Ajaw — Mediated Wiki

{{Short description|Pre-Columbian Maya political title}} {{more footnotes|date=July 2010}} '''Ajaw''' or '''Ahau''' {{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|x|aʊ}} ('Lord')<ref>{{cite book |author=Kettunen, Harri |author2=Christophe Helmke |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs |format=PDF |publisher=Wayeb and Leiden University |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html |access-date=2022-11-13| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070617102538/http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html| archive-date= 17 June 2007 | url-status= live|page =32}}</ref> is a pre-Columbian Maya political title attested from epigraphic inscriptions. It is also the name of the 20th day of the ''tzolkʼin'', the Maya divinatory calendar, on which a ruler's ''kʼatun''-ending rituals would fall.

[[Image:MAYA-g-log-cal-D20-Ajaw.svg|thumb|right|180px|Logogram for the 20th named-day of the Tzolkin Maya calendar cycle, ''Ajaw'' (this version is typical of many monumental inscriptions)]]

==Background== The word is known from several Mayan languages both those in pre-Columbian use (such as in Classic Maya), as well as in their contemporary descendant languages (in which there may be observed some slight variations). "Ajaw" is the modernised orthography in the standard revision of Mayan orthography, put forward in 1994 by the Guatemalan ''Academia de Lenguas Mayas'', and now widely adopted by Mayanist scholars. Before this standardisation, it was more commonly written as "Ahau", following the orthography of 16th-century Yucatec Maya in Spanish transcriptions (now ''Yukatek'' in the modernised style).

In the Maya hieroglyphics writing system, the representation of the word ''ajaw'' could be as either a logogram,<ref name=Introduction16>{{cite book |author=Kettunen, Harri |author2=Christophe Helmke |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs |format=PDF |publisher=Wayeb and Leiden University |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html |access-date=2022-11-13| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070617102538/http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html| archive-date= 17 June 2007 | url-status= live|page =16}}</ref> or spelled-out syllabically. In either case, quite a few glyphic variants are known.<ref name=Introduction16/> A picture of the ruler sometimes substitutes for the more abstract day sign.

==Meaning== ''Ajaw'' denoted any of the leading class of nobles in a particular polity. It was not limited to a single individual, with a meaning variously rendered as "leader", "ruler", "lord", "king", or "queen", depending on the individual. Since the ''ajaw'' performed religious activities, it also designated a member of the Maya priesthood. The variant ''kʼuhul ajaw'' ("divine lord") indicates a sovereign leader of a polity, although the extent of the territory and influence controlled by an ''ajaw'' varied considerably, and ''kʼuhul ajaw'' could also be applied to persons who, in theory, recognised the overlordship of another person, dynasty, or state. When the title was given to women rulers, such as K'awiil Ajaw (640–681 AD) of Coba, the term was sometimes prefixed with the sign Ix ("woman") to indicate their gender.

==Earliest evidence== The archaeological site of Kʼo, associated with the Classic Maya city of Holmul located in modern-day Guatemala, boasts what may be the royal tomb of the earliest-known Mayan ruler. This tomb has been dated to 350–300 BC. It contains the earliest evidence of the institution of ajaw in the Maya Lowlands.<ref>John Tomasic and Steven Bozarth (2011), [https://kansas.academia.edu/JohnTomasic/Papers/1275495/ ''New Data from a Preclassic Tomb at Kʼo, Guatemala.''] Kansas.academia.edu</ref>

==See also== *Halach Uinik

== References == {{Reflist}} {{refbegin|indent=yes}}  * {{cite web |author=Montgomery, John |author2=Peter Mathews |author3=Christophe Helmke |year=2002–2007 |title=Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs |url=http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/index.html |format=online version |work=Maya Hieroglyphic writing: Dictionaries |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc (FAMSI) |access-date=2007-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607155641/http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/index.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |author=Osborne, Deborah |year=1994–95 |title=The History of the Transcription of the Mayan Languages |url=http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/celia/FichExt/Am/A_19-20_39.pdf |journal=Amerindia, Revue d'Ethnolinguistique amérindienne |volume=19-20 |pages=435–442 |issn=0221-8852 |access-date=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119041728/http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/celia/FichExt/Am/A_19-20_39.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-19 }} * {{cite book |author=Thomas, Cyrus |author-link=Cyrus Thomas |year=1897 |chapter=Day Symbols of the Maya Year |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18973/ |via=Project Gutenberg |editor=J. W. Powell |title=Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894–1895 |location=Washington DC |publisher=Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=199–266 |oclc=14963920 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811120608/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18973/ |url-status=dead }} {{refend}}

==External links== * [http://research.famsi.org/montgomery_dictionary/mt_entry.php?id=1264 'AJAW'], sound file and syllabic glyph example at John Montgomery's ''Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs,'' published online at FAMSI

Category:Maya inscriptions Category:Maya calendars Category:Noble titles Category:Maya monarchs