{{Short description|Date of an event from a previous year}} {{Other uses}} [[File:Stockholm Mae Westival group 1993.jpg|thumb|Swedish celebrities including Miss Sweden Johanna Lind, Camilla Henemark, Alexandra Charles and Christina Schollin celebrate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mae West at Berns in Stockholm in 1993]] thumb|Memorial plaque presented by the National Capital Sesquicentennial Commission in Washington, D.C., in 1951
An '''anniversary''' is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded.
Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee".
==Names== * Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, on which someone's birthdate is commemorated each year. The actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday or one falling on February 29. * Wedding anniversaries are also often celebrated, on the same day of the year as the wedding occurred. * Death anniversaries. * The Latin phrase ''dies natalis'' (literally "birth day") has become a common term, adopted in many languages, especially in intellectual and institutional circles, for the anniversary of the founding ("legal or statutory birth") of an institution, such as an ''alma mater'' (college or other school). In ancient Rome, the ''[dies] Aquilae natalis'' was the "birthday of the eagle", the anniversary of the official founding of a legion.
Anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years elapsed, expressed with Latin words or Roman numerals.
===Numerical=== {{Multiple issues|section=yes| {{More citations needed section|date=March 2011}} {{Weasel|section|date=March 2011}} {{Original research|section|date=February 2018}} }}
Latin terms for anniversaries are mostly straightforward, particularly those relating to the first thirty years (1–30), or multiples of ten years (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 etc.), or multiples of centuries or millennia (100, 200, 300, 1000, 2000, 3000, etc.). In these instances, the name of the anniversary is generally derived from the Latin word(s) for the respective number of years. When anniversaries relate to fractions of centuries (125, 150, 175, 225, 250, 275 years—i.e. 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.25, 2.5, and 2.75 centuries), the situation is not as simple.
Roman fractions were based on a duodecimal system. From {{Frac|1|12}} to {{Frac|8|12}} they were expressed as multiples of twelfths (''uncia'' "twelfth"; the source of the English words ''inch'' and ''ounce'') and from {{frac|9|12}} to {{frac|11|12}} they were expressed as multiple twelfths less than the next whole unit—i.e. a whole unit less {{frac|3|12}}, {{frac|2|12}} or {{frac|1|12}} respectively. There were also special terms for quarter (''quadrans''), half (''semis''), and three-quarters (''dodrans''). ''Dodrans'' is a Latin contraction of ''de-quadrans'' which means "a whole unit less a quarter" (''de'' means "from"; ''quadrans'' means "quarter"). Thus for the example of 175 years, the term is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century or 175 = (−25 + 200).<ref name="coa_2011">{{cite web| url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/history/significance-to-sa/77-sa-175th-jubilee.html |title=SA 175th Jubilee |access-date=March 8, 2011 |publisher=Clipper Ship 'City of Adelaide' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127142243/http://cityofadelaide.org.au/history/significance-to-sa/77-sa-175th-jubilee.html |archive-date=27 November 2013 |quote=So the name for a 175th anniversary? For now it is really up to the preference of the reader. One day one of these terms may make its way into popular usage, become accepted, and find a place in a dictionary.}}</ref>
In Latin, it seems that this rule did not apply precisely for {{Frac|1|1|2}}. While ''secundus'' is Latin for "second", and ''bis'' for "twice", these terms are not used such as in sesqui-secundus. Instead ''sesqui'' (or ''ses'') is used by itself.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:0" !Anniversary !Latin-derived term !Other terms !Comments |- | rowspan=2 | 6 months || {{anchor|Semiannual|Biannual}}Semiannual || rowspan=2 | |rowspan=2| 'Biannual' means twice in a year, or a malapropism meaning once every two years ('biennial'). |- | Biannual |- | 1 year|| {{anchor|Annual}}Annual|| Paper || |- | 2 years || {{anchor|Biennial}}Biennial|| Cotton || 'Biennial' means once every two years, or a malapropism meaning twice in a year ('biannual'). |- | 3 years|| {{anchor|Triennial}}Triennial|| Leather || |- | 4 years|| {{anchor|Quadrennial}}Quadrennial|| Linen || |- | 5 years|| {{anchor|Quinquennial}}Quinquennial|| Wood || |- | rowspan=2 | 6 years|| {{anchor|Sexennial|Sextennial}}Sexennial|| rowspan=2 | Iron || rowspan=2 |Sexennial and sextennial are two different forms of the same word. |- | Sextennial |- | 7 years|| {{anchor|Septennial}}Septennial|| Wool || |- | 8 years|| {{anchor|Octennial}}Octennial|| Bronze || |- | 9 years|| {{anchor|Novennial}}Novennial|| Copper || |- | rowspan=2 | 10 years || rowspan=2 | {{anchor|Decennial}}Decennial || Tin || rowspan=2 | |- | Aluminum |- | 11 years|| {{anchor|Undecennial}}Undecennial|| Steel || |- | 12 years|| {{anchor|Duodecennial}}Duodecennial|| Silk || |- | 12{{frac|1|2}} years (150 months) | {{anchor|Semiquadranscentennial|Semiquinvigintennial}}{{plainlist| * Semiquadranscentennial * Semiquinvigintennial }} | Parsley | A humorous or mock wedding anniversary celebrated in Northern Germany and the Netherlands, chosen because it is halfway to the silver anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.familie.de/feiern/petersilienhochzeit/ |title=Komisches Jubiläum: Petersilienhochzeit: Warum feiern wir eigentlich genau zwölfeinhalb Jahre Ehe? |first=Angelika |last=Zahn |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |lang=de |trans-title=Peculiar Anniversary: Parsley Anniversary: Why Do People Celebrate Exactly Twelve-and-a-half Years of Marriage? |work=familie.de }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hochzeitstagenamen |publisher=Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache |journal=Der Sprachdienst |number=6 |year=1992 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gxxAAAAIAAJ&q=Petersilienhochzeit |access-date=20 September 2024 }}</ref> |- | 13 years|| {{anchor|Tredecennial}}Tredecennial || Lace || |- | 14 years|| {{anchor|Quattuordecennial}}Quattuordecennial|| Ivory || |- | 15 years|| {{anchor|Quindecennial}}Quindecennial|| Crystal || |- | rowspan=2 | 16 years|| {{anchor|Sexdecennial|Sexdecennial}}Sedecennial || rowspan=2 | Sapphire || rowspan=2 | Sapphire is separately used for other anniversaries |- | Sexdecennial |- | 17 years|| {{anchor|Septdecennial}}Septendecennial|| Orchid || |- | 18 years|| {{anchor|Octdecennial}}Octodecennial|| Quartz || |- | 19 years|| {{anchor|Novdecennial}}Novemdecennial, novendecennial|| Jade || |- | 20 years || {{anchor|Vigintennial|Vicennial|Bidecennial}}{{plainlist| * Vigintennial * Vicennial * Bidecennial }} | {{plainlist| * China * Porcelain * Emerald }} | |- | rowspan=2 | 25 years|| {{anchor|Quadranscentennial|Quinvigintennial}}Quadranscentennial || rowspan="2" | Silver || rowspan=2 | |- | Quinvigintennial |- | rowspan=2 | 30 years || {{anchor|Trigintennial}}Trigintennial | rowspan=2 | Pearl | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Tricennial}}Tricennial |- | 35 years|| {{anchor|Quintricennial}}Quintricennial || Coral || |- | 40 years || {{anchor|Quadragennial}}Quadragennial | Ruby | |- | 45 years|| {{anchor|Quinquadragennial}}Quinquadragennial || Sapphire || |- | 50 years || {{anchor|Semicentennial}}Semicentennial | Golden | Previously, "jubilee" by itself was used to indicate celebrations at 50 year intervals |- | rowspan=2 | 55 years || {{anchor|Quinquinquagennial}}Quinquinquagennial | rowspan=2 | Emerald | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Quinquinquagenary}}Quinquinquagenary |- | rowspan=2 | 60 years|| {{anchor|Sexagennial}}Sexagennial | rowspan=2 | Diamond | rowspan=2 | Diamond is separately used for the 75th anniversary, its use for 60th years being popularized by Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria |- | {{anchor|Sexagenary}}Sexagenary |- | 65 years|| {{anchor|Quinsexagennial}}Quinsexagennial || Sapphire || Sapphire is separately used for other anniversaries |- | rowspan=2 | 70 years|| {{anchor|Septuagennial}}Septuagennial | rowspan=2 | Platinum | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Septuagenary}} Septuagenary |- | rowspan=2 | 75 years || {{anchor|Semisesquicentennial}}Semisesquicentennial | rowspan=2 | Diamond | rowspan=2 | Diamond is separately used for the 60th anniversary. Semisesquicentennial can be broken down to understand its meaning: "semi" - half of + "sesqui" - in the ratio of 3:2 + "centennial" - 100 years. Broken out mathematically, 1/2 * 3/2 * 100 = 75. |- | Demisesquicentennial |- | rowspan=2 | 80 years || {{anchor|Octogintennial}}Octogintennial | rowspan=2 | Oak | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Octogenary}}Octogenary |- | rowspan=2 | 90 years || {{anchor|Nonagintennial}}Nonagintennial | rowspan=2 | Granite | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Nonagenary}}Nonagenary |- | rowspan=2 | 100 years|| {{anchor|Centennial}}Centennial | rowspan=2| Obsidian | rowspan=2| |- |{{anchor|Centenary}}Centenary |- | 125 years|| {{anchor|Quasquicentennial}}Quasquicentennial|| ||Term is broken down as quasqui- (and a quarter) centennial (100 years). ''Quasqui'' is a contraction from ''quadrans'' "a quarter" plus the clitic conjunction -''que'' "and". The term was coined by Funk and Wagnalls editor Robert L. Chapman in 1961.<ref name="chapman_2011">{{Cite journal | issn=0003-1283 | jstor=454178 | title=The History of 'Quasquicentennial' | author=Chapman, Robert L. | journal=American Speech |date=February 1965 | volume=40 | issue=1 | pages=53–57 | quote=It is our policy to reply as courteously and helpfully as we can to such requests, and I answered Mr. Hatten on August 7, suggesting quasquicentennial. Since this is a history, I shall quote the letter in full: Dr. Wilfred Funk has passed your letter of July I on to us. We are happy to help, if you feel that you really want a new Latinate word meaning 'one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary'. The best model upon which to form the word is 'sesquicentennial', meaning 'one hundred and fiftieth anniversary'. We need a first element meaning 'plus a fourth', analogous with 'sesqui' which means 'plus a half'. 'Sesqui' is apparently formed from 'semis que', meaning 'and a half'. Now, both 'quarta' and 'quadrans' mean 'a fourth', so we may begin with either 'quarta que' or 'quadrans que'. The trick is to combine and shorten one of these as 'sesqui' was combined and shortened from 'semis que'. If we follow the model of 'sesqui' very closely, retaining the stressed vowel and final 's' of 'quadrans', we get the word 'quasquicentennial'. Combining and shortening in other ways we can also get 'quadqui-', 'quansqui-', 'quarsqui-', and perhaps several others. On the grounds that it is closest to the model and also probably the least ugly of the set, I would choose 'quasquicentennial' (pronounced kwahskwee-) as the new word. Of course, you may decide that you do not really want or need a new word. There is no point in proliferating them needlessly. I should add, perhaps, that this word would not appear in any of our dictionaries until it had established itself in wide currency, even if you should decide to use it. I hope we have been able to help you. | doi=10.2307/454178}}</ref> |- | 150 years|| Sesquicentennial || ||Term broken down as sesqui- (and a half) centennial (100 years) |- valign="top" | rowspan=8|175 years || Dodransbicentennial | rowspan=8| || ''Dodrans'' is a Latin contraction of ''de-quadrans'' which means "a whole unit less a quarter" (''de'' means "from"; ''quadrans'' means "quarter"). 175 years is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century (175 = 200 − 25).<ref name="coa_2011" /> |- | Dodrabicentennial || Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial |- | Dequasbicentennial || Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial |- | Dosquicentennial || Dosquicentennial has been used in modern times and this is perhaps a modern contraction of "de-quadrans".<ref name="coa_2011" /> |- | Demisemiseptcentennial ||Probably{{Attribution needed|date=March 2011}} a modern coined term: demisemiseptcentennial; literally one-half (demi-) × one-half (semi-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also demisemiseptcentenary.<ref name="UnderTheCupola">{{cite magazine |title=Under the Cupola |magazine=Neighbors of Batavia |date=July–August 2008 |page=29 |quote=The etymology of 'demisemiseptcentennial' is compared to 'hemidemisemiquaver', a 64th note.}}</ref><ref>"Pickle Barrel: 175th-birthday bash planned for Dillsburg." ''The Patriot-News'' (Mechanicsburg, Penn.), Wednesday, 18 June 2008.</ref> |- | Quartoseptcentennial ||Probably{{Attribution needed|date=March 2011}} a modern coined term: quartoseptcentennial; literally one-quarter (quarto-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also quartoseptcentenary.<ref name="UnderTheCupola" /> |- | Terquasquicentennial ||A coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 375 years, as follows: ter- (3) × quasqui- (1{{frac|1|4}}) × centennial (100 years) |- | Septaquintaquinquecentennial ||Suggested by lexicographer Robert L. Chapman to William Safire; first appeared in Safire's column, "On Language" (''The New York Times Magazine'', February 12, 1995). It is a coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 35,000 years, as follows: septaquinta- (70) × quinque- (5) × centennial (100 years) |- | rowspan=2 | 200 years|| {{anchor|Bicentennial|Bicentenary}}Bicentennial | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | Used by the United States Bicentennial. |- |Bicentenary |- | 225 years|| {{anchor|Quasquibicentennial}}Quasquibicentennial || || |- |- valign="top" | rowspan=5|250 years|| {{anchor|Sestercentennial|Semiquincentennial|Bisesquicentennial|Bicenquinquagenary|Quarter-millennial}}Sestercentennial |rowspan=5| || To express {{Frac|2|1|2}} in Latin it would be expressed as "half-three". The term relates to being halfway [from the second] to the third integer. In Latin this is "Sestertius", which is a contraction of ''semis'' (halfway) ''tertius'' (third)—hence Sestercentennial.<ref name="coa_2011" /> Used by Dartmouth College in 2019.<ref name="dartmouth_2015">{{cite web |url=https://home.dartmouth.edu/news/2015/11/planning-begins-colleges-250th-celebration |title=Planning Begins for College's 250th Celebration |access-date=September 10, 2025 |work=Dartmouth College News |date=November 16, 2015 |publisher=Dartmouth College |quote=Organizing a huge birthday party takes time. That’s why the College has begun planning the celebration of its 250th year—four years in advance of the party.}}</ref> |- | Semiquincentennial || Semi- (half) × quin- (5) × centennial (100 years) = 250 years. Used by Brown University in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/06/250 | title=Brown lowers the curtain on 15-month semiquincentenary | publisher=Brown University | date=2015-06-11 | access-date=2015-06-11}}</ref> Also used by the United States Semiquincentennial. |- | Bisesquicentennial || Bi- (two) + sesqui- (and a half) x centennial (100 years) = 250 years. |- | Bicenquinquagenary|| Used by Princeton University in 1996, Reading, Pennsylvania in 1998, and Washington and Lee University in 1999.<ref name="mccleery_1997">{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_old/PAW97-98/05-1119/1119feat.html |title=The Meaning of the 250th |access-date=March 23, 2011 |work=Princeton Alumni Weekly |date=November 19, 1997 |publisher=Princeton University |last=McCleery |first=William |quote=Faster, it seems, than you can say 'bicenquinquagenary', Princeton's 250th anniversary has come and gone.}}</ref> It is a coined word for an anniversary of 250 years: bi- (2) × cen(t)- (100) + quinquagenary (50 years). |- | Quarter-millennial||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lennysrarebooks.com/bookdetails.asp?book=000622 | title=A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts | access-date=March 23, 2011 | publisher=City of Northampton | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127221827/http://www.lennysrarebooks.com/bookdetails.asp?book=000622 | archive-date=January 27, 2013 }}</ref> |- | 275 years|| {{anchor|Bicenterquasquigenary}}Bicenterquasquigenary | |- | rowspan=4| 300 years || {{anchor|Tercentennial}}Tercentennial | rowspan=4 | | rowspan=4 | |- | {{anchor|Tercentenary}}Tercentenary |- | Tricentennial |- | Tricentenary |- |- valign="top" | rowspan=2|350 years|| Sesquarcentennial |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| Sesquarcentennial is a modern coined term; sesquarcentennial for 350 years is deduced here from the "Sestertius" definition for 250 years above. For 350 years it relates to being halfway from the third to the fourth integer; thus a contraction of ''semis'' (halfway) and ''quartus'' (fourth); hence Sesquarcentennial. Semiseptcennial is probably{{Attribution needed|date=March 2011}} a modern coined term: semi- (half) × sept (7) × cen(t)- (100) × centennial (350 years). |- | Semiseptcentennial |- | 375 years|| Terquasquicentennial | |- | rowspan=3 |400 years|| {{anchor|Quadricentennial}}Quadricentennial | rowspan=3 | | rowspan=3 | |- | Quadricentenary |- | Quatercentenary |- | 450 years|| {{anchor|Sesquincentennial}}Sesquincentennial || || |- |- |- | rowspan=2 |500 years|| {{anchor|Quincentenary}}Quincentenary |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |- |Quincentennial |- | rowspan=2 | 600 years || Sexacentennial | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | |- | {{anchor|Sexcentenary}}Sexcentenary |- | rowspan=2 | 700 years|| {{anchor|Septcentennial}}Septcentennial |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| Probably{{Attribution needed|date=March 2011}} a coined term; earliest known use in March 1988.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kersten |first=Glenn |title=Naming the Anniversaries |magazine=Quidnunc |date=March 1988 |url=http://www.sls.lib.il.us:80/reference/por/features/97/annivers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121103304/http://www.sls.lib.il.us/reference/por/features/97/annivers.html |archive-date=21 January 2005 |access-date=22 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chiang Mai Septcentennial Stadium (Chiang Mai, Thailand) was completed in 1991.<ref>''Architects 49: Selected and Current Work''. (The Master Architect Series; 5.) Image Publishing Group, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-876907-09-9}}</ref> Also mentioned in the 2008 animated film ''WALL-E'', with a "Septuacentennial Cupcake in a Cup". |- | Septuacentennial |- | rowspan=2 | 800 years || {{anchor|Octocentenary|Octocentenary}}Octocentennial | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | |- | Octocentenary |- | 900 years|| {{anchor|Nonacentennial}}Nonacentennial || || |- | 1000 years|| {{anchor|Millennial}}Millennial || || |- | 1500 years|| {{anchor|Sesquimillennial}}Sesquimillennial || || Term broken down as sesqui- (one and a half) millennial (1000 years) |- | 2000 years|| {{anchor|Bimillennial}}Bimillennial || || |- | 3000 years|| {{anchor|Trimillennial}}Trimillennial || || |- | 4000 years|| {{anchor|Quadrimillennial}}Quadrimillennial || || |- | 5000 years|| {{anchor|Qinmillennial}}Quinmillennial || || |- | 6000 years|| {{anchor|Sexmillennial}}Sexmillennial || || |- | 7000 years|| {{anchor|Septmillennial}}Septmillennial || || |- | 8000 years|| {{anchor|Octomillennial}}Octomillennial || || |- | 9000 years|| {{anchor|Novamillennial}}Novamillennial || || |- | 10,000 years|| {{anchor|Decamillennial}}Decamillennial || || |- | 100,000 years|| {{anchor|Centamillennial}}Centamillennial || || |}
==Symbols== Many anniversaries have special names. ''Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home'' by Emily Post, published in 1922, contained suggestions for wedding anniversary gifts for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and 75 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/95/22.html|title=22. The Day of the Wedding. Post, Emily. 1922. Etiquette|work=bartleby.com|date=3 March 2023 }}</ref> Wedding anniversary gift suggestions for other years were added in later editions and publications; they now comprise what is referred to as the "traditional" list. Generally speaking, the longer the period, the more precious or durable the material associated with it.
There are variations according to some national traditions. There exist numerous partially overlapping, partially contradictory lists of anniversary gifts (such as wedding stones), separate from the "traditional" names. The concepts of a person's birthday stone and zodiac stone, by contrast, are fixed for life according to the day of the week, month, or astrological sign corresponding to the recipient's birthday.
==See also== {{Portal|Holidays}} * List of historical anniversaries * Quinquennial Neronia
==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links== *{{Wiktionary-inline}} *{{Commons category-inline}}
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Category:Anniversaries