厭共情緒 |newspaper=Next Media Limited |url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20130423/18237125 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140332/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20130423/18237125 }}</ref> [[File:Hong_Kong_7.1_Rally_"We_stand_united_against_China"_(14529507686).jpg|thumb|Hong Kong marches on 1 July, 2014. The sign reads, "We stand united against China".]] Although Hong Kong's sovereignty was returned to China in 1997, only a small minority of its inhabitants consider themselves to be exclusively Chinese. According to a 2014 survey from the University of Hong Kong, 42.3% of respondents identified themselves as "Hong Kong citizens", versus only 17.8% who identified themselves as "Chinese citizens", and 39.3% gave themselves a mixed identity (a Hong Kong Chinese or a Hong Konger who was living in China).<ref>{{cite web |date=December 22, 2014 |title=HKU POP releases latest survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity |url=http://hkupop.hku.hk/english/popexpress/ethnic/eidentity/poll/datatables.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322082521/http://hkupop.hku.hk/english/popexpress/ethnic/eidentity/poll/datatables.html |archive-date=March 22, 2015 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=Hong Kong University}}</ref> By 2019, almost no Hong Kong youth identified as Chinese.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 26, 2019 |title=Almost nobody in Hong Kong under 30 identifies as "Chinese" |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/08/26/almost-nobody-in-hong-kong-under-30-identifies-as-chinese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122172903/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/08/26/almost-nobody-in-hong-kong-under-30-identifies-as-chinese |archive-date=November 22, 2019 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

The number of mainland Chinese visitors to the region has surged since the handover (reaching 28 million in 2011) and is perceived by many locals to be the cause of their housing and job difficulties. In addition to resentment due to political oppression, negative perceptions have grown through circulating online posts of mainlander misbehaviour,<ref>{{cite web |last=jim.smith |date=August 27, 2013 |title=Phone cams and hate speech in Hong Kong |url=https://www.gatescambridge.org/multimedia/blog/phone-cams-and-hate-speech-hong-kong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404064927/https://www.gatescambridge.org/multimedia/blog/phone-cams-and-hate-speech-hong-kong |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Gates Cambridge |language=en}}</ref> as well as discriminatory discourse in major Hong Kong newspapers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Wing Yeung Vivian |date=July 18, 2018 |title=Discriminatory Media Reports Against Mainland Chinese New Immigrants in Hong Kong |url=https://isaconf.confex.com/isaconf/wc2018/webprogram/Paper93673.html |url-status=live |journal=ISA World Congress Of Sociology |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164441/https://isaconf.confex.com/isaconf/wc2018/webprogram/Paper93673.html |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holdstock |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcicDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State |date=June 13, 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78831-982-9 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, polls from the University of Hong Kong suggested that 32 to 35.6 per cent of locals had "negative" feelings for mainland Chinese people.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 4, 2013 |title=Hongkongers still 'negative' about mainland visitors, HKU poll shows |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1372980/hongkongers-still-negative-about-mainland-visitors-hku-poll-shows |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518130953/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1372980/hongkongers-still-negative-about-mainland-visitors-hku-poll-shows |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> However, a 2019 survey of Hong Kong residents has suggested that there are also some who attribute positive stereotypes to visitors from the mainland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tung |first1=Vincent Wing Sun |last2=King |first2=Brian Edward Melville |last3=Tse |first3=Serene |date=January 23, 2019 |title=The Tourist Stereotype Model: Positive and Negative Dimensions |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0047287518821739 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Travel Research |language=en-US |publication-place=PolyU School of Hotel and Tourism Management |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |doi=10.1177/0047287518821739 |issn=0047-2875 |s2cid=150395266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162936/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0047287518821739 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10397/94502}}</ref>

In a 2015 study, mainland students in Hong Kong who initially had a more positive view of the city than of their own mainland hometowns reported that their attempts at connecting with the locals were difficult due to experiences of hostility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Cora Lingling |date=September 1, 2015 |title=When the Hong Kong Dream Meets the Anti-Mainlandisation Discourse: Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |language=en |publication-place=University of Cambridge |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=15–47 |doi=10.1177/186810261504400302 |issn=1868-1026 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Mainland China ==== In the 1980s, in the face of a high level of economic disparity with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Western countries compared to mainland China, some Chinese society and intellectuals followed the overall Westernization theory.<ref>{{cite journal |author=兰州军区政治部宣传部；责任编辑：王杰 |date=1987 |title=《坚定不移地走具有中国特色的社会主义道路》 |url=http://www.cqvip.com/QK/81114X/198702/1003082647.html |journal=甘肃理论学刊 |language=Zh-hans |location=甘肃省兰州市 |publisher=中共甘肃省委党校（甘肃行政学院） |issue=1987年第2期 |pages=12–15 |issn=1003-4307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930054555/http://www.cqvip.com/QK/81114X/198702/1003082647.html |archive-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

The modern cultural trend of the Chinese continent in the 1980s, represented by the documentary ''River Elegy'' that preceded the 1989 Tiananmen Incident, completely denied China and Chinese civilizations.<ref name="邢福增2009">{{cite news |last=邢福增 |date=2009-06-01 |title=從《河殤》看八九民運年代的中國文化探討 |url=https://www.christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/ShowNews.jsp?Nid=53552&Pid=6&Version=0&Cid=150&Charset=big5_hkscs |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130201241/https://www.christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/ShowNews.jsp?Nid=53552&Pid=6&Version=0&Cid=150&Charset=big5_hkscs |archivedate=2020-11-30 |accessdate=2020-12-01 |newspaper=基督教時代論壇}}</ref><ref name="1988遠見雜誌">{{cite journal |last=尹萍 |date=1988-11-15 |title=最熱門的話題－河殤 |url=https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/1055 |journal=遠見雜誌 |location=台灣 |access-date=2020-12-01 |quote=估計有兩、三億大陸人，在毫無心理準備的情況下，從螢光幕上看到這部充滿批判與自省、鞭策與激動意味的影片。（……）很多人立即動手，寫信、打電話甚至打電報給北平「中央電視台」，表示「激動、震撼和感慨」。他們當中，有學生、教師、工人，有老資格的共產黨員，也有軍隊裡的政治處主任。（……）這部影集確實有相當大的突破，它第一次用電視這種最大眾化的媒體，總結報告了改革派在經濟與文化上的觀點 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130200840/https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/1055 |archivedate=2020-11-30}}</ref>

In the 21st century, against the backdrop of China's economic rise and strengthening of its national power, Chinese society has become dominated by nationalist sentiments.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=刘洋波 |title=全盘西化思潮的兴衰（1979-2007） |degree=硕士 |publisher=北京大学 |url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10001-2008082164.htm |language=Zh-hans |chapter=摘要 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207100130/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10001-2008082164.htm |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>

==== Xinjiang ==== {{see also|Persecution of Uyghurs in China|Xinjiang conflict}} [[File:Stand_for_Uyghurs_Australia_-_Melbourne_rally_(51949347373).jpg|thumb|A Uygur protest in Melbourne, Australia]] After the Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong to establish the PRC in 1949, there have been considerable ethnic tensions arising between the Han Chinese and Turkic Muslim Uyghurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jörg Friedrichs |date=2017 |title=Sino-Muslim Relations: The Han, the Hui, and the Uyghurs (page 35) |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f413e223-8f64-4035-84a2-642cd64bf44f/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Sino-Muslim%2BRelations.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |publication-place=University of Oxford |volume=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162937/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f413e223-8f64-4035-84a2-642cd64bf44f/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Sino-Muslim+Relations.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holdstock |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcicDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State |date=June 13, 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78831-982-9 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Svanberg |first1=Ingvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 |title=Islam Outside the Arab World |last2=Westerlund |first2=David |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-136-11322-2 |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=James Fallows |date=July 13, 2009 |title=On Uighurs, Han, and general racial attitudes in China |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2009/07/on-uighurs-han-and-general-racial-attitudes-in-china/21137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212080038/http://www.theatlantic.com:80/technology/archive/2009/07/on-uighurs-han-and-general-racial-attitudes-in-china/21137/ |archive-date=December 12, 2010 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wang |first=Emily |date=November 22, 2018 |title=China's model village of ethnic unity shows cracks in facade |url=https://apnews.com/a48de48b634146db80e48de8a76e2a97 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104710/https://apnews.com/a48de48b634146db80e48de8a76e2a97 |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> This manifested itself in the 1997 Ghulja incident,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/10/china.riots/index.html 10 killed in ethnic clash in western China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030954/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/10/china.riots/index.html|date=April 7, 2023}}. Posted on CNN. Posted on February 10, 1997.</ref> the bloody July 2009 Ürümqi riots,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Branigan |first=Tania |date=2009-07-06 |title=China locks down western province after ethnic riots kill 140 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/06/china-uighur-urumqi-riots |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and the 2014 Kunming attack.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26414014 Why is there tension between China and the Uighurs?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114212428/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26414014|date=November 14, 2023}}. Posted on BBC News. Posted on September 26, 2014.</ref> China has since suppressed the native population and created internment camps for purported counter-terrorism efforts, which have further fueled resentment in the region.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42911468/china-xinjiang-police-state-fear-and-resentment China Xinjiang police state: Fear and resentment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010171114/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42911468/china-xinjiang-police-state-fear-and-resentment|date=October 10, 2019}}. Posted on BBC News. Posted on February 1, 2018.</ref>

==== Taiwan ==== {{see also|Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity|One Country on Each Side|Taiwan independence movement|Cross-strait relations}}

After 1949, due to the defeat in the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China (ROC) government under the Kuomintang (KMT) retreated to Taiwan, claiming that it still had full sovereignty over mainland China; the People's Republic of China (PRC), which was established in mainland China, also claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, claiming sovereignty over all Chinese territories (including Taiwan), but it has not yet been able to rule Taiwan.<ref name="ExclusiveMandate1">{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Christopher|title=The China Handbook|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59|page=59|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134269662|access-date=April 9, 2022|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410211623/https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ExclusiveMandate2">{{cite book|last1=Rigger|first1=Shelley|author1-link=Shelley Rigger|title=Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60|page=60|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134692972|access-date=April 9, 2022|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410211621/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60|url-status=live}}</ref> Many young people in Taiwan identify solely as "Taiwanese".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-26 |title='Taiwanese' identity hits record level |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/01/26/2003610092 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Taipei Times}}</ref> They are wary of closer ties with China, like those in the Sunflower Student Movement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderlini |first=Jamil |date=March 30, 2014 |title=Thousands of Taiwanese rally against closer ties with China |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1f137b9e-b7fd-11e3-af5e-00144feabdc0 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/1f137b9e-b7fd-11e3-af5e-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> According to a 2020 survey from Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council, Taiwanese believe that China is unfriendly to Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |date=April 13, 2020 |title=76% of Taiwanese consider China 'unfriendly': MAC poll |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3915125 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406154448/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3915125 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=Taiwan News}}</ref>

Taiwan's main political parties, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) are some described as "anti-China".<ref name="Baogang He">{{cite book |author=Baogang He |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMkDQAAQBAJ&dq=anti-imperialist+DPP+taiwan&pg=PT154 |title=Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches |date=July 8, 2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0498-3 |quote=In the DPP's anti-China and anti-KMT message, the KMT is represented as equivalent to China, while 'democracy' is linked to Taiwanese nationalism. The DPP used the language of colonialism and imperialism to portray China's claims of sovereignty over Taiwan. |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230857/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMkDQAAQBAJ&dq=anti-imperialist+DPP+taiwan&pg=PT154#v=onepage&q=anti-imperialist%20DPP%20taiwan&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 13, 2024 |title=Taiwan Elections 2024: Why results of these polls are crucial for global economy |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/taiwan-elections-2024-why-results-of-these-polls-are-crucial-for-global-economy-679479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601015453/https://www.wionews.com/world/taiwan-elections-2024-why-results-of-these-polls-are-crucial-for-global-economy-679479 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=WION |quote=Taiwan elections 2024: The election sees the pro-U.S. and anti-China Democratic Progressive Party candidate Lai Ching-te leading the polls against the Kuomintang candidate Hou Yu-ih, who is seen as more accommodating towards Beijing.}}</ref> The DPP is expressing its opposition to Chinese "imperialism" and "colonialism".<ref name="Baogang He" />

