{{Short description|Superfamily of reptiles}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange/linked|Campanian|Present|earliest=Santonian}} | image = Two american alligators.jpg | image_caption = Alligators (shown above) and caimans are living members of the superfamily Alligatoroidea. | taxon = Alligatoroidea | authority = Gray, 1844 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * {{extinct}}''Deinosuchus''? * {{extinct}}''Diplocynodon'' * {{extinct}}''Leidyosuchus''? * {{extinct}}''Listrognathosuchus'' * Globidonta }}
'''Alligatoroidea''' is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians, the other two being Crocodyloidea and Gavialoidea. Alligatoroidea evolved in the Late Cretaceous period, and consists of the alligators and caimans, as well as extinct members more closely related to the alligators than the two other groups.
==Evolution== [[File:Crocnest.JPG|right|thumb|An alligator nest at Everglades National Park, Florida, United States]] [[File:Alligator_olseni.jpg|thumb|''Alligator olseni'' forelimb]] [[File:Alligator_prenasalis.JPG|right|thumb|''Alligator prenasalis'' fossil]] The superfamily Alligatoroidea is thought to have split from the crocodile-gharial lineage in the late Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, but possibly as early as 100 million years ago based on molecular phylogenetics.<ref name="Oaks2011" /><ref name="Pan2020" /><ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=J. P. |last2=Mannion |first2=P. D. |date=2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 | pmid=34567843 | doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> ''Leidyosuchus'' of Alberta is the earliest known genus. Although, a 2025 study considers it and Deinosuchus to be non-crocodylian eusuchians closely related to crocodylians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Jules D. |last2=Massonne |first2=Tobias |last3=Paiva |first3=Ana Laura S. |last4=Martin |first4=Jeremy E. |last5=Delfino |first5=Massimo |last6=Rabi |first6=Márton |date=2025-04-23 |title=Expanded phylogeny elucidates Deinosuchus relationships, crocodylian osmoregulation and body-size evolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-07653-4 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s42003-025-07653-4 |issn=2399-3642|pmc=12018936 }}</ref> Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia as land bridges across both the North Atlantic and the Bering Strait have connected North America to Eurasia during the Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene periods. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million<ref name="Pan2020">{{cite journal|last10= Wu|first10=X.-B.|last9= Zhang|first9=B.-W.|last8= Deng|first8=Y.-P.|last7= Ouyang|first7=J.-H.|last6= Jiang|first6=X.-Y.|last5= Lee|first5=P.-S.|last4= Yan|first4=P.|last3= Zhang|first3=H.-B.|last2= Miao|first2=J.-S.|last1= Pan|first1=T.|title= Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data|journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |year= 2020|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1075–1089|doi= 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074}}</ref> to about 65 million years ago<ref name="Oaks2011">{{cite journal|last1= Oaks|first1= J.R.|title=A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles |journal= Evolution |volume= 65|issue= 11|year= 2011|pages= 3285–3297|doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x|pmid= 22023592|s2cid= 7254442|doi-access= free}}</ref>) and the latter reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period. The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago<ref name="Pan2020" /> and likely descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.2307/3889340|title= Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea|last=Brochu|first=Christopher A.|journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir|volume=6|year=1999|pages=9–100|jstor=3889340}}</ref> The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Janke, A. |author2=Arnason, U. |year=1997|title=The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume= 14|issue= 12|pages= 1266–72|pmid= 9402737|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736|doi-access= free}}</ref> The full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA |title=Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs |journal=Science |volume=346 |issue=6215 |article-number=1254449 |year=2014 |pmid=25504731 |pmc=4386873 |doi=10.1126/science.1254449 }}</ref>
==Phylogeny== Cladistically, Alligatoroidea is defined as ''Alligator mississippiensis'' (the American alligator) and all crocodylians more closely related to ''A. mississippiensis'' than to either ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (the Nile crocodile) or ''Gavialis gangeticus'' (the gharial).<ref name="brochu">{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |last=Brochu |first=Christopher A. |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |date=May 2003 |issue=31 |page=360 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308|bibcode=2003AREPS..31..357B }}</ref> This is a stem-based definition for alligators,<ref name="Massonne2019">{{cite journal |author1=Tobias Massonne |author2=Davit Vasilyan |author3=Márton Rabi |author4=Madelaine Böhme |year=2019 |title=A new alligatoroid from the Eocene of Vietnam highlights an extinct Asian clade independent from extant ''Alligator sinensis'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=7 |article-number=e7562 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7562 |pmid=31720094 |pmc=6839522 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and is more inclusive than the crown group Alligatoridae.<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmid=30051855 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As a crown group, Alligatoridae only includes the last common ancestor of all extant (living) alligators, caimans, and their descendants (living or extinct), whereas Alligatoroidea, as a stem group, also includes more basal extinct alligator ancestors that are more closely related to living alligators than to crocodiles or gavialids. When considering only living taxa (neontology), this makes Alligatoroidea and Alligatoridae synonymous, and only Alligatoridae is used. Thus, Alligatoroidea is only used in the context of paleontology.
Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade Brevirostres, to the exclusion of the gharials. This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Holliday, Casey M. | author2=Gardner, Nicholas M. | year=2012 | title=A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=1 | article-number=e30471 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 |editor1-last=Farke |editor1-first=Andrew A |pmid=22303441 |pmc=3269432 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730471H | doi-access=free }}</ref> However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.<ref name="Harshman2003">{{cite journal |pmid=12775527 |year=2003 |last1=Harshman |first1=J. |title=True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=386–402 |last2=Huddleston |first2=C. J. |last3=Bollback |first3=J. P. |last4=Parsons |first4=T. J. |last5=Braun |first5=M. J. |doi=10.1080/10635150309323 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gatesy2008">{{cite journal|last1=Gatesy |first1=J. |last2=Amato |first2=G. |year=2008 |title=The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1237 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009|pmid=18372192}}</ref><ref name=bite>{{cite journal| author=Erickson, G. M.| author2=Gignac, P. M.| author3=Steppan, S. J.| author4=Lappin, A. K.| author5=Vliet, K. A.| author6=Brueggen, J. A.| author7=Inouye, B. D.| author8=Kledzik, D.| author9=Webb, G. J. W. | year=2012 | title=Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=3 |article-number=e31781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781|editor1-last=Claessens|editor1-first=Leon|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731781E | pmid=22431965 | pmc=3303775| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="LeeYates2018"/><ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Hekkala |first1=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=505 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |pmid=33907305 |pmc=8079395 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman ''et al.'' in 2003.<ref name="Harshman2003"/>
A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia,<ref name="LeeYates2018"/> which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala ''et al.'' using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct ''Voay''.<ref name="Hekkala2021"/>
The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study: {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1='''Crocodylia''' |sublabel1=(crown group) |1={{clade |label1='''Alligatoroidea''' |sublabel1=(stem-based group) |1={{clade |1=''Leidyosuchus''{{extinct}} |2={{clade |label1=Diplocynodontinae{{extinct}} |1=''Diplocynodon''{{extinct}} |label2=Globidonta |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Stangerochampsa''{{extinct}} |2=''Brachychampsa''{{extinct}} }} |2={{clade |1=''Navajosuchus''{{extinct}} |label2=Alligatoridae |sublabel2=(crown group) |2={{clade |label1=Caimaninae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Caiman'' 90 px |2=''Melanosuchus'' 120 px }} |2=''Paleosuchus'' 90 px }} |label2=Alligatorinae |2=''Alligator'' 100 px }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=extinct basal Crocodilians{{extinct}} (including Mekosuchinae{{extinct}}) |label2=Longirostres |sublabel2=(crown group) |2={{clade |label1=Crocodyloidea |sublabel1=(stem-based group) |1={{clade |1=extinct basal crocodiles{{extinct}} |label2=Crocodylidae |sublabel2=(crown group) |2={{clade |1=''Crocodylus'' 90 px |2={{clade |1=''Mecistops'' 90 px |2=''Osteolaemus'' 90 px }} }} }} |label2=Gavialoidea |sublabel2=(stem-based group) |2={{clade |1=extinct basal Gavialoids{{extinct}} |label2=Gavialidae |sublabel2=(crown group) |2={{clade |1=''Gavialis'' 110 px |2=''Tomistoma'' 90 px }} }} }} }} }} }}
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Crocodilia|A.}} {{Extinct Crocodilia|A.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q507496}}
Category:Alligatoroidea Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray