Allative case

The '''allative case''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|t|ɪ|v}} {{respell|AL|ə|tiv}}; abbreviated {{sc|'''all'''}}; from Latin ''allāt-'', ''afferre'' "to bring to") is a type of locative grammatical case. The term '''allative''' is generally used for the lative case for the majority of languages that do not make finer distinctions.

==Finnish== For the Finnish language (a Uralic language), the allative is the fifth of the locative cases, with the basic meaning of "onto". Its ending is ''-lle'', for example ''pöytä'' (table) and ''pöydälle'' (onto the top of the table). In addition, it is the logical complement of the adessive case for referring to "being around the place". For example, ''koululle'' means "to the vicinity of the school". With time, the use is the same: ''ruokatunti'' (lunch break) and ''... lähti ruokatunnille'' ("... left to the lunch break"). Some actions require the case, e.g. ''kävely'' - ''mennä kävelylle'' "a walk - go for a walk". It also means "to" or "for", for example ''minä'' (me) and ''minulle'' (to/for me).

The other locative cases in Finnish and Estonian are these: *Inessive case ("in") *Elative case ("out of") *Illative case ("into") *Adessive case ("at", "in the vicinity of" or "on") *Ablative case ("away from" or "off of")

==Baltic languages== For the Lithuanian and Latvian languages, the allative had been used dialectally as an innovation since Proto-Indo-European{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}, but it is almost out of use in modern times. Its ending in Lithuanian is ''-op'' which was shortened from ''-opi'', whereas its ending in Latvian is ''-up''. For the modern languages the remains of the allative can be found in certain fixed expressions that have become adverbs, such as Lithuanian ''išėjo Dievop'' ("gone to God", i.e. died), ''velniop!'' ("to the devil" i.e. to hell), ''nuteisti myriop'' ("sentence to death"), ''rudeniop'' ("towards autumn"), ''vakarop'' ("towards the evening"), Latvian ''mājup'' ("towards home"), ''kalnup'' ("uphill"), ''lejup'' ("downhill").{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Greek== For Mycenaean Greek, an ending ''-de'' is used to denote an allative, when it is not being used as an enclitic,<ref>Ventris, Michael and John Chadwick. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''</ref> e.g. ''te-qa-de'', *''Tʰēgʷasde'', "to Thebes" (Linear B: {{lang|gmy|𐀳𐀣𐀆}}). This ending survives into Ancient Greek in words such as ''Athḗnaze'',<ref>{{LSJ|*)aqh/naze|Ἀθήναζε|ref|mLSJ}}.</ref> from accusative ''Athḗnās'' + ''-de''.

==Latin== The Latin accusative case is used for motion towards towns and small islands<ref>Allen and Greenough, sect. 427</ref> in a manner that is analogous to the allative case.

== Udmurt == For the Udmurt language, words inflected with the allative (often termed "approximative" for Permic languages) case ending "-лань" /ɫɑɲ/ express the direction of a movement.

==Hebrew== In Biblical Hebrew (more common in Classical Biblical Hebrew than in Late Biblical Hebrew)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joosten |first=Jan |date=2005 |title=The Distinction Between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913754 |journal=Hebrew Studies |volume=46 |pages=337 |jstor=27913754 |issn=0146-4094}}</ref> the "directional ''he''", "locative ''he''" or ''he locale'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meier |first=Samuel A. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic Clues on the Date and Canaanite Origin of Genesis 2:23-24 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718217 |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=20 |jstor=43718217 |issn=0008-7912}}</ref> in the form of {{Script/Hebrew|־ָה}} /-ɔh/ suffixed to nouns (often place names) also functions as an allative marker, usually translated as 'to' or 'toward'.<ref>Waltke, Bruce, and Michael O'Connor, ''Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax'' (Winonana Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 185-86.</ref> The directional ''he'' appears in later phases of the Hebrew language in expressions such as {{Script/Hebrew|{{wikt-lang|he|מעלה}}}} (upwards) and {{Script/Hebrew|{{wikt-lang|he|הביתה}}}} (homeward).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joosten |first=Jan |date=2005 |title=The Distinction Between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913754 |journal=Hebrew Studies |volume=46 |pages=337 |jstor=27913754 |issn=0146-4094}}</ref>

==Wanyi== Wanyi, an endangered Australian language, has the allative suffixes ''-[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-kurru#Wanyi kurru/wurru]''.

==Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}} * {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *{{wti}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allative Case}} Category:Grammatical cases