{{More sources|date=June 2025}}{{Short description|Musical genre}}'''Afro rock''' is a rock music genre that fuses Western rock instrumentation with traditional African musical elements, which emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
== Influences == Afro rock draws heavily from traditional African music styles and genres, including Afrobeat, Highlife, Jùjú, and Soukous. It is also influenced by Western musical styles such as psychedelic rock, funk, and blues. Prominent Western artists and bands like The Beatles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beatles and Black Music |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-beatles-and-black-music/3QVhEdhba2lOBg |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> Led Zeppelin, Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and La Fayette contributed to the development of Afro rock through their avant-garde approaches to rock music. In the late 1960s, bands including the Super Eagles and Psychedelic Aliens made important developments to the genre.<ref>[https://luakabop.com Gahana rock band Super Eagles] Retrieved 11 March 2021</ref>
Fela Kuti, a Nigerian musician and activist, played an important role in the genesis of Afro rock through his influence on the development of Afrobeat, a genre incorporating elements from both traditional African music with jazz and funk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fela Kuti and the Birth of Afrobeat: Music as Revolution |url=https://onthejunglefloor.com/blogs/magazine/fela-kuti-and-the-birth-of-afrobeat-music-as-revolution |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=On the Jungle Floor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=wakonteafrica |date=2020-01-23 |title=Fela Kuti: Revolutionary & The Father of Afrobeats - Wakonté |url=https://wakonte.com/fela-kuti-the-father-of-afrobeats/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Kevin EG |date=2020-12-18 |title=Why Fela Kuti’s Afrobeat is still shaking the planet |url=https://www.nme.com/features/why-fela-kutis-afrobeat-is-still-shaking-the-planet-2842282 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The lyrical content of the genre commonly addresses themes of social justice, economic inequality, freedom and cultural identity, relevant to the political and social movements in post-colonial African societies during the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fela Kuti and the Birth of Afrobeat: Music as Revolution |url=https://onthejunglefloor.com/blogs/magazine/fela-kuti-and-the-birth-of-afrobeat-music-as-revolution |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=On the Jungle Floor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fela Kuti – The Afrobeat Legacy – The Beam Media |url=https://thebeammedia.com/fela-kuti-the-afrobeat-legacy/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lyrics are typically delivered in a combination of local African languages and Pidgin English or French.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waterman |first=Christopher Alan |url=http://archive.org/details/jujusocialhistor0000wate |title=Jùjú : a social history and ethnography of an African popular music |date=1990 |publisher=Chicago : University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-87464-7}}</ref>
== Characteristics == The instrumentation in Afro rock typically includes electric guitars, bass guitars, drum kits, keyboards, and synthesizers, alongside traditional African instruments such as the talking drum, mbira, balafon, and kora.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Darkest Light: The Best of the Lafayette Afro Rock Band / a RootsWorld review of World Music|url=http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/larb09.shtml|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.rootsworld.com}}</ref> The electric guitar often functions as the lead instrument. Guitarists commonly employ techniques such as riffing, improvisation, and the use of effects, particularly wah-wah and fuzz pedals, to modify tonal characteristics and create a distinctive sound profile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Rock |url=https://timeline.carnegiehall.org/genres/rock |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Timeline of African American Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veal |first=Michael E. |url=http://archive.org/details/felalifetimesofa00veal |title=Fela : the life & times of an African musical icon |date=2000 |publisher=Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press |others=The Archive of Contemporary Music |isbn=978-1-56639-764-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John |title=Musicmakers of West Africa |date=1985 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers}}</ref> thumb|A conga drum Percussion is also an essential component in Afro rock which combines standard Western drum kits with a variety of African and Afro-Caribbean percussion instruments, including congas, djembes, and shekeres.<ref>[http://www.percussion.info Percussion Info. Percussion Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804205856/http://www.percussion.info/ |date=2017-08-04 }} Retrieved 11 March 2021</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012953/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textp/Percussioninstruments.html Percussion Instruments] Retrieved 11 March 2021</ref> Rhythmically, the genre frequently uses complex devices including polyrhythms, syncopation, and irregular time signatures, taking from contemporary African genres such as Highlife, Soukous and Jùjú.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubik |first=Gerhard |url=http://archive.org/details/africablues0000kubi |title=Africa and the blues |date=1999 |publisher=Jackson : University Press of Mississippi |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-57806-145-7}}</ref> Horn sections, often comprising saxophones, trumpets, and trombones, are also used in some Afro rock ensembles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoo |first=Hyesoo |date=2021-06-01 |title=Research-to-Resource: Instructional Strategies for Teaching Culturally Diverse Musics in Ensembles |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123320973464 |journal=Update: Applications of Research in Music Education |language=EN |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1177/8755123320973464 |issn=8755-1233|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Performance in the genre is often defined by features such as extended instrumental passages and interactions between performing musicians. Live performances may include jam sessions and spontaneously rearranged compositions different from studio recordings. Vocal delivery ranges from melodic singing to call-and-response, inspired from both Western and African performance styles.<ref>Shain, Richard M. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'', vol. 37, no. 1, 2004, pp. 145–47. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/4129085</nowiki>. Accessed June 2025.</ref><ref>Feld, Steven. “Sound Structure as Social Structure.” ''Ethnomusicology'', vol. 28, no. 3, 1984, pp. 383–409. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/851232</nowiki>. Accessed June 2025.</ref>
== Notable Afro rock musicians in Nigeria == {{More sources|date=June 2025}} Afro rock emerged in Nigeria during the late 1960s and early 1970s, during periods of political unrest in the duration and the aftermath of the Nigerian Civil War.