In 2016, "Islanders' Anti-China Coalition", a radical anti-communist organization, was formed; they actively support Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Inner Mongolian independence.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==== Tibet ==== {{see also|Sino-Tibetan War|Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China}} [[File:2008_Tibet._China..jpg|right|thumb|Anti-Chinese government protest by Tibetans in India in 2008]] Tibet has complicated relations with the rest of China. Both Tibetan and Chinese are part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and share a long history. The Tang dynasty and Tibetan Empire did enter into periods of military conflict. In the 13th century, Tibet fell under the rule of the Yuan dynasty but it ceased to be with the collapse of the Yuan dynasty. The relationship between Tibet with China remains complicated until Tibet was invaded again by the Qing dynasty. Following the British expedition to Tibet in 1904, many Tibetans look back on it as an exercise of Tibetan self-defense and an act of independence from the Qing dynasty, as the dynasty was falling apart.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/world/asia/10gyantse.html "China Seizes on a Dark Chapter for Tibet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218083453/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/world/asia/10gyantse.html|date=February 18, 2017}}, by Edward Wong, ''The New York Times'', August 9, 2010 (August 10, 2010, p. A6 of NY ed.). Retrieved August 10, 2010.</ref> This event has left a dark chapter in their modern relations. The Republic of China failed to reconquer Tibet but the later People's Republic of China annexed Tibet and incorporated it as the Tibet Autonomous Region within China. The 14th Dalai Lama and Mao Zedong signed the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, but China was accused of not honoring the treaty<ref>[https://people.howstuffworks.com/dalai-lama3.htm How the Dalai Lama Works - People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726062747/https://people.howstuffworks.com/dalai-lama3.htm|date=July 26, 2020}}. Posted on HowStuffWorks</ref> and led to the 1959 Tibetan uprising which was successfully suppressed by China,<ref>[https://www.thoughtco.com/the-tibetan-uprising-of-1959-195267 Events Leading to the 1959 Tibetan Uprising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329024630/https://www.thoughtco.com/the-tibetan-uprising-of-1959-195267|date=March 29, 2023}}. Posted on ThoughtCo. Posted by Kallie Szczepanski on July 16, 2018.</ref> resulting in the Dalai Lama escaping to India.<ref>[https://time.com/3742242/dalai-lama-1959/ Dalai Lama Escapes From Tibet: How and Why It Happened] . Posted on ''Time''. Posted on March 17, 2015.</ref>

Tibetans again rioted against other Chinese rule twice, in the 1987–1989 Tibetan unrest<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blake Kerr |last2=John Ackerly |date=January 2, 2018 |title=HEROD IN TIBET: Massacre of the innocents |url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/herod-in-tibet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121065741/https://www.tibetanreview.net/herod-in-tibet/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Tibetan Review |language=en-US |publication-place=Delhi, India}}</ref> and 2008 unrest, where they directed their angers against Han and Hui Chinese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anna Morcom |date=June 2018 |title=The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen (page 129) |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2348&context=himalaya |url-status=live |journal=Himalaya |publication-place=Royal Holloway, University of London |volume=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002090307/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2348&context=himalaya |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref> Both were suppressed by China and China has increased their military presence in the region, despite periodic self-immolations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Immolation Protests - Tibetan Resistance |url=https://freetibet.org/freedom-for-tibet/tibetan-resistance/self-immolation-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121065741/https://freetibet.org/freedom-for-tibet/tibetan-resistance/self-immolation-protests/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Free Tibet |language=en |publication-place=United Kingdom}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===

==== South Korea ==== {{See also|China–South Korea relations}}

Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea was created in the 21st century by cultural and historical claims of China and a sense of security crisis caused by China's economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sang-Hun |first=Choe |date=2021-08-20 |title=South Koreans Now Dislike China More Than They Dislike Japan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/world/asia/korea-china-election-young-voters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129024854/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/world/asia/korea-china-election-young-voters.html |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the early 2000s, China's claim over the history of Goguryeo, an ancient Korean kingdom, caused tensions between both Koreas and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yonson Ahn |date=February 9, 2006 |title=The Korea-China Textbook War--What's It All About? |url=https://hnn.us/articles/21617.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507081521/https://hnn.us/articles/21617.html |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |website=History News Network |publication-place=University of Leipzig}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ines Beneyto Brunet |date=August 16, 2019 |title=A Peek into Chinese Views of other Countries |url=https://daxueconsulting.com/chinese-views-of-other-countries/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214338/https://daxueconsulting.com/chinese-views-of-other-countries/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=daxueconsulting.com}}</ref> The dispute has also involved naming controversies over Paektu Mountain (or Changbai Mountain in Chinese).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-23 |title=Kim, Jun seek to revoke contracts for Chinese ad |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/kim-jun-seek-to-revoke-contracts-for-chinese-ad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215003757/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/kim-jun-seek-to-revoke-contracts-for-chinese-ad |archive-date=February 15, 2022 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=The Straits Times, The Korea Herald |language=en}}</ref> China has been accused of trying to appropriate kimchi<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCurry |first=Justin |date=2020-12-01 |title='Stealing our culture': South Koreans upset after China claims kimchi as its own |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/01/stealing-our-culture-south-koreans-upset-after-china-claims-kimchi-as-its-own |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117090425/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/01/stealing-our-culture-south-koreans-upset-after-china-claims-kimchi-as-its-own |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and ''hanbok'' as part of Chinese culture,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESTHER CHUNG |date=2022-02-10 |title=Chinese Embassy shoots down claims that hanbok was attempt to steal culture |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/02/10/national/diplomacy/korea-china-hanbok/20220210152638725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315083110/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/02/10/national/diplomacy/korea-china-hanbok/20220210152638725.html |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Korea JoongAng Daily |language=en}}</ref> along with labeling Yun Dong-ju as chaoxianzu, which have all angered South Koreans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi Seong Hyeon |date=February 26, 2021 |title=A Korean Poet Is the Latest Example of China's 'Cultural Imperialism' |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/a-korean-poet-is-the-latest-example-of-chinas-cultural-imperialism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511050632/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/a-korean-poet-is-the-latest-example-of-chinas-cultural-imperialism/ |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref>

Anti-Chinese sentiments in South Korea have been on a steady rise since 2002. According to Pew opinion polls, favorable views of China steadily declined from 66% in 2002 to 48% in 2008, while unfavorable views rose from 31% in 2002 to 49% in 2008.<ref name="Chapter-32"/> According to surveys by the East Asia Institute, positive views of China's influence declined from 48.6% in 2005 to 38% in 2009, while negative views of it rose from 46.7% in 2005 to 50% in 2008.<ref>East Asia Institute Foreign Perception Survey 2005–2009, some in collaboration with BBC World Service Polls 2005–2008 http://www.eai.or.kr</ref> A 2012 BBC World Service poll had 64% of South Koreans expressing negative views of China's influence, which was the highest percentage out of 21 countries surveyed including Japan at 50%.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Globescan1 |date=2012-05-10 |title=Views of Europe Slide Sharply in Global Poll, While Views of China Improve |url=https://globescan.com/2012/05/10/views-of-europe-slide-sharply-in-global-poll-while-views-of-china-improve/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803145535/https://globescan.com/2012/05/10/views-of-europe-slide-sharply-in-global-poll-while-views-of-china-improve/ |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=GlobeScan |language=en-US}}</ref>

Relations further strained with the deployment of THAAD in South Korea in 2017, in which China started its boycott against Korea, making Koreans develop anti-Chinese sentiment in South Korea over reports of economic retaliation by Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Beijing's Anti-THAAD Moves Sour China Views in South Korea |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poll-shows-rising-anti-china-sentiment-in-south-korea/3775137.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161716/https://www.voanews.com/a/poll-shows-rising-anti-china-sentiment-in-south-korea/3775137.html |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> According to a poll from the Institute for Peace and Unification Studies at Seoul National University in 2018, 46% of South Koreans found China as the most threatening country to inter-Korean peace (compared to 33% for North Korea), marking the first time China was seen as a bigger threat than North Korea since the survey began in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee Jeong-ho |date=October 3, 2018 |title=China, not North Korea, is biggest threat to peace, South Koreans say |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2166792/china-not-north-korea-our-biggest-threat-peace-south-koreans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714171505/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2166792/china-not-north-korea-our-biggest-threat-peace-south-koreans |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |access-date=July 14, 2019 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> A 2022 poll from the Central European Institute of Asian Studies had 81% of South Koreans expressing a negative view of China, which was the highest out of 56 countries surveyed.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Richard Q. Turcsanyi |author2=Esther E. Song |date=December 24, 2022 |title=South Koreans Have the World's Most Negative Views of China. Why? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/south-koreans-have-the-worlds-most-negative-views-of-china-why/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123182916/https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/south-koreans-have-the-worlds-most-negative-views-of-china-why/ |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Japan ==== {{See also|China–Japan relations}}

After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II in 1945, the relationship between China and Japan gradually improved. However, since 2000, Japan has seen a gradual resurgence of anti-Chinese sentiment. Many Japanese people believe that China is using the issue of the country's checkered history, such as the Japanese history textbook controversies, many war crimes which were committed by Japan's military, and official visits to the Yasukuni Shrine (in which a number of war criminals are enshrined), as both a diplomatic card and a tool to make Japan a scapegoat in domestic Chinese politics.<ref>Matthew Forney, "Why China Loves to Hate Japan". ''Time'', December 10, 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214093045/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1139759,00.html Why China Bashes Japan]. Accessed June 1, 2008</ref> The Anti-Japanese Riots in the Spring of 2005 were another source of more anger towards China among the Japanese public. Anti-Chinese sentiments have been on a sharp rise in Japan since 2002. According to the Pew Global Attitude Project (2008), 84% of Japanese people held an unfavorable view of China and 73% of Japanese people held an unfavorable view of Chinese people, which was a higher percentage than all the other countries surveyed.<ref>[http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/260.pdf 24-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey(2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704015500/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/260.pdf|date=July 4, 2008}} 35p, Pew Research</ref>

=== Central Asia ===

==== Kazakhstan ==== {{further|China–Kazakhstan relations}}

In 2018, massive land reform protests were held in Kazakhstan. The protesters demonstrated against the leasing of land to Chinese companies and the perceived economic dominance of Chinese companies and traders.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 28, 2016 |title=Kazakhstan's land reform protests explained – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36163103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609204803/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36163103 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Catherine Putz |date=2016 |title=Land Protests Persist in Kazakhstan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/land-protests-persist-in-kazakhstan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504140137/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/land-protests-persist-in-kazakhstan/ |archive-date=May 4, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2018 |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref> Another issue which is leading to the rise of sinophobia in Kazakhstan is the Xinjiang conflict and Kazakhstan is responding to it by hosting a significant number of Uyghur separatists.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==== Kyrgyzstan ==== {{further|China–Kyrgyzstan relations}}

While discussing Chinese investments in the country, a Kyrgyz farmer said, "''We always run the risk of being colonized by the Chinese''".<ref>Gabriele Battaglia, [https://asiatimes.com/article/hopes-fears-peoples-silk-road-krygyzstan/ The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Between Hope and Fear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231449/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=criteoPrebidAdapter&topUrl=asiatimes.com&gpp=|date=August 26, 2024}}. Asia Times. January 17, 2017.</ref>

Survey data cited by the Kennan Institute from 2017 to 2019 had on average 35% of Kyrgyz respondents expressing an unfavourable view of China compared to 52% expressing a favourable view; the disapproval rating was higher than that of respondents from 3 other Central Asian countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Marlène Laruelle |author1-link=Marlène Laruelle |last2=Dylan Royce |date=August 2020 |title=Kennan Cable No. 56: No Great Game: Central Asia's Public Opinions on Russia, China, and the U.S. |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-56-no-great-game-central-asias-public-opinions-russia-china-and-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520204550/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-56-no-great-game-central-asias-public-opinions-russia-china-and-us |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref>

==== Tajikistan ==== {{further|China–Tajikistan relations|China–Tajikistan border}}

