{{pp|small=yes}} {{Short description|Palestinian political movement made up of Arab citizens of Israel}} {{about|the political movement|the Egyptian film|The Land (1969 film)}} {{Arab citizens of Israel}} '''Al-Ard''' ({{langx|ar|الارض}}, "The Land;" sometimes called "the Land movement") was a Palestinian political movement made up of Arab citizens of Israel. It was active between 1958 and some time in the 1970s.
The movement was established by Sabri Jiryis, Habib Qahwaji, Salih Baransi, Mansur Qardawsh, and Muhammad Miari.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bryan Daves|title=Ard, Al |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ard-al |website=.encyclopedia.com|access-date=16 December 2023|quote=Citing Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa}}</ref> It attracted international attention.<ref name="Kimmerlingp197" /><ref name="McDowallp150">McDowall, 1990, p. 150.</ref> Israeli geography scholar Oren Yiftachel characterized its activities as among "the most notable occasions expressing antigovernment resistance" by the Palestinian minority in Israel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yiftachel |first=Oren |date=2000 |title="Ethnocracy" and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344328 |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=747 |issn=0093-1896}}</ref>
The political movement's goal was, according to political historian David McDowall, "to achieve complete equality and social justice for all classes of people in Israel" and "to find a just solution for the Palestine problem as a whole, and as an indivisible unit."<ref name="McDowallp150" />
Following unsuccessful efforts to secure registration of the organization as an Israeli NGO and secure it a publishing permit,<ref name="Kimmerlingp197">Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 197.</ref><ref name="Smoohap215">Smooha, 1978, p. 215.</ref> it was outlawed in 1964.
Litigation related to Al-Ard reached the Israeli Supreme Court six times between 1959 and 1965.<ref>Ron Harris, [https://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/349 "A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court"] (August 22, 2004). bepress Legal Series. bepress Legal Series. Working Paper 349. Page 1.</ref> Two of these cases became important Israeli judicial precedents: ''Kardosh'', in which the group was prevented from publishing a newspaper, and ''Yeredor'', in which it was prevented from launching a Knesset campaign.<ref>Harris 5, 52</ref> In 1965 party activists and others sought to register a Knesset party list under the name "The Socialists' List." Israel's Central Elections Committee, seeing the list as substantively identical to Al-Ard, blocked it from running on the basis that "its initiators deny the territorial integrity of the State of Israel and its very existence." This decision was supported by Israel's Supreme Court in ''Yeredor''.{{efn|The Socialists' List was represented in this case by Yaakov Yeredor, a Lehi veteran and one of the founders of Semitic Action.}}<ref>[https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/opinions/yeredor-v-chairman-central-elections-committee-sixth-knesset "Yeredor v. Chairman of the Central Elections Committee for the Sixth Knesset"]. Versa: Opinions of the Supreme Court of Israel, A Project of Cardozo Law</ref>
Al-Ard's disappearance as a movement was linked both to governmental and popular resistance, with the Israeli Communist Party denouncing the group and Palestinian Arab communities inside of Israel concerned that Al-Ard might destroy them.<ref name="Kimmerlingp197" /><ref name="Kaufmanp63">Kaufman, 1987, p. 63.</ref>{{Clarification|reason=What does it mean that "Al-Ard might destroy" communities? This seems to be loaded language and not clear to the reader|date=February 2024}}
==See also== * Abnaa al-Balad * Land Day
==Notes== {{noteslist}}
==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} *{{citation|title=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights Volume 1, 1971|first1=Yoram|last1=Dinstein|editor=Yoram Dinstein|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7923-0351-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3evCnsArqakC&dq=al-ard+movement&pg=PA147}} *{{citation|title=Survey of Jewish affairs|first1=William|last1=Frankel|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8386-3343-4}} *{{cite journal|title=Constitutional Law of Israel - A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court|first1=Ron|last1=Harris|journal=Bepress Legal Series|year=2004|volume=349|url=http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/349/}} *{{citation|title=The Palestinian people: a history|first1=Baruch|last1=Kimmerling|authorlink1=Baruch Kimmerling|first2=Joel S.|last2=Migdal|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01129-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&dq=al-ard&pg=PA196}} *Jiryis, Sabri (1976): ''The Arabs in Israel,'' 1st American edition {{ISBN|0-85345-377-2}} (updated from the 1966 ed.) With a foreword by Noam Chomsky. *Lustick, Ian (1980): ''Arabs in the Jewish State : Israel's control of a national minority''. Austin : University of Texas Press, (al-Ard: p.128, 249) *{{cite book|title=Palestine and Israel: the uprising and beyond|first1=David|last1=McDowall|edition=Reprint, illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1990|isbn=978-1-85043-289-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIezNAykWNQC&dq=ard+palestinian&pg=PA150}} *{{Cite book|title=Palestinian NGOs in Israel: the politics of civil society|first1=Shany|last1=Payes|edition=Illustrated|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85043-630-0}} *{{cite book|title=Contemporary West Asian scene: a selection of papers presented at a seminar held at Aligarh|first1=Arif H.|last1=Rizvi|publisher=Centre of West Asian Studies, Aligarh Muslim University|year=1980}} *{{Citation|title=Israel, pluralism and conflict|first1=Sammy|last1=Smooha|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1978|isbn=978-0-7100-8511-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpluralismc0000smoo}} *{{citation|title=Land of paradoxes: interest politics in Israel|first1=Yael|last1=Yishai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAfBbIB6F8QC&dq=al-ard+movement&pg=PA143|edition=Illustrated|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-7914-0725-7}} *{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc8OAAAAQAAJ&dq=al-ard+movement&pg=PA172|title=The Palestinians in Israel: a study in internal colonialism|first1=Elia|last1=Zureik|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|isbn=978-0-7100-0016-3}} {{refend}}
Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Israel Category:Arab political parties in Israel Category:1958 establishments in Israel Category:1964 disestablishments in Israel