Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid

{{Infobox historian | name = Jirjis al-Makīn ibn al-ʿAmīd | native_name = جرجس المكين ابن العميد | birth_date = 1205 | death_date = 1273 | birth_place = Cairo, Ayyubid Sultanate (Present-day Egypt) | death_place = Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate (Present-day Syria) | occupation = Historian; civil official | notable_works = ''Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh'' (also known as ''al-Majmūʿ al-Mubārak'') | style = Chronicle-style universal history compendium | known_for = Synthesizing Biblical, Classical, and Islamic sources into a universal chronicle widely used by later historians }}

{{about|the historian|his later relative, the theologian|Al-Makīn Jirjis ibn al-ʿAmīd the Younger}} '''Jirjis al-Makīn''' ({{langx|ar| جرجس المكين }}; 1206–after 1280, maybe 1293), known by his ''nasab'' '''Ibn al-ʿAmīd''' ({{langx|ar|ابن العميد}}), was a Coptic Christian historian who wrote in Arabic. His name is sometimes anglicised as '''George Elmacin''' ({{langx|la|Georgius Elmacinus}}).

==Life== Several details about his ancestors and some biographical elements are provided in his own history. He is also mentioned in the biographical dictionary of Ibn al-Ṣuqāʿī (d. 1325) and in a polemical tract by Ibn al-Wāsiṭī (d. 1312). He was born in Cairo in Ayyubid Egypt on February 18, 1206. His full name in Arabic was Jirjis (George) ibn al-ʿAmīd Abī l-Yāsir ibn Abī l-Makārim ibn Abī l-Ṭayyib al-Makīn ("the Powerful One").<ref>Graf, ''Geschichte'' vol. 2, p. 348; Witakowski p. 293, n. 53</ref> His great-grandfather was a merchant from Tikrit in Iraq who settled in Egypt.<ref>Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Koptskij istorik" - potomok vyhodtsa iz Tikrita: al-Makin ibn al-ʿAmid i ego "Istorija", in: Tochki/Punkta 1-2/10 (2011), pp. 45-53.</ref>

He was a Coptic Christian, and held high office in the military (''dīwān al-jaysh'') in Damascus. Such a position carried risks. He was twice imprisoned, possibly because of links to the unrest in Syria at the time of the Mongol invasion; in one case for over a decade.<ref name="Gawdat Gabra 2008 pp.22">Gawdat Gabra, ''Historical Dictionary of the Coptic Church'', Scarecrow Press (2008), {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6097-1}}. p. 22.</ref> While in prison, he began to write his chronicle.<ref name="Diez 2023 p. 23">Martino Diez, al-Makīn Ǧirǧis Ibn al-ʿAmīd, ''Universal History. The Vulgate Recension, Part 1 - Section 1: From Adam to the End of the Achaemenids (Chapters 1–91)'', Brill: Leiden 2023, p. 23.</ref>

He died in Damascus: the date given by his biographer Ibn al-Ṣuqāʿī is 1273, but this is likely to be a mistake for 1293 (respectively, 672 and 692 of the Hijri calendar: 7 and 9 are often confused in Arabic manuscripts).<ref>Diez 2023, pp. 23-26, based on Awad, “al-Makīn Ǧirǧis ibn al-ʿAmīd wa-tārīḫuhu,” pp. 23–24.</ref>

==Works==

He is the author of a world chronicle in two parts. It is traditionally known as ''al-Majmu` al-Mubarak'' (''The blessed collection''), but in fact its real title is simply ''Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ'' (''Book of History/Chronology''). The first portion runs from Adam down to the 11th year of Heraclius and consists of a series of 166 numbered biographies, in some manuscripts ending with a list of the Patriarchs of the Church of Alexandria. The second half is devoted to Islamic history, from the time of Muḥammad to the accession of the Mamluk Sultan Baybars in 1260. This second half is mainly derived from al-Ṭabarī, as the author tells us, through Ibn Wāṣil.

The ''Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ'' is essentially a learned compilation of earlier sources: the Bible first and foremost, the world chronology of Ibn al-Rahib, but also the works of the Melkite authors Ibn Biṭrīq (Eutychius of Alexandria) and Agapius (al-Manbiǧī), the Josippon, hermetic sources, and a mysterious Rūzbihān, who is credited with a history of pre-Islamic Persia. The book proved influential among different readerships: Eastern Christians, Muslim historians, and early modern Arabists. It is preserved in more than 40 manuscripts in different recensions. In particular, it was used by the 14-15th century Mamluk historians Ibn Khaldūn, al-Qalqashandī, and al-Maqrīzī.<ref>Diez 2023 pp. 143-151.</ref>

The second half of the ''Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ'' was published in Arabic with Latin translation in Leiden in 1625. It was chiefly the work of Thomas Erpenius, although it was completed and published posthumously by his disciple Golius. The ''Historia Saracenica'', as Erpenius entitled it, was a breakthrough in European knowledge of Islamic history and it was soon translated into French by Pierre Vattier as ''L'Histoire mahométane'' (Paris, 1657).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Elmacin, George|volume=9|page=296}}</ref> An abbreviated English translation was also made from the Latin by Samuel Purchas as early as 1626. The edition and translation by Erpenius was one of the first ever made of an Arabic text in early modern Europe and suffers accordingly from the lack of lexica. It has been only partially emended by a new Egyptian edition by ʿAlī Bakr Ḥasan (Cairo, 2010, unfortunately on the same two manuscripts that were used by Erpenius).<ref>''Taʾrīḫ al-Makīn: Taʾrīḫ al-muslimīn min Ṣāḥib Šarīʿat al-Islām Abī l-Qāsim Muḥammad ḥattā l-dawla al-atābakiyya'', ed. ʿAlī Bakr Ḥasan, al-Qāhira: Dār al-ʿAwāṣim, 2010.</ref>