Resentment against China and Chinese people has also increased in Tajikistan in recent years due to accusations that China has grabbed land from Tajikistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurasianet | Tajikistan: China's Advance Causing Increasing Unease among Tajiks |url=https://eurasianet.org/s/tajikistan-chinas-advance-causing-increasing-unease-among-tajiks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005536/https://eurasianet.org/s/tajikistan-chinas-advance-causing-increasing-unease-among-tajiks |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2018 |website=Eurasianet}}</ref> In 2013, the Popular Tajik Social-Democrat Party leader, Rakhmatillo Zoirov, claimed that Chinese troops were violating a land-ceding arrangement by moving deeper into Tajikistan than they were supposed to.<ref>[http://enews.fergananews.com/news.php?id=2561 Tajik social-democrats leader: China grabs more Tajik land than agreed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726065946/http://enews.fergananews.com/news.php?id=2561|date=July 26, 2020}}. Posted by Ferghana International Agency, on April 16, 2013.</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===

==== Malaysia ==== Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been social media posts claiming the initial outbreak is "divine retribution" for China's treatment of its Muslim Uyghur population.<ref name="Kok-Xinghui-20203">{{cite web |last=Kok Xinghui |date=January 29, 2020 |title=Coronavirus spreads anti-Chinese racism through Asia like a disease |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3048104/made-china-how-wuhan-coronavirus-spread-anti-chinese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107185856/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3048104/made-china-how-wuhan-coronavirus-spread-anti-chinese |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cambodia ==== {{see also|Cambodia–China relations}}

The speed of Chinese resident arrivals in Sihanoukville city has led to an increase in fear and hostility towards the new influx of Chinese residents among the local population. As of 2018, the Chinese community in the city makes up almost 20% of the town's population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2018-07-31 |title='No Cambodia left': how Chinese money is changing Sihanoukville |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/no-cambodia-left-chinese-money-changing-sihanoukville |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731055459/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/no-cambodia-left-chinese-money-changing-sihanoukville |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Philippines ==== {{see also|China–Philippines relations|2018 Metro Manila banners|South China Sea Arbitration|2025 Philippine espionage case}}

The standoff in Spratly Islands and Scarborough Shoal between China and the Philippines contributes to anti-China sentiment among Filipinos. Campaigns to boycott Chinese products began in 2012. People protested in front of the Chinese Embassy and it led the embassy to issue a travel warning for its citizens to the Philippines for a year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |date=September 17, 2014 |title=China Warns Citizens to Stay Away from Philippines |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-warns-citizens-to-stay-away-from-philippines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602093122/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-warns-citizens-to-stay-away-from-philippines/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, scholar Jonathan Corpuz Ong has lamented that there is a great deal of hateful and racist speech on Philippine social media which "many academics and even journalists in the country have actually justified as a form of political resistance" to the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alan Robles |date=February 7, 2020 |title=Coronavirus concerns fuel anti-Chinese sentiment in the Philippines |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3049567/coronavirus-south-china-sea-politics-fuel-anti-chinese-sentiment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112173614/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3049567/coronavirus-south-china-sea-politics-fuel-anti-chinese-sentiment |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> ''Iisang Dagat'', a song written by Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Huang Xilian in an attempt to promote cooperation between the two countries during the pandemic, was poorly received due to perceptions of insincerity and malice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Palatino |first1=Mong |author1-link=Raymond Palatino |title=China’s COVID-19 Diplomacy Backfires in the Philippines |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/chinas-covid-19-diplomacy-backfires-in-the-philippines/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=21 February 2026 |date=9 May 2020}}</ref> In addition, the United States government reinforced Filipinos' suspicion of China amidst the territorial disputes by conducting a disinformation campaign that amplified Filipinos' erosion of trust in Chinese COVID-19 vaccines and pandemic supplies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bing |first1=Chris |last2=Schectman |first2=Joel |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Pentagon ran secret anti-vax campaign to undermine China during pandemic |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614115559/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=Reuters |quote=The campaign also reinforced what one former health secretary called a longstanding suspicion of China, most recently because of aggressive behavior by Beijing in disputed areas of the South China Sea. Filipinos were unwilling to trust China’s Sinovac, which first became available in the country in March 2021...}}</ref>

In 2024, the Chinese-Filipino community in the Philippines expressed concerns over the increased anti-Chinese sentiment from Filipinos resulting from issues surrounding the POGO businesses and investigations on the background of Alice Guo, the dismissed mayor of Bamban accused by Filipino authorities of having connections with a POGO business in the said municipality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cepeda |first=Mara |date=September 2, 2024 |title=Why the loyalty check?: Chinese-Filipinos fear prejudice fuelled by Alice Guo case, South China Sea row |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/why-the-loyalty-check-chinese-filipinos-fear-prejudice-fuelled-by-alice-guo-case-south-china-sea-dispute |access-date=September 23, 2024 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ==== {{see also|China–Indonesia relations}}

In recent years,{{when|date=January 2024}} disputes in the South China Sea led to the renewal of tensions. At first, the conflict was contained between China and Vietnam, the Philippines and Malaysia, with Indonesia staying neutral. However, accusations about Indonesia's lack of activities to protect its fishermen from China's fishing vessels in the Natuna Sea<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Beech |first1=Hannah |last2=Suhartono |first2=Muktita |last3=Dean |first3=Adam |date=March 31, 2020 |title=China Chases Indonesia's Fishing Fleets, Staking Claim to Sea's Riches |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/world/asia/Indonesia-south-china-sea-fishing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706233954/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/world/asia/Indonesia-south-china-sea-fishing.html |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and disinformation about Chinese foreign workers have contributed to the deterioration of China's image in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2017 |title=Fake news charges emotionally driven Jakarta election |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Indonesian-fake-news-spread-ahead-of-Jakarta-election2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607043813/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Indonesian-fake-news-spread-ahead-of-Jakarta-election2 |archive-date=June 7, 2018 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amy Chew |date=July 16, 2020 |title=Indonesian students continue protests against Chinese workers |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3093345/indonesian-students-sulawesi-continue-protests-against-chinese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904070628/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3093345/indonesian-students-sulawesi-continue-protests-against-chinese |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |access-date=September 4, 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

Coconuts Media reported in April 2022 of online groups in the country targeting Chinese-Indonesian women for racialised sexual abuse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kevin Ng |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Online predators are systemically targeting Chinese-Indonesian women for vile sexual abuse |url=https://coconuts.co/jakarta/features/online-predators-are-systemically-targeting-chinese-indonesian-women-for-vile-sexual-abuse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141102/https://coconuts.co/jakarta/features/online-predators-are-systemically-targeting-chinese-indonesian-women-for-vile-sexual-abuse/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Coconuts Media |language=en-US}}</ref> On the other hand, a 2022 online poll done by Palacký University Olomouc had little more than 20% of Indonesian respondents viewing China negatively while over 70% held a positive view.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Richard Q. Turcsányi |url=https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Draft-2_FINAL.pdf |title=Public opinion in the Indo-Pacific: Divided on China, cheering for US & EU |author2=Kristina Kironská |author3=Alfred Gerstl |author4=Klára Dubravčíková |author5=James Iocovozzi |author6=Peter Gries |author7=Andrew Chubb |author8=Matej Šimalčík |date=November 2022 |publisher=CEIAS |isbn=978-80-8239-010-3 |page=5 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826080937/https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Draft-2_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutt |first=David |date=2022-11-07 |title=China more popular among SE Asia publics than elites |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/11/china-more-popular-among-se-asia-publics-than-elites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227025855/https://asiatimes.com/2022/11/china-more-popular-among-se-asia-publics-than-elites/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Myanmar ==== {{see also|China–Myanmar relations}}

The ongoing ethnic insurgency in Myanmar and the 1967 riots in Burma against the Chinese community displeased the PRC, which led to the arming of ethnic and political rebels by China against Burma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |author-link=Bertil Lintner |date=2017-04-05 |title=A Chinese war in Myanmar |url=https://asiatimes.com/2017/04/chinese-war-myanmar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621214332/https://asiatimes.com/2017/04/chinese-war-myanmar/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Resentment towards Chinese investments<ref>{{cite news |last=Yhome |first=K. |title=The BRI and Myanmar's China debate |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/bri-myanmar-china-debate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513140418/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/bri-myanmar-china-debate/ |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=Observer Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> and their perceived exploitation of natural resources have also hampered the Sino-Burmese relationship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Animosity in a Burmese Hub Deepens as Chinese Get Richer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/world/asia/mandalay-china-myanmar-trade.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128090124/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/world/asia/mandalay-china-myanmar-trade.html |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=November 27, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In November 2023, pro junta supporters held protests in Naypyidaw and Yangon accusing China of supporting Operation 1027 rebels,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=In Myanmar, Rebels Make Advances, but Peace Remains a Distant Prospect |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/myanmar-rebels-make-advances-peace-remains-distant-prospect |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231215034344/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/myanmar-rebels-make-advances-peace-remains-distant-prospect |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Stratfor |quote=In late November, supporters of the governing junta staged protests in Naypyidaw and Yangon, including outside the Chinese embassy, to protest the perception that China was actively aiding the rebels in their offensive.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lt Gen Prakash Katoch |date=2023-12-04 |title=Myanmar Aflame |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/myanmar-aflame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226000452/https://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/myanmar-aflame/ |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website={{interlanguage link|Indian Defence Review|fr}} |language=en-US |quote=Yangon recently witnessed anti-China protests (allowed by the government) for supporting armed groups in Myanmar.}}</ref> with some Yangon protesters threatening to attack China for its support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Myanmar Regime-Backed Rallies Denounce China, Accusing It of Backing Anti-Junta Alliance |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-regime-backed-rallies-denounce-china-accusing-it-of-backing-anti-junta-alliance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121024410/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-regime-backed-rallies-denounce-china-accusing-it-of-backing-anti-junta-alliance.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ==== {{See also|China–Vietnam relations}}

The two countries' shared history includes territorial disputes, with conflict over the Paracel and Spratly Islands reaching a peak between 1979 and 1991.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Martha Ann Overland |date=April 16, 2009 |title=In Vietnam, New Fears of a Chinese 'Invasion' |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1891668,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418054745/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1891668,00.html |archive-date=April 18, 2009 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="The-Australian-2007">{{cite news |date=December 16, 2007 |title=Vietnamese in second anti-China rally over disputed islands |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22932703-12377,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218125333/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22932703-12377,00.html |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |newspaper=The Australian |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/01/402572349/ask-the-vietnamese-about-war-and-they-think-china-not-the-u-s Ask The Vietnamese About War, And They Think China, Not The U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929041116/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/01/402572349/ask-the-vietnamese-about-war-and-they-think-china-not-the-u-s|date=September 29, 2019}} Posted Michael Sullivan on May 1, 2015.</ref>

Anti-Chinese sentiments had spiked in 2007 after China formed an administration in the disputed islands,<ref name="The-Australian-2007" /> in 2009 when the Vietnamese government allowed the Chinese aluminium manufacturer Chinalco the rights to mine for bauxite in the Central Highlands,<ref>{{cite news |author=Agence France Presse |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Vietnam's China mining plans spark rare criticism |url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20090420-136270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605123905/http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090420-136270.html |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |publisher=AsianOne News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 10, 2009 |title=Vietnam's nationalist bloggers: Getting if off your chest |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14419371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913052850/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14419371 |archive-date=September 13, 2009 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Martha Ann Overland |date=September 5, 2009 |title=Vietnam to Its Journalists: Don't Tread on China |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1920520,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908002127/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1920520,00.html |archive-date=September 8, 2009 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and when Vietnamese fishermen were detained by Chinese security forces while seeking refuge in the disputed territories.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pham |first=Nga |date=August 12, 2009 |title=China releases Vietnam fishermen |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8196575.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020130452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8196575.stm |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |access-date=October 27, 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 2011, following a spat in which a Chinese Marine Surveillance ship damaged a Vietnamese geologic survey ship off the coast of Vietnam, some Vietnamese travel agencies boycotted Chinese destinations or refused to serve customers with Chinese citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 3, 2011 |title=Tourist Agencies Abandon China |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/tourist-06032011171756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152655/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/tourist-06032011171756.html |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 6, 2011 |website=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> Hundreds of people protested in front of the Chinese embassy in Hanoi and the Chinese consulate in Ho Chi Minh City against Chinese naval operations in the South China Sea before being dispersed by the police.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 5, 2011 |title=Vietnamese hold anti-Chinese protest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13661779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613163003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13661779 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |work=BBC}}</ref> In May 2014, mass anti-Chinese protests against China moving an oil platform into disputed waters escalated into riots in which many Chinese factories and workers were targeted. In 2018, thousands of people nationwide protested against a proposed law regarding Special Economic Zones that would give foreign investors 99-year leases on Vietnamese land, fearing that it would be dominated by Chinese investors.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 10, 2018 |title=Vietnam protesters clash with police over new economic zones |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44428971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610143822/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44428971 |archive-date=June 10, 2018 |access-date=June 10, 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

