{{Short description|Order of mushrooms}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Upper Aptian–Holocene, {{Fossil_range|113|0|earliest=120|ref=<ref name="Headsetal2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Heads | first1 = Sam W. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Andrew N. | last3 = Crane | first3 = J. Leland | last4 = Thomas | first4 = M. Jared | last5 = Ruffatto | first5 = Danielle M. | last6 = Methven | first6 = Andrew S. | last7 = Raudabaugh | first7 = Daniel B. | last8 = Wang | first8 = Yinan | date = 2017 | title = The oldest fossil mushroom | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | article-number = e0178327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0178327 | pmid=28591180 | pmc=5462346 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1278327H | doi-access = free }}</ref>}} | image = Agaricus campestris.jpg | image_caption = ''Agaricus campestris'' (field mushroom) (Agaricaceae) | taxon = Agaricales | authority = Underw. (1899)<ref name=Underwood1899/> | subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions | subdivision = {{center|46 families, 400+ genera}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Agaricales"/> | synonyms = ''Amanitales'' <small>Jülich (1981)</small><br /> ''Cortinariales'' <small>Jülich (1981)</small><br /> ''Entolomatales'' <small>Jülich (1981)</small><br /> ''Fistulinales'' <small>Jülich (1981)</small><br /> ''Schizophyllales'' <small>Nuss (1980)</small> }}
The '''Agaricales''' are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics (gilled mushrooms), but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi (clubs and corals) and gasteroid fungi (puffballs and false truffles) belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species,<ref name="CatofLife"/> along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record.<ref name=Poinar2007/><ref name=Hibbett2003/><ref name=Headsetal2017/> Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar ''Agaricus bisporus'' (cultivated mushroom) and the deadly ''Amanita virosa'' (destroying angel) to the coral-like ''Clavaria zollingeri'' (violet coral) and bracket-like ''Fistulina hepatica'' (beefsteak fungus).
==History, classification and phylogeny==
In his three volumes of ''Systema Mycologicum'' published between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of the fleshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus ''Agaricus''. He organized the large genus into "tribes", the names of many of which still exist as common genera of today. Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, but later authors—including Gillet, Karsten, Kummer, Quélet, and Staude—made most of the changes. Fries based his classification on macroscopic characters of the fruit bodies and color of the spore print. His system had been widely used as it had the advantage that many genera could be readily identified based on characters observable in the field. Fries's classification was later challenged when microscopic studies of basidiocarp structure, initiated by Fayod and Patouillard, demonstrated several of Fries's groupings were unnatural.<ref name="Kirk2008" /> In the twentieth century, Rolf Singer's influential work ''The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy'', published in four editions spanning from 1951 to 1986, used both Fries's macroscopic characters and Fayod's microscopic characters to reorganize families and genera; his final classification included 230 genera within 18 families.<ref name="Singer1986" /> Singer treated three major groups within the Agaricales ''sensu lato'': the Agaricales ''sensu stricto'', Boletineae, and Russulales. These groups are still accepted by modern treatments based on DNA analysis, as the euagarics clade, bolete clade, and russuloid clade.<ref name=Hibbett2001/>
Molecular phylogenetics research has demonstrated that the euagarics clade is roughly equivalent to Singer's Agaricales ''sensu stricto''.<ref name=Hibbett1997/><ref name=Moncalvo2000/><ref name=Moncalvo2002/> A large-scale study by Brandon Matheny and colleagues used nucleic acid sequences representing six gene regions from 238 species in 146 genera to explore the phylogenetic grouping within the Agaricales. The analysis showed that most of the species tested could be grouped into six clades that were named the Agaricoid, Tricholomatoid, Marasmioid, Pluteoid, Hygrophoroid and Plicaturopsidoid clades.<ref name=Matheny2006/> [[File:Cyathus striatus 65278694.jpg|thumb|The bird's nest fungus ''Cyathus striatus'']] Molecular studies have shown that agarics are more divergent than once thought. Agarics in the genera ''Russula'' and ''Lactarius'', for example, belong to the order Russulales, whilst agarics in the genera ''Paxillus'' and ''Hygrophoropsis'' belong in the Boletales. Conversely some genera with non-agaric fruit bodies, such as the puffballs, bird's nest fungi, and many clavarioid fungi, belong in the Agaricales.