The Hykkers, formed in the early 1960s by Nigerian students, initially performed covers of British rock songs. By the late 1960s, they began integrating Nigerian rhythms and melodies with Western instrumentation, which contributed to the development of Afro rock. Their music gained prominence with the support of Fela Kuti, then a well-known figure in the Nigerian music scene. During the Nigerian Civil War, the band was reportedly captured by the Nigerian army, and their music was repurposed to boost morale and celebrate military victories. Notable tracks by The Hykkers include ''I Wanna Break Thru''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=#RetroTunesThursday: Welcome To The 70s, Meet The Hykkers. |url=https://the49thstreet.com/retrotunesthursday-welcome-to-the-70s-meet-the-hykkers/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Formed in the early 1970s, Wrinkar Experience was a Nigerian Afro rock band that gained popularity with their single ''Fuel for Lov''e, which became one of the highest-selling Nigerian singles of its time. The band, comprising members from Nigeria, Cameroon, and Ghana, was known for their lively performances and mix of Afrobeat rhythms with rock elements. After extensive touring across West Africa, the group disbanded in 1977. Wrinklar Experience also produced the track ''Ballad of a Sad Young Woman.''
Ofege was a band formed by high school students in the early 1970s. Drawing inspiration from guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Carlos Santana, Ofege used Afrobeat rhythms with elements of psychedelic rock, disco and funk. Their debut album, ''Try and Love'' (1973),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Dave |title=Ofege: Try and Love |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/ofege-try-and-love/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> received critical acclaim for its creative approach and musical maturity, despite the young age of its members. Subsequent albums like ''The Last of the Origins'' (1976),<ref>{{Citation |title=Ofege - The Last Of The Origins |date=1976 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/1526286-Ofege-The-Last-Of-The-Origins |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en}}</ref> ''Higher Plane Breeze'' (1977) and ''How Do You Feel'' (1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ofege - Higher Plane Breeze |url=https://boomkat.com/products/higher-plane-breeze |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Boomkat}}</ref> also influenced the development of Afro rock.
Taiwo and Kehinde Lijadu, known as the Lijadu Sisters, were twin sisters who gained recognition in the late 1960s and 1970s for their music in the style of Afrobeat, reggae, funk and psychedelic rock.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pareles |first=Jon |date=1988-06-24 |title=Review/Music; Rock and Reggae By Twin Sisters From Nigeria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/arts/review-music-rock-and-reggae-by-twin-sisters-from-nigeria.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Influenced by artists such as Miriam Makeba, Aretha Franklin, and their cousin Fela Kuti, the duo were known for their use of synthesizers and traditional rhythmic patterns in their music. Their albums, including ''Danger'' (1976), ''Horizon Unlimited'' (1979) and ''Mother Africa'' (1977), often carried political messages and addressed social issues of the time. The duo toured Nigeria, Western Europe, and the United States, collaborating with well-known musicians such as Ginger Baker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutchinson |first=Kate |date=2019-11-12 |title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Poppy |date=2023-09-03 |title=The Lijadu Sisters: The unsung pioneers of Afrobeat |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-lijadu-sisters-the-unsung-pioneers-of-afrobeat/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Awosika |first=Tomisin |date=2022-02-03 |title=Who Were the Lijadu Sisters? |url=https://rpublc.com/gender/who-were-the-lijadu-sisters/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=The Republic |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Formed in 1970 by guitarist and organist Bob Miga, The Strangers were an Afro rock band that emerged in the period following the Nigerian Civil War. They released three singles and a full album before disbanding. Their music featured funk-rock tunes using fuzz guitar and organ riffs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now-Again |date=2009-10-17 |title=Forge Your Own Chains – The Strangers’ Story (w/ MP3) {{!}} Now-Again Records |url=https://www.nowagainrecords.com/forge-your-own-chains-the-strangers-story/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Osayomore Joseph was a Nigerian musician and political activist known for using both psychedelic rock with Highlife characteristics in his songs. His work often addressed themes relating to the socio-political climate of Nigeria in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NationalInsight |date=2019-11-02 |title=Yinka Farinde Honours Prominent Benin Musician, Osayomore Joseph In Canada - National Insight News |url=https://nationalinsightnews.com/yinka-farinde-honours-prominent-benin-musician-osayomore-joseph-in-canada/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Onoiribholo |first=Francis |date=June 11, 2022 |title=Osayomore Joseph, One Of Nigeria’s Music Legends Is Dead |url=https://independent.ng/osayomore-joseph-one-of-nigerias-music-legends-is-dead/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-16 |newspaper=Independent}}</ref>
Blo was a Nigerian psychedelic funk ensemble formed in Lagos in 1972. The band consisted of Laolu "Akins" Akintobi (drums), Berkely "Ike" Jones (guitar) and Mike "Gbenga" Odumosu (bass). Their debut album, ''Chapter One'' (1973), drew inspiration from Fela Kuti's Afrobeat and American psychedelic rock. The group later signed with Afrodisia and included more funk and R&B elements into their music. They disbanded in 1982.