According to journalist Daniel Gross, anti-Chinese sentiment is omnipresent in modern Vietnam, where "from school kids to government officials, China-bashing is very much in vogue." He reports that a majority of Vietnamese resent the import and usage of Chinese products, considering them of distinctly low status.<ref>Gross, Daniel. [http://www.newsweek.com/2007/12/03/cheap-trade.html Cheap Trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121320/http://www.newsweek.com/2007/12/03/cheap-trade.html|date=May 17, 2014}}. Newsweek.</ref> A 2013 book on varying host perceptions in global tourism has also referenced negativity from Vietnamese hosts towards Chinese tourists, where the latter were seen as "making a lot more requests, complaints and troubles than other tourists"; the views differed from the much more positive perceptions of young Tibetan hosts at Lhasa towards mainland Chinese visitors in 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moufakkir |first1=Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbNI6vIWJ9sC&q=chinese+were |title=The Host Gaze in Global Tourism |last2=Reisinger |first2=Yvette |date=2013 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-021-1 |language=en |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231426/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbNI6vIWJ9sC&q=chinese+were#v=snippet&q=chinese%20were&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Chinese media was accused by the local press of appropriating or claiming Áo dài, which angered many Vietnamese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=Chinese brand accused of appropriating Vietnam's 'ao dai' in old fashion collection |url=https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/lifestyle/20191123/chinese-brand-accused-of-appropriating-vietnams-ao-dai-in-old-fashion-collection/51962.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231433/https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/lifestyle/20191123/chinese-brand-accused-of-appropriating-vietnams-ao-dai-in-old-fashion-collection/51962.html |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Tuoi Tre News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-24 |title=Chinese newspaper report on Vietnam's ao dai sparks outrage |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/chinese-newspaper-report-on-vietnams-ao-dai-sparks-outrage-591260.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162939/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/chinese-newspaper-report-on-vietnams-ao-dai-sparks-outrage-591260.html |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=VietNamNet |language=en}}</ref>

=== South Asia ===

==== Afghanistan ==== According to ''The Diplomat'' in 2014, the Xinjiang conflict had increased anti-China sentiment in Afghanistan.<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/sinophilia-and-sinophobia-in-afghanistan/ Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407111632/https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/sinophilia-and-sinophobia-in-afghanistan/|date=April 7, 2023}}. Posted on The Diplomat. Posted by Tamin Asey on December 10, 2014.</ref> A 2020 Gallup International poll of 44 countries found that 46% of Afghans viewed China's foreign policy as destabilizing to the world, compared to 48% who viewed it as stabilizing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=VOICE OF THE PEOPLE Annual Global End of Year Surveys (page 124) |url=https://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/GIA_Book_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303134815/http://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/GIA_Book_2021.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Gallup International Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=George Metakides |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6xQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |title=Perspectives on Digital Humanism |date=November 23, 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9783030861445 |page=221 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231431/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6xQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Bhutan ==== The relationship between Bhutan and China has historically been tense and past events have led to anti-Chinese sentiment within the country. Notably, the Chinese government's destruction of Tibetan Buddhist institutions in Tibet in 1959 led to a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment in the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garver |first1=John W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOVaMckcO0MC&q=anti+china+sentiment+in+Bhutan&pg=PA176 |title=Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century |date=July 1, 2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295801209 |language=en |access-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826232053/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOVaMckcO0MC&q=anti+china+sentiment+in+Bhutan&pg=PA176#v=snippet&q=anti%20china%20sentiment%20in%20Bhutan&f=false |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1960, the PRC published a map in ''A Brief History of China'', depicting a sizable portion of Bhutan as "a pre-historical realm of China" and released a statement claiming the Bhutanese "form a united family in Tibet" and "they must once again be united and taught the communist doctrine". Bhutan responded by closing off its border, trade, and all diplomatic contacts with China. Bhutan and China have not established diplomatic relations.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Brian Benedictus |date=August 2, 2014 |title=Bhutan and the Great Power Tussle |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/bhutan-and-the-great-power-tussle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222212344/https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/bhutan-and-the-great-power-tussle/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=February 28, 2018 |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref> Recent efforts between the two countries to improve relations have been hampered by India's strong influence on Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Srikanth |first1=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5A2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |title=Linking India and Eastern Neighbours: Development in the Northeast and Borderlands |last2=Majumdar |first2=Munmun |date=2021-07-05 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-91370-77-0 |pages=77 |language=en |access-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231935/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5A2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Real Problem Lies in its Bhutan Policy, Not the Border |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-doklam-real-problem-bhutan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207080038/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-doklam-real-problem-bhutan |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==== India ==== {{See also|China–India relations|3=Sino-Indian border dispute|4=1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|5=Sino-Indian War|6=Nathu La and Cho La clashes}} On 2014, India in conjunction with the Tibetan government-in-exile have called for a campaign to boycott Chinese goods due in part to the contested border disputes India has with China.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 23, 2013 |title=Indo Tibetan meet proposes boycott of Chinese goods |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indo-Tibetan-meet-proposes-boycott-of-Chinese-goods/articleshow/22914680.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308050135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indo-Tibetan-meet-proposes-boycott-of-Chinese-goods/articleshow/22914680.cms |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 6, 2014 |title=Boycott Chinese products, says prominent cleric in Eid sermon |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/boycott-chinese-products-says-prominent-cleric-in-eid-sermon_1480643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007211559/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/boycott-chinese-products-says-prominent-cleric-in-eid-sermon_1480643.html |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

The 2020 China–India skirmishes resulted in the deaths 20 Indian soldiers and an undisclosed number of Chinese soldiers, in hand-to-hand combat using improvised weapons.<ref>{{cite web |title=India says China's Galwan Valley claims 'untenable, exaggerated' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/india-china-galwan-valley-claims-untenable-exaggerated-200618034716125.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910225627/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/india-china-galwan-valley-claims-untenable-exaggerated-200618034716125.html/ |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |publisher=aljazeera}}</ref>

Following the skirmishes, a company from Jaipur, India developed an app named "Remove China Apps" and released it on the Google Play Store, gaining 5 million downloads in less than two weeks. It discouraged software dependence on China and promoted apps developed in India. Afterwards, people began uninstalling Chinese apps like SHAREit and CamScanner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2020 |title=Google Removes Viral Indian App That Deleted Chinese Ones: 10 Points |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/remove-china-apps-google-play-store-removal-top-10-things-2239894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603113619/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/remove-china-apps-google-play-store-removal-top-10-things-2239894 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==== Nepal ==== {{see also|Sino-Nepalese War|Sino-Nepalese relations}}

Chinese outlet CGTN published a tweet about Mount Everest, calling it Mount Qomolangma in the Tibetan language and saying it was located in China's Tibet Autonomous Region, which caused displeasure from Nepalese and Indian Twitter users, who tweeted that China is trying to claim the mount from Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2020 |title=Netizens in India, Nepal troll Beijing after 'fake' claims on Mt Everest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/netizens-in-india-nepal-troll-beijing-after-fake-claims-on-mt-everest/articleshow/75657042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507141908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/netizens-in-india-nepal-troll-beijing-after-fake-claims-on-mt-everest/articleshow/75657042.cms |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=The Times of India, Asian News International |language=en}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka ==== {{main|China–Sri Lanka relations}}

There were protests against allowing China to build a port and industrial zone, which will require the eviction of thousands of villagers around Hambantota.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2017 |title=Sri Lanka protest over Chinese investment turns ugly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38541673 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108072805/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38541673 |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2018 |work=BBC}}</ref> Projects on the Hambantota port have led to fears among the local protestors that the area will become a "Chinese colony".<ref name="Al Jazeera-Hambantota">{{cite news |date=January 7, 2017 |title=Protest over Hambantota port deal turns violent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/protest-hambantota-port-deal-turns-violent-170107080155843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720215215/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/protest-hambantota-port-deal-turns-violent-170107080155843.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |newspaper=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Armed government supporters clashed with protestors from the opposition that were led by Buddhist monks.<ref name="Al Jazeera-Hambantota" />

=== Western Asia ===

==== Israel ==== {{See also|China–Israel relations}}

Israel and China have a stable relationship, and a 2018 survey suggested that a significant percentage of the Israeli population have a positive view of Chinese culture and people.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kuo |first=Mercy A. |title=Israeli Perceptions of China: Implications for the United States |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/israeli-perceptions-of-china-implications-for-the-united-states/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094338/https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/israeli-perceptions-of-china-implications-for-the-united-states/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> This is historically preceded by Chinese support for Jewish refugees fleeing from Europe amidst World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pompilio |first=Natalie |date=July 15, 2019 |title=How Shanghai Saved 20,000 Jews from the Nazis |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-shanghai-saved-20000-jews-from-the-nazis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805010110/http://www.thedailybeast.com/how-shanghai-saved-20000-jews-from-the-nazis |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |access-date=April 22, 2020 |publisher=Thedailybeast.com}}</ref> Within China, Jews gained praise for their successful integration, with a number of Jewish refugees advising Mao's government and leading developments in revolutionary China's health service and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 8, 2020 |title=China's Kaifeng Jews date back 1,400 years and have an unlikely ambassador – a teenager from Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3065231/can-jews-kaifeng-china-survive-xi-jinping-they |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117173847/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3065231/can-jews-kaifeng-china-survive-xi-jinping-they |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=April 22, 2020 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Paul |date=November 20, 2015 |title=Mao's Jews |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/179731/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406161639/https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/179731/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Jewish Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shnidman |first1=Ronen |title=How a Jewish doctor helped form backbone of revolutionary China's medical system |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-a-jewish-doctor-helped-form-backbone-of-revolutionary-chinas-medical-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530073603/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-a-jewish-doctor-helped-form-backbone-of-revolutionary-chinas-medical-system/ |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=The Times of Israel |date=12 August 2019 }}</ref>

However, these close relations between the early Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the small Jewish-Chinese community have been hampered in recent years under the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and rise of nationalist sentiment in China, with Jews monitored since 2016, an occurrence reported widely in Israeli media.<ref name="timesofisrael">{{cite news |date=September 25, 2016 |title=Chinese authorities crack down on tiny Jewish community |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/chinese-authorities-crack-down-on-tiny-jewish-community/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323145422/https://www.timesofisrael.com/chinese-authorities-crack-down-on-tiny-jewish-community/ |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=April 22, 2020 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Lela |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Tiny Kaifeng Jewish community faces Orwellian future |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Tiny-Kaifeng-Jewish-community-faces-Orwellian-future-580739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122033807/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Tiny-Kaifeng-Jewish-community-faces-Orwellian-future-580739 |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=April 22, 2020 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