The work is still partly unedited. In 2023 Martino Diez published a critical edition with English translation of the first quarter, from Adam to the end of the Achaemenids, which is expected to be followed by a second volume from Alexander the Great to Heraclius. The last part, from the author's birth to the end of the work, was edited by Claude Cahen <ref>“Claude Cahen, "La ‘Chronique des Ayyoubides’ d’al-Makīn b. al-ʿAmīd,” ''Bulletin d’études orientales'', 15 (1955–1957), pp. 109–184.</ref> and translated into French by Anne-Marie Eddé and Françoise Micheau.<ref>Eddé, Anne-Marie and Françoise Micheau (trans.), ''Al-Makīn Ibn al-ʿAmīd, Chronique des Ayyoubides (602–658/1205-6-1259-60)''. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1994.</ref>

An Ethiopic translation of the whole work also exists. From the manuscript British Library, Oriental 814, E. Wallis Budge translated the chapter on Alexander the Great, which contains verbatim extracts from the old Arabic Hermetic work ''al-Isṭimākhīs''.<ref>Graf, ''GCAL'' vol. 2, p. 351.</ref>

Muffaḍḍal ibn Abī l-Faḍāʾil, who may have been the author's great-nephew, wrote a continuation of the chronicle to the death of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn in 1341. This appendix mainly covers secular history, with only limited references to events in the Coptic community. The continuation was apparently written for personal use and has been edited and translated in European languages: from the beginning to 1317 by Edgar Blochet, in French; from 1317 to the end by Samira Kortantamer, in German.<ref>Diez 2023, pp. 28-29.</ref>

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

====Editions and Translations==== * Martino Diez, ''al-Makīn Ǧirǧis Ibn al-ʿAmīd: Universal History: The Vulgate Recension. From Adam to the End of the Achaemenids'', Leiden: [https://brill.com/display/title/65043 Brill.com] (2024), {{ISBN|978-90-04-54998-2}}. Critical edition with English translation and introduction. * Thomas Erpenius, ''Historia Saracenica […], Arabicè olim exarata a Georgio Elmacino fil. Abuljaseri Elamidi f. Abulmacaremi f. Abultibi, et Latinè reddita operâ ac studio Thomae Erpenii'' […], Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]: ex Typographia Erpeniana Linguarum Orientalium, 1625. ** ''The Saracentical historie ... Written in Arabike by George Elmacin ... And translated into Latine by Thomas Erpenius ... Englished, abridged, and continued to the end of the Chalifa's, by Samuel Purchas ...'': p. [1009]-1047, incl. special t.p. -- the 4th part of ''Pvrchas his Pilgrimage...'', 4th ed (?) London (1626). * ʿAlī Bakr Ḥasan, ''Taʾrīḫ al-Makīn: Taʾrīḫ al-muslimīn min Ṣāḥib Šarīʿat al-Islām Abī l-Qāsim Muḥammad ḥattā l-dawla al-atābakiyya'', al-Qāhira: Dār al-ʿAwāṣim, 2010. * Claude Cahen, "La ‘Chronique des Ayyoubides’ d’al-Makīn b. al-ʿAmīd,” ''Bulletin d’études orientales'', 15 (1955–1957), pp. 109–184, {{JSTOR|41603260}}. ** Al-Makin Ibn Al-Amid, ''Chronique des Ayyoubides (602-658 / 1205/6-1259/60)'', Tr. Anne-Marie Eddé et Françoise Micheau, Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1994, {{ISBN|2-87754-001-4}}. 148pp. -- French translation of the portion from 1205 to 1259.

====Studies==== * Georg Graf, ''Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur'', volume 2. Lists manuscripts of the work. * M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel, ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936'', p. 173f. At [https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA173 Google books] * Awad, Wadi Abullif, “al-Makīn Ǧirǧis ibn al-ʿAmīd wa-tārīḫuhu. al-Ǧuzʾ al-awwal: al-maṣādir wa-l-marāǧiʿ, wa-l-sīra,” in: Wadi Awad (ed.), A''ctes de la septième rencontre des Amis du patrimoine arabe-chrétien'', Cairo: The Franciscan Centre of Christian Oriental Studies, 1999, pp. 5–24. * Witold Witakowski, ''Ethiopic Universal Chronography'' in Martin Wallraff, ''Julius Africanus und die christliche Weltchronistik'', deGruyter (2006) pp. 285–301. * Gawdat Gabra, ''Historical Dictionary of the Coptic Church'', Scarecrow Press (2008), {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6097-1}}. pp. 22–23. * Samuel Moawad, “al-Makīn Jirjis ibn al-ʿAmīd (the elder),” ''Christian Muslim Relations'', vol. 4 (2012), pp. 566–571.

==External links== * [http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2009/03/28/manuscripts-of-the-history-of-al-makin Manuscripts of the history of al-Makin].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elmacin, George}} Category:Patristic scholars Category:Coptic Christians from Egypt Category:1206 births Category:1274 deaths Category:Historians from the Ayyubid Sultanate Category:13th-century Egyptian historians