==Distribution and habitat== Members of the Agaricales are ubiquitous, with species found in all continents. The great majority are terrestrial, in almost every habitat from woodland and grassland to deserts and dunes. Agaricoid species were long thought to be solely terrestrial, until the 2005 discovery of ''Psathyrella aquatica'', the only gilled mushroom known to fruit underwater.<ref name=Frank2010/> Species are variously saprotrophic or ectomycorrhizal, occasionally parasitic on plants or other fungi, and sometimes lichenized.
the Agaricales include six monotypic fossil genera mostly found fossilized in amber. The oldest records are from three Cretaceous age genera; the late Aptian ''Gondwanagaricites magnificus'' from the Crato Formation (Brazil),<ref name=Headsetal2017 /> the Albian age (approximately 100 Ma) ''Palaeoagaracites antiquus'' from Burmese amber and the slightly younger Turonian New Jersey Amber species ''Archaeomarasmius leggeti''.<ref name="Poinar2007"/> The three other species, ''Aureofungus yaniguaensis'', ''Coprinites dominicana'' and ''Protomycena electra'' are known from single specimens found in the Dominican amber mines of Hispaniola.<ref name=Hibbett2003/>
==Genera ''incertae sedis''==
[[File:Lycogalopsis solmsii 232128.jpg |thumb|''Lycogalopsis'' is a genus of puffballs (''L. solmsii'' pictured) in the Agaricales that is ''incertae sedis'' with respect to familial placement.]] There are several genera classified in the Agaricales that are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., ''incertae sedis'' with respect to familial placement). These include:<ref name="2024 Outline"/> *''Acinophora'' {{au|Raf. (1814)}} – 1 sp. *''Albocoprinus'' {{au|Voto (2020)}} – 1 sp. *''Aleurocystis'' {{au|Lloyd ex G.Cunn. (1956)}} – 4 spp. *''Arthrosporella'' {{au|Singer (1970)}} – 1 sp. *''Austroclitocybe'' {{au|Raithelh. (1972)}} – 2 spp. *''Austroomphaliaster'' {{au|Garrido (1988)}} – 2 spp. *''Callistodermatium'' {{au|Singer (1981)}} – 1 sp. *''Cephaloscypha'' {{au|Agerer (1975)}} – 1 sp. *''Cheilophlebium'' {{au|Opiz & Gintl (1856)}} – 1 sp. *''Cymatella'' {{au|Pat. (1899)}} – 1 sp. *''Cymatellopsis'' {{au|Parmasto (1985)}} – 1 sp. *''Cyphellocalathus'' {{au|Agerer (1981)}} – 1 sp. *''Glabrocyphella'' {{au|W.B.Cooke (1961)}} – 12 spp. *''Gramincola'' {{au|Velen. (1947)}} – 1 sp. *''Laterradea'' {{au|Raspail (1824)}} – 1 sp. *''Lycogalopsis'' {{au|E.Fisch. (1886)}} – 9 spp. *''Metraria'' {{au|(Cooke) Cooke & Massee (1891)}} – 2 spp. *''Metulocyphella'' {{au|Agerer (1893)}} – 2 spp. *''Mycoalvimia'' {{au|Singer (1981)}} – 1 sp. *''Mycospongia'' {{au|Velen. (1940)}} – 1 sp. *''Nochascypha'' {{au|Agerer (1983)}} – 6 spp. *''Palaeocephala'' {{au|Singer (1962)}} – 1 sp. *''Peglerochaete'' {{au|Sarwal & Locq. (1983)}} – 1 sp. *''Phlebonema'' {{au|R.Heim (1929)}} – 1 sp. *''Polygaster'' {{au|Fr. (1823)}} – 1 sp. *''Pseudohygrophorus'' {{au|Velen. (1940)}} – 1 sp. *''Secotium'' {{au|Kunze (1840)}} – ca. 15 spp. *''Skepperiella'' {{au|Pilát (1927)}} – 4 spp. *''Stanglomyces'' {{au|Raithelh. (1986)}} – 1 sp. *''Stemastrum'' {{au|Raf. (1808)}} – 1 sp.
==See also== * List of Agaricales families
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
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==External links== {{Wikispecies}} {{Commons category}} * [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricales.html Mushroom Expert] The Gilled Mushrooms ("Agaricales") * [http://tolweb.org/Agaricales/20551 Tree of Life: Agaricales]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q221448}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Agaricales Category:Basidiomycota orders Category:Extant Aptian first appearances Category:Lichen orders Category:Taxa described in 1899 Category:Taxa named by Lucien Marcus Underwood