==== Turkey ==== On July 4, 2015, a group of around 2,000 Turkish ultra-nationalists from the Grey Wolves linked to Turkey's MHP (Nationalist Movement Party) protesting against China's Ramadan fasting ban in Xinjiang mistakenly attacked South Korean tourists in Istanbul,<ref>{{cite news |date=July 4, 2015 |title=Video: Turkish nationalists protesting China attack Korean tourists in Istanbul |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-nationalists-protesting-china-attack-korean-tourists-in-istanbul.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84972&NewsCatID=338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823085810/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-nationalists-protesting-china-attack-korean-tourists-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nID=84972&NewsCatID=338 |archive-date=August 23, 2015 |access-date=June 16, 2016 |work=Hurriyet Daily News |agency=Doğan News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 5, 2014 |title=Turks protesting against China attack Koreans 'by mistake' |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/world/article/turks-protesting-against-china-attack-koreans-by-mistake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010801/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/world/article/turks-protesting-against-china-attack-koreans-by-mistake |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=June 16, 2016 |work=Malay Mail |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> which led to China issuing a travel warning to its citizens traveling to Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 5, 2015 |title=China says tourists attacked in Turkey during anti-China protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PF08L20150705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114516/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/05/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PF08L20150705 |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |access-date=July 2, 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Devlet Bahçeli, a leader from MHP, said that the attacks by MHP affiliated Turkish youth on South Korean tourists was "understandable", telling the Turkish newspaper ''Hürriyet'' that: "What feature differentiates a Korean from a Chinese? They see that they both have slanted eyes. How can they tell the difference?".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lefevre |first1=Amy Sawitta |last2=Dikmen |first2=Yesim |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Thai PM defends decision to send Uighurs back to China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-uighurs-turkey-idUSKCN0PJ18620150709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126152448/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/09/us-thailand-uighurs-turkey-idUSKCN0PJ18620150709 |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |access-date=July 2, 2017 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>

A Uyghur employee at a Chinese restaurant was attacked in 2015 by the Turkish Grey Wolves-linked protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinar Tremblay |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Attacks on Chinese escalate in Turkey |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/07/turkey-china-random-violence-become-norm-in-lgbt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512071407/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/07/turkey-china-random-violence-become-norm-in-lgbt.html |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |website=Al-Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Attacks on other Chinese nationals have been reported.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Giorgio Cafiero |last2=Bertrand Viala |date=March 15, 2017 |title=China-Turkey Relations Grow Despite Differences over Uighurs |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/china-turkey-relations-grow-despite-differences-over-uighurs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125031512/http://www.mei.edu:80/publications/china-turkey-relations-grow-despite-differences-over-uighurs |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref>

According to a November 2018 INR poll, 46% of Turks view China favourably, up from less than 20% in 2015. A further 62% thought that it is important to have a strong trade relationship with China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turks embrace Russia, China, reject U.S. - U.S. State Dept poll |url=https://ahvalnews.com/russia-turkey/turks-embrace-russia-china-reject-us-us-state-dept-poll |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116073507/https://ahvalnews.com/russia-turkey/turks-embrace-russia-china-reject-us-us-state-dept-poll |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |website=Ahval |language=en}}</ref>

=== Europe === ==== Czech Republic ==== Anti-Chinese sentiment has experienced a new growth due to closer ties between the Czech Republic and Taiwan and led to a deterioration of the Czech Republic's relations with China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackinnon |first=Colum Lynch, Amy |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Document of the Week: Czech Pol to China: Piss Off |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/04/czech-republic-china-prc-taiwan-letter-document-threat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603162227/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/04/czech-republic-china-prc-taiwan-letter-document-threat/ |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Heavy price': China threatens Czech official over Taiwan visit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/31/heavy-price-china-threatens-czech-official-over-taiwan-visit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525174637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/31/heavy-price-china-threatens-czech-official-over-taiwan-visit |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Czech politicians have demanded China to replace its ambassador and criticizing the Chinese government for its alleged threats against the Czech Republic, further worsening China's perception in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China influence aggravates Czech Republic's political war |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-influence-aggravates-Czech-Republic-s-political-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610215759/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-influence-aggravates-Czech-Republic-s-political-war |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Nikkei Asia}}</ref>

==== France ==== {{See also|China–France relations}}

French farmers protested after a Chinese investor purchased 2,700 hectares of agricultural land in France.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mulholland |first=Rory |date=February 22, 2018 |title=Emmanuel Macron promises to stop foreign investors buying up French farms after China land grab |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/22/emmanuel-macron-promises-stop-foreign-investors-buying-french/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/22/emmanuel-macron-promises-stop-foreign-investors-buying-french/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A 2018 survey by Institut Montaigne has suggested that Chinese investments in France are viewed more negatively than Chinese tourism to the country, with 50% of respondents holding negative views of the former.<ref name="institutmontaigne.org">{{cite web |title=La Chine vue par les Français : menace ou opportunité ? |url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/blog/la-chine-vue-par-les-francais-menace-ou-opportunite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220075456/https://www.institutmontaigne.org/blog/la-chine-vue-par-les-francais-menace-ou-opportunite |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Institut Montaigne |language=fr}}</ref> 43% of the French see China as an economic threat, an opinion that is common among older and right-wing people, and 40% of French people view China as a technological threat.<ref name="institutmontaigne.org" />

It was reported in 2017 that there was some negativity among Parisians towards Chinese visitors,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nik.Fes@tourism-review.com |first=Nik Fes |title=Chinese Tourists – Parisians Not Only Happy about the Tourism Boom {{!}} .TR |url=https://www.tourism-review.com/chinese-tourists-bring-troubles-to-paris-news5433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520111628/https://www.tourism-review.com/chinese-tourists-bring-troubles-to-paris-news5433 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=www.tourism-review.com |language=en}}</ref> but other surveys have suggested that they are not viewed worse than a number of other groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Survey Finds Americans Are Most Annoying Airline Passengers |url=https://www.travelpulse.com/news/airlines/survey-finds-americans-are-most-annoying-airline-passengers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214337/https://www.travelpulse.com/news/airlines/survey-finds-americans-are-most-annoying-airline-passengers.html |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=TravelPulse}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Stats: Speaking Louder, Slower Picked as Most Ignorant Tourist Habit |url=https://www.travelagentcentral.com/running-your-business/stats-speaking-louder-slower-picked-as-most-ignorant-tourist-habit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214333/https://www.travelagentcentral.com/running-your-business/stats-speaking-louder-slower-picked-as-most-ignorant-tourist-habit |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Travel Agent Central |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 23, 2017 |title=Chinese Tourists' Behavior Improving, Study by Chinese Tourism Authority Finds |url=https://jingdaily.com/chinese-tourists-behavior-improving-study-chinese-tourism-authority-finds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214332/https://jingdaily.com/chinese-tourists-behavior-improving-study-chinese-tourism-authority-finds/ |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Jing Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==== Germany ==== Two surveys have suggested that a percentage of Germans hold negative views towards Chinese travellers, although it is not as bad as a few other groups.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 3, 2019 |title=Globale Umfrage: Deutsche Touristen im Ausland eher unbeliebt |url=https://www.welt.de/reise/nah/article199588474/Globale-Umfrage-Deutsche-Touristen-im-Ausland-eher-unbeliebt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160141/https://www.welt.de/reise/nah/article199588474/Globale-Umfrage-Deutsche-Touristen-im-Ausland-eher-unbeliebt.html |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=Die Welt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seipp |first=Bettina |date=June 6, 2014 |title=Umfrage : Warum Russen die unbeliebtesten Touristen sind |url=https://www.welt.de/reise/article128791869/Warum-Russen-die-unbeliebtesten-Touristen-sind.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124060516/https://www.welt.de/reise/article128791869/Warum-Russen-die-unbeliebtesten-Touristen-sind.html |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=Die Welt}}</ref>

==== Italy ==== {{See also|China–Italy relations}}In 2010, in the Italian town of Prato, it was reported that many Chinese people were working in sweatshop-like conditions that broke European laws and that many Chinese-owned businesses don't pay taxes.<ref name="Ancient-Italian-Town-Turns-Against-Chinese-Migrants-Archived-May-28">[https://www.voanews.com/a/ancient-italian-town-turns-against-chinese-migrants-105597568/128777.html Ancient Italian Town Turns Against Chinese Migrants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528025441/https://www.voanews.com/a/ancient-italian-town-turns-against-chinese-migrants-105597568/128777.html|date=May 28, 2023}}. Posted on VOA News. Posted by Henry Ridgwell on October 22, 2010.</ref> Textile products produced by Chinese-owned businesses in Italy are labeled as 'Made in Italy', but some of the businesses engaged in practices that reduce cost and increase output to the point where locally owned businesses can't compete with. As a result of these practices, the 2009 municipal elections led the local population to vote for the Lega Nord, a party known for its anti-immigrant stance.<ref name="Ancient-Italian-Town-Turns-Against-Chinese-Migrants-Archived-May-28" />

==== Russia ==== {{main|China–Russia relations}}

After the Sino-Soviet split the Soviet Union produced propaganda which depicted the PRC and the Chinese people as enemies. Soviet propaganda specifically framed the PRC as an enemy of Islam and all Turkic peoples. These phobias have been inherited by the post-Soviet states in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peyrouse |first1=Sebastien |title=Understanding Sinophobia in Central Asia |url=https://magazine.thediplomat.com/#/issues/-M5vJXrkALBj-SNVU2PP/read |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217194525/http://magazine.thediplomat.com/#/issues/-M5vJXrkALBj-SNVU2PP/read |archive-date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2020 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>

Although Russia had inherited a long-standing dispute over territory with China over Siberia and the Russian Far East with the breakup of the Soviet Union, these disputes were formerly resolved in 2004. Russia and China no longer have territorial disputes and China does not claim land in Russia; however, there has also been a perceived fear of a demographic takeover by Chinese immigrants in sparsely populated Russian areas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=August 2, 2003 |title=Russians fear Chinese 'takeover' of Far East regions |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/133078/russians-fear-chinese |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116195122/http://www.dawn.com/2003/08/02/int7.htm |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |access-date=March 25, 2008 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> Both nations have become increasingly friendlier however, in the aftermath of the 1999 US bombing of Serbia, which the Chinese embassy was struck with a bomb, and have become increasingly united in foreign policy regarding perceived Western antipathy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Libman |first1=Alexander |last2=Vollan |first2=Björn |year=2019 |title=Anti-Western Conspiracy Thinking in China and Russia: Empirical Evidence and its Link to Expectations of Collusion |journal=Homo Oeconomicus |volume=36 |issue=3–4 |pages=135–163 |doi=10.1007/s41412-019-00082-9 |s2cid=201356636}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weitz |first1=Richard |year=2012 |title=SUPERPOWER SYMBIOSIS: The Russia-China Axis |journal=World Affairs |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=71–78 |jstor=41639036}}</ref>

A 2019 survey of online Russians has suggested that in terms of sincerity, trustfulness, and warmth, the Chinese are not viewed especially negatively or positively compared to the many other nationalities and ethnic groups in the study.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping Ethnic Stereotypes and Their Antecedents in Russia (chart) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=6646730_fpsyg-10-01643-g001.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145040/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=6646730_fpsyg-10-01643-g001.jpg |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grigoryev |first1=Dmitry |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |last3=Batkhina |first3=Anastasia |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Mapping Ethnic Stereotypes and Their Antecedents in Russia: The Stereotype Content Model |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |article-number=1643 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01643 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6646730 |pmid=31379677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An October 2020 poll from the Central European Institute of Asian Studies<ref name="The-Diplomat-20202">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2020 |title=Poll: The EU Has Solid Common Ground When It Comes To China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/poll-the-eu-has-solid-common-ground-when-it-comes-to-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116152150/https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/poll-the-eu-has-solid-common-ground-when-it-comes-to-china/ |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> found that although China was perceived positively by 59.5% of Russian respondents (which was higher than for the other 11 regions asked), 57% of respondents regarded Chinese enterprises in the Russian far east to varying degrees as a threat to the local environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Russian public opinion on China in the age of COVID-19 (pages 6 and 8) |url=https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RUS-poll-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916123705/https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RUS-poll-report.pdf |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |website=Central European Institute of Asian Studies}}</ref>

==== Spain ==== A Central European Institute of Asian Studies poll in 2020<ref name="The-Diplomat-20202"/> found that although Spaniards had worsening views of China amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, it did not apply to Chinese citizens where most respondents reported positive views of Chinese tourists, students, and the general community in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Spanish public opinion on China in the age of COVID-19 (pages 4 and 9) |url=https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ES-poll-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229105738/https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ES-poll-report.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |website=Central European Institute of Asian Studies, Elcano Royal Institute}}</ref>

==== Sweden ==== {{See also|China–Sweden relations}}

In 2018, a family of Chinese tourists was removed from a hostel in Stockholm, which led to a diplomatic spat between China and Sweden. China accused the Swedish police of maltreatment as Stockholm's chief prosecutor chose not to investigate the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Michael |date=September 18, 2018 |title=China says Swedish police 'brutally abused' tourists ejected from a hostel |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-18/china-says-swedish-police-brutally-abused-tourists-in-stockholm/10255378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408090627/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-18/china-says-swedish-police-brutally-abused-tourists-in-stockholm/10255378 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-AU}}</ref> A comedy skit later aired on Svenska Nyheter mocking the tourists and playing on racial stereotypes of Chinese people.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Michael |last2=Xiao |first2=Bang |date=September 29, 2018 |title='Vicious attack': Comedy skit deepens China and Sweden's diplomatic spat |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-30/china-sweden-diplomatic-spat-deepens-after-vicious-comedy-skit/10312174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153837/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-30/china-sweden-diplomatic-spat-deepens-after-vicious-comedy-skit/10312174 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |newspaper=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Touristes expulsés et blagues racistes : tensions entre la Suede et la Chine |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=SdxvWbFmXH4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=SdxvWbFmXH4 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Le Monde (via Youtube)}}</ref> After the producers uploaded the skit to Youku, it drew anger and accusations of racism on Chinese social media,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2018 |title=A Swedish TV Show Said Chinese Tourists Poop In Public And People Are Pissed |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kassycho/sweden-chinese-tourists-tv-show |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529011954/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kassycho/sweden-chinese-tourists-tv-show |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref> the latter of which was also echoed in a letter to the editor from a Swedish-Chinese scholar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aili Tang - Örebro University School of Business |url=https://www.oru.se/english/employee/aili_tang |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162943/https://www.oru.se/english/employee/aili_tang |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=www.oru.se |language=en}}</ref> to Dagens Nyheter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Sveriges Television sprider rasism om kineser |url=https://www.dn.se/asikt/sveriges-television-sprider-rasism-om-kineser/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163433/https://www.dn.se/asikt/sveriges-television-sprider-rasism-om-kineser/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=Dagens Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref> Chinese citizens were called on to boycott Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Tomas Haupt |title=Sweden Avoided by Chinese Tourists |url=https://www.tourism-review.com/chinese-tourists-are-sensitive-to-insults-news10988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406092057/https://www.tourism-review.com/chinese-tourists-are-sensitive-to-insults-news10988 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=www.tourism-review.com}}</ref> The next year, Jesper Rönndahl, the host of the skit, was honoured by Swedish newspaper Kvällsposten as "Scanian of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scanian of the Year: Jesper Rönndahl gets his portrait at Malmö Airport |url=https://www.swedavia.com/malmo/news/scanian-of-the-year-jesper-ronndahl-gets-his-portrait-at-malmo-airport/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406200952/https://www.swedavia.com/malmo/news/scanian-of-the-year-jesper-ronndahl-gets-his-portrait-at-malmo-airport/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=www.swedavia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Relations further worsened after the reported kidnap and arrest of China-born Swedish citizen and bookseller Gui Minhai by Chinese authorities, which led to three Swedish opposition parties calling for the expulsion of China's ambassador to Sweden, Gui Congyou, who had been accused of threatening several Swedish media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flittner |first=Sofia |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Hostility between China and Sweden at an all-time high |url=https://scandasia.com/hostility-between-china-and-sweden-at-an-all-time-high/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030957/https://scandasia.com/hostility-between-china-and-sweden-at-an-all-time-high/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=ScandAsia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How Sweden copes with Chinese bullying |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/20/how-sweden-copes-with-chinese-bullying |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422155851/https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/20/how-sweden-copes-with-chinese-bullying |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Several Swedish cities cut ties with China's cities in February 2020 amid deteriorating relations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Milne |first1=Richard |date=February 2020 |title=Swedish cities cut China links after increase in tension |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b6c8d510-429e-11ea-a43a-c4b328d9061c |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/b6c8d510-429e-11ea-a43a-c4b328d9061c |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> In May 2020, Sweden decided to shut down all Confucius Institutes in the country, citing the Chinese government's meddling in education affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=Sweden shutters all China-sponsored Confucius Institutes |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3921563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407122539/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3921563 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=Taiwan News}}</ref> Some Chinese in Sweden have also reported increased stigmatisation during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Dave |date=February 10, 2020 |title=Chinese in Sweden report increased stigmatisation since coronavirus outbreak |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=7404778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726070019/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=7404778 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |via=sverigesradio.se}}</ref> A 2021 YouGov poll had 77% of Swedish respondents expressing an unfavourable view of China, with no other country more negatively viewed in Sweden except for Iran and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2021 |title=YouGov / Eurotrack Survey Results |url=https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/3ce71typvy/Eurotrack_May21_Topline_Favourability_Israel.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826231936/https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/3ce71typvy/Eurotrack_May21_Topline_Favourability_Israel.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |website=YouGov}}</ref>

==== Ukraine ==== {{main|China–Ukraine relations}}

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the pro-Russian Chinese government media stance along with reports of chauvinistic comments about Ukrainian women and pro-Russian sentiment by some Chinese netizens led to the fueling of anti-Chinese sentiment in Ukraine. In response, the Embassy of China in Kyiv, which originally encouraged citizens to display Chinese flags on their cars for protection while leaving Ukraine, quickly urged them not to identify themselves or sport any signs of national identity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yang |first=William |date=2022-03-08 |title=Ukraine: Sexist comments on Chinese social media trigger backlash |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-sexist-comments-on-chinese-social-media-trigger-backlash/a-61049647 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126091427/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-sexist-comments-on-chinese-social-media-trigger-backlash/a-61049647 |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=2022-09-19 |quote=Another Chinese student said some Chinese nationals in Ukraine had been confronted by Ukrainian people. The Chinese Embassy in Ukraine, which originally encouraged citizens to display Chinese flags on their cars for protection, quickly urged them not to identify themselves or sport any signs of national identity. |newspaper=DW News}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=q_nZF1XT4-M|time=122|title="Thousands of Chinese nationals waiting to leave Ukraine - Al Jazeera English"}}</ref> In a 2023 Razumkov Centre opinion poll 60% of Ukrainians had a negative view of China<ref>{{cite web |last=Yakimenko |first=Yuriy |date=2023-04-05 |title=Зовнішня політика України в умовах війни: стан, особливості та пріоритети [Ukrainian foreign policy in wartime: current state, nuances and priorities] |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-presshall/3686844-zovnisna-politika-ukraini-v-umovah-vijni-stan-osoblivosti-ta-prioriteti.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230955/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-presshall/3686844-zovnisna-politika-ukraini-v-umovah-vijni-stan-osoblivosti-ta-prioriteti.html |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-05 |quote=Негативне ставлення найчастіше висловлюється до росії – 94%, білорусі – 81%, Ірану – 73,5%, '''Китаю – 60%''', Угорщини – 46,5%. |newspaper=Ukrinform}}</ref> - up from 14% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-05 |title=Attitudes toward China |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920102840/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/ |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

=== Americas ===

==== Argentina ====

Since the 1990s there has been a large wave of immigration of Chinese citizens, mainly from Fujian province. The main business in which the Chinese are dedicated in Argentina is grocery stores and on several occasions they have been accused of unplugging the refrigerators of fresh products during the night to pay cheaper electricity bills. During the social outbreak of 2001, derived from the economic crisis of that year in Argentina, several Chinese-owned supermarkets were attacked.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2013 |title=Ataque xenófobo a los comercios chinos |url=https://www.eldiaonline.com/ataque-xenofobo-los-comercios-chinos-n369370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204212946/https://www.eldiaonline.com/ataque-xenofobo-los-comercios-chinos-n369370 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=eldiaonline |language=es}}</ref>

==== Brazil ==== Chinese investments in Brazil have been largely influenced by this{{Clarify|date=May 2022}} negative impression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=Gustavo de L. T. |year=2018 |title=Chinese land grabs in Brazil? Sinophobia and foreign investments in Brazilian soybean agribusiness |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rt353h3 |url-status=live |journal=Globalizations |volume=15 |pages=114–133 |bibcode=2018Glob...15..114O |doi=10.1080/14747731.2017.1377374 |s2cid=158910046 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201307/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rt353h3 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref>

==== Canada ==== Anti-Chinese sentiment in Canada has been fueled by allegations of extreme real estate price distortion resulting from Chinese demand, purportedly forcing locals out of the market.<ref>[http://www.richmond-news.com/news/anti-chinese-sentiment-partly-governments-fault-steves-1.3144628 Anti-Chinese sentiment partly governments' fault: Steves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201013/https://www.richmond-news.com/news/anti-chinese-sentiment-partly-governments-fault-steves-1.3144628|date=November 11, 2020}}. Posted on Richmond News. Posted by Graeme Wood on November 23, 2016, at 12:52 PM.</ref>

==== United States ==== {{see also|China–United States relations}}

In the 2010 United States elections, a significant number<ref name="Chi">{{cite news |last=Chi |first=Frank |date=November 8, 2010 |title=In campaign ads, China is fair game; Chinese-Americans are not |url=https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/blogs/the_angle/2010/11/campaign_ads_ch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191752/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/blogs/the_angle/2010/11/campaign_ads_ch.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> of negative advertisements from both major political parties focused on a candidates' alleged support for free trade with China which were criticized by Jeff Yang for promoting anti-Chinese xenophobia.<ref name="lyden">{{cite news |last=Lyden |first=Jacki |date=October 27, 2010 |title=Critics Say Political Ads Hint Of Xenophobia |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130860571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126011025/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130860571 |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |access-date=December 5, 2010 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Some of the stock images that accompanied ominous voiceovers about China were actually of Chinatown, San Francisco.<ref name="lyden" /> These advertisements included one produced by Citizens Against Government Waste called "Chinese Professor", which portrayed a 2030 conquest of the West by China and an ad by Congressman Zack Space attacking his opponent for supporting free trade agreements like NAFTA, which the ad had claimed caused jobs to be outsourced to China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yang |first=Jeff |date=October 27, 2010 |title=Politicians Play The China Card |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/tellmemore/2010/10/27/130865009/playing-the-china-card |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125112803/http://www.npr.org/blogs/tellmemore/2010/10/27/130865009/playing-the-china-card |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |access-date=December 5, 2010 |work=Tell Me More |publisher=NPR}}</ref>

In October 2013, a child actor on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' jokingly suggested in a skit that the U.S. could solve its debt problems by "kill[ing] everyone in China."<ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2013 |title=Did protesters overreact to Jimmy Kimmel's jokes about Chinese people? |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/11/07/did-protesters-overreact-to-jimmy-kimmels-jokes-about-chinese-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030959/https://www.denverpost.com/2013/11/07/did-protesters-overreact-to-jimmy-kimmels-jokes-about-chinese-people/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 23, 2013 |title='Kill everyone in China': Outrage over comment during Jimmy Kimmel skit |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1337344/kill-everyone-china-outrage-over-comment-during-jimmy-kimmel-skit?page=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214143827/http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1337344/kill-everyone-china-outrage-over-comment-during-jimmy-kimmel-skit?page=all |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States, was accused of promoting sinophobia throughout his campaign for the Presidency in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Summers |first1=Ann |date=July 3, 2016 |title=all Trump has left is Islamophobia and Sinophobia in the swing-states |url=https://flowersforsocrates.com/2016/07/03/all-trump-has-left-is-islamophobia-and-sinophobia-in-the-swing-states/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030959/https://flowersforsocrates.com/2016/07/03/all-trump-has-left-is-islamophobia-and-sinophobia-in-the-swing-states/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Flowers For Socrates}}</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/anti-china-rhetoric-in-campaign-suggests-change-under-a-new-president/2015/09/23/f6bb3066-61ff-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html Anti-China rhetoric in campaign suggests change under a new president] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108234142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/anti-china-rhetoric-in-campaign-suggests-change-under-a-new-president/2015/09/23/f6bb3066-61ff-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html|date=November 8, 2023}}. Posted on Washington Post. Posted on September 23, 2015.</ref> and it was followed by his imposition of trade tariffs on Chinese goods, which was seen as a declaration of a trade war and another anti-Chinese act.<ref>[http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/it-isnt-only-trump-who-loves-a-trade-war/21187 It isn't only Trump who loves a trade war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213409/http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/it-isnt-only-trump-who-loves-a-trade-war/21187|date=July 24, 2018}}. Posted on Spiked. Posted on March 6, 2018.</ref> The deterioration of relations has led to a spike in anti-Chinese sentiment in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=July 20, 2019 |title=A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/20/us/politics/china-red-scare-washington.html |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2018 |title=Caught in the middle: Chinese-Americans feel heat as tensions flare |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2165704/caught-crossfire-chinese-americans-feel-heat-tensions-flare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803013743/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2165704/caught-crossfire-chinese-americans-feel-heat-tensions-flare |archive-date=August 3, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

According to a Pew Research Center poll which was conducted in April 2022, 82% of Americans have unfavorable opinions of China, including 40% who have very unfavorable views of the country.<ref name="Huang-2022">{{cite web |last1=Huang |first1=Christine |last2=Silver |first2=Laura |last3=Clancy |first3=Laura |date=April 22, 2022 |title=China's Partnership With Russia Seen as Serious Problem for the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/04/28/chinas-partnership-with-russia-seen-as-serious-problem-for-the-us/ |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years, however, Americans increasingly see China as a competitor, not as an enemy.<ref name="Huang-2022" /> 62% view China as a competitor and 25% an enemy, with 10% seeing China as a partner.<ref name="Huang-2022" /> In January 2022, only 54% chose competitor and 35% said enemy, almost the same distribution as the prior year.<ref name="Huang-2022" />

It has been noted that there is a negative bias in American reporting on China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Results for chinese {{!}} FAIR - Page 2 |url=https://fair.org/page/2/?s=chinese |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chris-Berdik-20083">{{cite web |last=Chris Berdik |date=April 25, 2008 |title=Is the World Against China? {{!}} BU Today |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2008/is-the-world-against-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407111637/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2008/is-the-world-against-china/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Boston University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stephen Harner |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Dealing with the Scourge of "Schadenfreude" in Foreign Reporting on China |url=https://www.chinausfocus.com/society-culture/dealing-with-the-scourge-of-schadenfreude-in-foreign-reporting-on-china |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=China-US Focus}}</ref> Many Americans, including American-born Chinese, have continuously held prejudices toward mainland Chinese people<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Min |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghKia5k6hXUC |title=Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation |date=April 7, 2009 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-859-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Snider |first=Mike |title=Steve Bannon learned to harness troll army from 'World of Warcraft' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/07/18/steve-bannon-learned-harness-troll-army-world-warcraft/489713001/ |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> which include perceived rudeness and unwillingness to stand in line,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 25, 2014 |title=Why Won't the Chinese Line Up? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-wont-the-chinese-line_b_5387959 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=HuffPost}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=April 2025}} even though there are sources that have reported contrary to those stereotypes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rathi |first=Akshat |date=November 11, 2017 |title=My trip to China shattered my biases about developing nations |url=https://qz.com/india/1036479/visiting-china-upended-my-misconceptions-about-developing-countries/ |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Chinese Tourists Absolutely Love This Luxury Outlet 46 Minutes Outside London |url=https://time.com/5162337/bicester-village-chinese-new-year-tourism/ |access-date=January 1, 2020 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaiman |first=Jonathan |title=At Shanghai Disney, there are fans and then there are superfans |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/la-fi-shanghai-disney-the-wait-is-almost-over-for-orderly-1466044536-htmlstory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224023330/https://www.baltimoresun.com/la-fi-shanghai-disney-the-wait-is-almost-over-for-orderly-1466044536-htmlstory.html |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=baltimoresun.com |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the results of a survey which was conducted in 2019 have revealed that some Americans still hold positive views of Chinese visitors to the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Americans Love Canadian Visitors. British Tourists? Not So Much. |url=https://ca.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/americans-love-canadian-visitors-british-tourists-not-so-much.html |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=TravelPulse}}</ref>

A Pew Research poll which was conducted in the US in March 2021 revealed that 55% of respondents supported the imposition of limits on the number of Chinese students who are allowed to study in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2021 |title=Most Americans Support Tough Stance Toward China on Human Rights, Economic Issues |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/04/most-americans-support-tough-stance-toward-china-on-human-rights-economic-issues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304150308/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/04/most-americans-support-tough-stance-toward-china-on-human-rights-economic-issues/ |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of laws which explicitly discriminate against Chinese people in the United States. For example, in 2023, Florida introduced a law which bans Chinese nationals from owning property in the state, a law that has been compared to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=How DeSantis' ban on Chinese homeownership has affected buyers and real estate agents 3 months in |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/desantis-ban-chinese-homeownership-impacted-204622275.html}}</ref>

===== Intelligence activities ===== {{Excerpt|Chinese espionage in the United States|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-2}}

=== Africa === Anti-Chinese populism has been an emerging presence in some African countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aidoo |first=Richard |date=2018 |title=Go Global, Meet the Locals: Pragmatism, Plunder, and Anti-Chinese Populism in Africa |url=http://blogs.shu.edu/journalofdiplomacy/files/2018/02/Go-Global-Meet-the-Locals-Pragmatism-Plunder-and-Anti-Chinese-Populism-in-Africa.pdf |journal=Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations |publisher=Seton Hall University}}</ref> There have been reported incidents of Chinese workers and business-owners being attacked by locals in some parts of the continent.<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Edward |date=August 5, 2016 |title=Analysis: Unpacking Attacks on Chinese Workers in Africa |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/45988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807084210/http://international.thenewslens.com/article/45988 |archive-date=August 7, 2016 |website=The News Lens |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2013 |title=Feared rise in anti-Chinese attacks in Africa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dg7nf0uW86o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Dg7nf0uW86o |archive-date=2021-12-21 |work=AFP News Agency}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Following reports of evictions, discrimination and other mistreatment of Africans in Guangzhou during the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref>{{cite news |title=Africans in One of China's Major Cities Say They Are Targets After a Spike in COVID-19 |url=https://time.com/5820389/africans-guangzhou-china-coronavirus-discrimination/ |access-date=April 19, 2020 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> a group of diplomats from different African countries wrote a letter to express their displeasure over the treatment of their citizens.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olusegun Adeniyi |date=April 15, 2020 |title=China, COVID-19 and African Anger |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/16/china-covid-19-and-african-anger/ |access-date=April 19, 2020 |newspaper=This Day |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Angola ==== Following the July 2025 Angolan protests, dozens of Chinese-owned retail shops were looted and thousands of Chinese nationals fled the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Makoye |first1=Kizito |last2=York |first2=Geoffrey |date=2025-09-28 |title=As Chinese-owned businesses grow across Africa, so does local backlash |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-chinese-owned-businesses-africa/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250928123051/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-chinese-owned-businesses-africa/ |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 17, 2025 |title=China Under Fire: Angola Riots Trigger Mass Exodus and Factory Closures |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/china-under-fire-angola-riots-trigger-mass-exodus-and-factory-closures-5157714 |access-date=September 29, 2025 |work=Daily Monitor}}</ref>

==== Botswana ==== A study of print media in Botswana indicates that most of the anti-Chinese sentiment is tied to commerce. Chinese migrants have been accused of selling counterfeit products, participating in the illegal ivory trade, and taking advantage of loopholes to set up illegal businesses. Tensions have also risen due to large construction projects with reports of poor construction, project delays, and Chinese contractors bribing local officials to receive preferential contracts and treatment. Chinese migrants have also been accused of not integrating into local society, refusing to speak in English or Setswana, and treating Botswanan workers poorly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moahi |first=Kgomotso |date=2015 |title=An analysis of Botswana-China relations in the Botswana print media |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=61–75}}</ref>

Lawmakers in Botswana have also expressed complaints about Chinese nationals in the country. MP Akayang Magama claimed that Chinese firms avoid paying their employees benefits, bribe labor officials and "treat their employees like slaves."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piet |first=Bame |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Botswana: Magama Chides Chinese for Bad Workplace Rules |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200802140930.html |access-date=March 24, 2025 |work=AllAfrica}}</ref> Another MP, Robert Molefhabangwe referenced the "unwelcoming behavior by some Chinese nationals," and claimed that the Chinese contractors "maybe ... are sent to our country because they are a political embarrassment and a nuisance of some sort."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piet |first=Bame |date=July 14, 2006 |title=MPs divided over Chinese loan |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200607170295.html |access-date=March 24, 2025 |work=AllAfrica}}</ref> While both of these lawmakers are referencing state-owned firms, they are taking issue with the actions of individual Chinese nationals, not the PRC.

==== Namibia ==== Anti-Chinese sentiment has erupted due to large Chinese companies involvement in the mining industry and the increase in independent traders. Protests have happened over anger about the employment of Chinese workers rather than Namibian workers, bad payment, and poor working conditions.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16499 |title=At Africa's Expense?: Disaggregating the Social Impact of Chinese Mining Operations |last1=Wegenast |first1=Tim |last2=Strüver |first2=Georg |last3=Giesen |first3=Juliane |last4=Krauser |first4=Mario |date=2017 |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)}}</ref> The success of Chinese construction companies in winning contracts over Namibian firms has created resentment which is made worse by accusations of poor workplace conditions.<ref>{{Cite book |title=China returns to Africa: a superpower and a continent embrace |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-231-70098-6 |editor-last=Alden |editor-first=Chris |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

In Oshikango, Namibia, a town on the Namibia-Angola border, the recent arrival of Chinese migrants have stoked anti-Chinese sentiments. Most set up shops to sell and import Chinese products, which have increasingly been seen as cheap products meant to cheat local Namibians. Those who have expanded into other industries have also faced backlash, with the Namibian construction industry lobbying heavily against Chinese companies. Previously, Chinese traders were able to maintain a positive relationship with customs officials, but the rising anti-Chinese in Namibia has made customs officials less likely to turn a blind eye to illegal business practices they ignored before. It has also led to an association between the Chinese and bribery of government officials.

Dislike of Chinese traders has also led to changes in immigration policies. Before 2005, Chinese people appeared to have an easier time obtaining papers than other immigrants, but it has since become very difficult to obtain the correct papers. The government also issues very few work permits for foreign shopkeepers. Finally, in Oshikango, the sale of a large tract of land to build a Chinatown in 2006 stoked anti-Chinese sentiment. Locals accused the town council of selling the best land to foreigners. While xenophobia, these accusations were also factually incorrect, as much of the land was bought from individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dobler |first=Gregor |date=2009 |title=Chinese Shops and the Formation of a Chinese Expatriate Community in Namibia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756498 |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=199 |issue=199 |pages=707–727 |doi=10.1017/S0305741009990178 |jstor=27756498 |issn=0305-7410|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== South Africa ==== In 2016, the South African government planned to offer Mandarin as an additional optional language along with German, Serbian, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.<ref name="TheGuardiancom-2015">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=2015-08-12 |title=South African teachers oppose plan to offer Mandarin lessons from age nine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/12/south-african-teachers-oppose-mandarin-lessons-age-nine |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, the teachers union in South Africa accused the government of surrendering to Chinese imperialism.<ref name="TheGuardiancom-2015" /> As of 2017, there were 53 schools that offered Mandarin in the country.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 6, 2019 |title=Mandarin is putting in extra work to catch up with European languages in South African classrooms |url=https://qz.com/africa/1538828/south-africa-schools-now-taking-mandarin-chinese-language-lessons/}}</ref>

==== Zimbabwe ==== Zimbabwe's historical positive relationship with China has eroded with the new wave of immigrants, who are largely profit-driven and make up the largest portion of the current Chinese diaspora in Zimbabwe. The historical narrative, of cooperation between members of the Global South and of "all-weather friends" has broken down past the era of Maoism.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=An |first=Ning |date=2024-07-02 |title=Renarrating China-Africa relations: perspectives from new Chinese immigrants in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03736245.2023.2272900?src=recsys& |journal=South African Geographical Journal |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=249–267 |doi=10.1080/03736245.2023.2272900 |bibcode=2024SAfGJ.106..249A |issn=0373-6245|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Chinese migrants are often associated with being abusive, low wage employers and extensive local corruption. There have been a number of reported cases of abuse that were thrown out due to local officials receiving bribes. In addition, some Chinese nationals have attempted to illegally move money across borders, either through trading foreign currency through informal markets, or trying to externalize massive quantities of cash. The lack of compliance with local law has soured relations between local Zimbabweans, and their general impressions of Chinese as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gukurume |first=Simbarashe |date=2019-01-02 |title=Chinese migrants and the politics of everyday life in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2018.1490174 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=85–102 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2018.1490174 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In addition, the flooding of the Zimbabwean market of cheap Chinese goods has also led to the impression of all Chinese goods being cheap, and at times, the Chinese traders being scammers who provide deficient products. The derogatory transliteration of the Chinese term "Zheng Zhong" (正宗) to "Zhing Zhong" is commonly used by locals to refer to products as cheap and having a short lifespan. The high number of Chinese goods, especially in textiles, has also informed the ways Zimbabweans perceive all Chinese factories. In Harare, ten Chinese owned textile mills, despite being largely staffed by locals, was forced to shut down due to fears of Chinese goods unfairly driving down local prices.<ref name=":32" />

== Depiction of China and Chinese in media == Depictions of China and Chinese in Anglophone media have been a somewhat underreported subject in general, but most are mainly negative coverage.<ref name="Chris-Berdik-20083"/> In 2016, Hong Kong's L. K. Cheah said to ''South China Morning Post'' that Western journalists who regard China's motives with suspicion and cynicism cherry-pick facts based on a biased view, and the misinformation that they produce as a result is unhelpful and sympathetic of the resentment against China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-05 |title=Western media should rethink its distorted portrayal of China's rise |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1963504/western-media-should-rethink-its-distorted-portrayal-chinas |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''China Daily'', a nationalist daily newspaper in China, Hollywood is accused of negative portrayals of Chinese in movies, such as bandits, thugs, criminals, gangsters, dangerous, cold-blooded, weak, and cruel;<ref>[http://blog.chinadaily.com.cn/blog-1376588-36421.html Negative Portrayal of Chinese in Hollywood Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212333/http://blog.chinadaily.com.cn/blog-1376588-36421.html|date=May 2, 2018}}. China Daily Blog. Posted on July 11, 2016.</ref> while American, as well as European, or Asian characters in general, are depicted as saviors. Matt Damon, the American actor who appeared in ''The Great Wall'', has also faced criticism that he had participated in "whitewashing" through his involvement in the historical epic and Hollywood-Chinese co-produced movie, which he denied.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |date=2016-12-07 |title=Matt Damon on Great Wall whitewashing: 'I didn't take role from Chinese actor' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/dec/07/matt-damon-on-great-wall-whitewashing-i-didnt-take-role-from-chinese-actor |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Some sources critical of the Chinese government claim that it is Chinese state-owned media and administration who attempt to discredit the "neutral" criticism by generalizing it into indiscriminate accusations of the whole Chinese population, and targeting those who criticize the regime as sinophobic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nyland |first1=Chris |last2=Forbes-Mewett |first2=Helen |last3=Thomson |first3=S. Bruce |year=2011 |title=Sinophobia as Corporate Tactic and the Response of Host Communities |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=610–631 |doi=10.1080/00472336.2011.610617 |s2cid=153335960}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2025|reason=The sentence appeared along with unsourced information and unrelated citations.}} Some have argued, however, that the Western media, similar to Russia's depictions, does not make enough distinction between CPC's regime and China and the Chinese, thus effectively vilifying the whole nation.<ref>Jessica Batke, Oliver Melton, [http://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-do-we-keep-writing-about-chinese-politics-if-we-know-more-we-do Why Do We Keep Writing About Chinese Politics As if We Know More Than We Do?] Posted on ChinaFile, October 16, 2017.</ref>

== Impact on Chinese student populations == On occasion, Chinese students in the West are stereotyped as lacking in critical thinking skills and prone to plagiarism, or as harming the educational environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moosavi |first=Leon |date=July 3, 2022 |title=The myth of academic tolerance: the stigmatisation of East Asian students in Western higher education |journal=Asian Ethnicity |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=484–503 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2021.1882289 |issn=1463-1369 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Derogatory terms ==

* '''''Cheena''''' – derogatory term for China and mainland Chinese people in Hong Kong, same usage as 'Eh Tiong' in Singapore. Compare Shina (支那). * '''Chinazi''' – a recent anti-Chinese sentiment which compares China to Nazi Germany, combining the words "China" and "Nazi". First published by Chinese dissident Yu Jie,<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:納粹中國 #Chinazi {{!}} 楊繼昌 |url=https://www.hkcnews.com/article/23014/chinazi-納粹中國-逃犯條例-23015/納粹中國-chinazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904170744/https://www.hkcnews.com/article/23014/chinazi-%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B-%25E9%2580%2583%25E7%258A%25AF%25E6%25A2%259D%25E4%25BE%258B-23015/%25E7%25B4%258D%25E7%25B2%25B9%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B-chinazi |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |access-date=September 5, 2019 |website=眾新聞 |language=zh-hk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=VanderKlippe |first1=Nathan |date=August 29, 2019 |title=In Hong Kong, protesters employ Nazi imagery as demonstrations erupt again |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-in-hong-kong-protesters-employ-nazi-imagery-as-demonstrations-erupt/ |publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc}}</ref> it became frequently used during Hong Kong protests against the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Chun Han |date=September 30, 2019 |title=Hong Kong Protesters Taunt Beijing in Bid to Spoil Communist China's Birthday |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-protesters-taunt-beijing-in-bid-to-spoil-communist-chinas-birthday-11569845686 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Protesters drop Nazi term after Western input – RTHK |url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1482550-20190925.htm}}</ref> * '''Locust''' ({{lang-zh|c=蝗蟲|j=wong4cung4}}) – literally "locust"; derogatory neologism used to refer to mainland visitors to Hong Kong accused of bad behavior.<ref name="Juliana Liu2">{{cite news |last=Liu |first=Juliana |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Surge in anti-China sentiment in Hong Kong |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16941652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704183544/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16941652 |archive-date=July 4, 2013 |access-date=October 4, 2013 |newspaper=BBC}}</ref> * '''Chicom''' – used to refer to a Communist Chinese. * '''Ah Tiong''' ({{lang|zh|阿中}}) – refers specifically to Chinese nationals. Primarily used in Singapore to differentiate between the Singaporeans of Chinese heritage and Chinese nationals. From Hokkien {{linktext|中|lang=zh}}, an abbreviation of {{linktext|中國|lang=zh}} ("China"). Considered offensive. * '''Made in China''' – used to mock low-quality products, even to dismiss high-quality products that happen to be made in China. Term can extend to other pejoratively perceived aspects of the country.<ref name="Kok-Xinghui-20203" /> * '''Wumao''' ({{lang|zh|五毛}}) – used in online communities to accuse users of being government-sponsored propagandists, referring to the 50 Cent Party. * '''''Si-a-liok''''' ({{Lang-zh|t=死阿陸|poj=Sí-a-lio̍k / Sí-a-la̍k}}) – literally "damn mainlander", sometimes uses "{{lang|zh|四二六}}" (426, {{Transliteration|zh|ISO|sì èr liù}}) in Mandarin as word play. See also: {{ill|阿陸仔|zh}}.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} * '''''Gaat zaat''''' ({{lang-zh|c=曱甴|j=gaat6zaat6}}) — literally "cockroach"; derogatory neologism used to refer to Hong Kong protestors accused of bad behavior.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Indonesia ===

* '''''Cina PKI Kafir Komunis Laknatullah''''' (God-damned Chinese Communist Infidel) – Refers to non-Muslim Chinese people who are often called communist supporters of the PRC. This term has been used as a joke since the incident of blasphemy against Islam by the governor of Jakarta, who is of Chinese descent.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Japan ===

* {{nihongo|2=特亜人|3='''Tokuajin'''}} – literally "particular Asian people", term used for people from East Asian countries that have anti-Japanese sentiments. Taken from ''Tokutei Asia'' (特定アジア) which is a term used for countries that are considered anti-Japanese and have political tensions and disputes with Japan, namely North Korea, South Korea, and China.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Korea ===

* '''''Jung-gong''''' ({{ko-hhrm|중공|中共}}) – literally "Chinese communist", it is generally used to refer to Chinese communists, since the Korean War (1950–1953).{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Portugal ===

* '''''Xing líng''''' ({{lang|zh-Hant|星零}}) – literal translation of the Portuguese expression "zero estrela" ("0 star"), to name a rip-off product, associated with Chinese products.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 13, 2011 |title=Celulares Xing-Ling: o que são e por que não comprá-los |url=http://www.techtudo.com.br/artigos/noticia/2011/12/celulares-xing-ling-o-que-sao-e-por-que-nao-compra-los.html |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=TechTudo |language=pt-br}}</ref>

=== Vietnam ===

* '''Ếch Trung Hoa''' ({{Literal translation|Frog Chinese}}) – Derogatory slur from Vietnamese towards Chinese people meaning "frog" due to common sentiments regarding Chinese as ignorant and obnoxious due to Chinese internet censorship.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} * '''''Tung Của''''' / '''''Trung Của''''' / '''''Trung Cẩu''''' ({{Literal translation|Dog Chinese}}) – a word that imitates the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese ''Zhōngguó'' "{{lang|zh-Hans|中国}}" (China) in a mocking manner, but rarely used.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} * '''''Trung Cộng''''' or '''''Tàu Cộng''''' ({{Literal translation|Chinese communists or Communist China}}) – used by Vietnamese anti-communists, mostly in exile, as a mockery toward China's political system and its imperialist desires.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cảnh giác trước lời đe doạ của Trung Cộng |url=https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/news/blog/be-vigilant-to-chinese-warning-04202020093342.html |website=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>

== Response ==

=== Chinese response === {{see also|Anti-Western sentiment in China|Racism in China}}

In the aftermath of the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, there was a significant surge in Chinese nationalist sentiment, and it was intensified by the growth of patriotic movements in China, which, like patriotic movements in Russia, believe that China is engaged in a clash of civilizations or a "''a global struggle between the materialistic, individualistic, consumerist, cosmopolitan, corrupt, and decadent West which is led by the United States and the idealist, collectivist, morally and spiritually superior Asia which is led by China''," where the West is viewed as trying to tear China up so it can use its natural resources to satisfy its own interests and needs.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ponniah |first1=Kevin |last2=Marinkovic |first2=Lazara |date=May 7, 2019 |title=The night the US bombed a Chinese embassy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48134881 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Suisheng |year=1998 |title=A State-Led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=287–302 |doi=10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00009-9}}</ref>

A 2020 study among Chinese students who were studying abroad in the United States found that after they faced anti-Chinese racism, their support for the Chinese government increased.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Yingjie |last2=Pan |first2=Jennifer |last3=Shao |first3=Zijie |last4=Xu |first4=Yiqing |date=June 29, 2020 |title=How Discrimination Increases Chinese Overseas Students' Support for Authoritarian Rule |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3637710 |journal=Social Science Research Network |publisher=Stanford University |ssrn=3637710 |via=Social Science Research Network}}</ref> A similar phenomenon was also reported for many Chinese students in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Charlie |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Campus prejudice 'is driving support for China' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/economics/article/campus-prejudice-is-driving-support-for-china-qxjwv7njf |work=The Times |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

==== Wolf warrior diplomacy ==== {{Excerpt|Wolf warrior diplomacy|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-2}}

=== Others === In February and March 2024, Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim criticised the growing 'China-phobia' sentiment in Western nations, insisting that Malaysia can be friends with both China and the West.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9VdVlZ3GHU |title='We do not have a problem with China': Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim |date=March 3, 2024 |last=Sky News Australia |language=en |access-date=2024-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> China's embassy minister expressed appreciation for Anwar's comments, adding that Malaysia was a friendly neighbour and a priority in China's neighbourhood diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=March 8, 2024 |title=China appreciates PM Anwar's stance on 'China-phobia' |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/1022824/china-appreciates-pm-anwars-stance-china-phobia |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=New Straits Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes == {{NoteFoot}}

== References == {{Reflist}} {{Anti-national sentiments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-People's Republic of China sentiment}}  Category:Anti–People's Republic of China sentiment Category:Foreign relations of China