MonoMono, meaning "lightning" in Yoruba, was a band formed in Lagos in 1971, led by vocalist Joni Haastrup, using features of Afropop, soul and British rock and delivered in a jam format. Their debut album, ''Give the Beggar a Chance'' (1972), was a critical and commercial success, praised for its use of both traditional Nigerian music with Western rock and soul influences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eyre |first=Banning |date=2011-11-07 |title=Reissues Put Afrobeat Back On The Map |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/07/142101904/reissues-put-afrobeat-back-on-the-map |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Monomono - Give The Beggar A Chance, The Lightning Power Of Awareness |date=1973 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/5274511-Monomono-Give-The-Beggar-A-ChanceLightning-Power-Of-Awareness |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en}}</ref>
== Notable Afro rock musicians in Zambia (Zamrock) == {{Main page|Zamrock}} In Zambia, Afro rock developed into a distinctive subgenre known as '''Zamrock''', or Zambian Rock, created in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which combined traditional Zambian melodies and Western rock music, including psychedelic rock, garage rock, blues, and funk. Zamrock's growth to international fame was precipitated by the introduction of a nationalist policy implemented by Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda. In June 1975, Kaunda mandated that 95% of the music played on Zambian radio must be of local origin, which increased the production and promotion of the country's music industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-23 |title=Letter from Africa: In search of Zambia's glam rockers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50835549 |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crocket |first=James |date=2020-10-13 |title=Zamrock: The Psychedelic Sound of Young Zambia |url=https://jbcrocket.medium.com/zamrock-the-psychedelic-sound-of-young-zambia-61966d3df7e2 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> thumb|The Witch in 2021 Formed in the early 1970s in Kitwe, Witch (a backronym for "We Intend to Cause Havoc") became one of the most iconic Zamrock bands, known for their albums such as ''Introduction'' (1973) and ''In the Past'' (1974). After disbanding in the 1980s, the group saw a resurgence in popularity in the 2010s, with reissues of their music and new releases like ''Zango'' (2023) and ''Sogolo'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-02 |title=BBC World Service - The Documentary Podcast, We Intend to Cause Havoc |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p072c3kb |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=We’re a Zambian Band—The Appendix |url=https://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=theappendix.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-05 |title=Witch: the glory and tragedy of Zambia’s psych-rock trailblazers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jul/05/witch-the-glory-and-tragedy-of-zambias-psych-rock-trailblazers |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Amanaz (an acronym of "Ask Me About Nice Artists in Zambia") was a five-piece band, led by Isaac Mpofu, from Kitwe that released their only album, ''Africa'', in 1975. The album is well-known for its music inspired by heavy rock, folk-pop, and funk and distinctive for its blues-like grooves and thick layers of fuzz guitar. Despite its initial limited commercial success, ''Africa'' has since gained recognition as a classic of the Zamrock genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrin |first=Nate |title=Amanaz: Africa |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14050-africa/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Africa - Amanaz {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/africa-mw0001957626 |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en}}</ref>
Led by Paul Ngozi, The Ngozi Family was known for their energetic performances and their culturally significant tracks such as ''Hi Babe'' and ''Day of Judgement'' (1976).
== Notable Afro rock musicians in Ghana == Afro rock in Ghana was created during the 1960s and 1970s, as a fusion genre of Highlife music and elements of funk, rock, and Afrobeat. thumb|Osibisa in 2008 Osibisa, formed in London in 1969 by Ghanaian musicians Teddy Osei, Sol Amarfio, and Mac Tontoh, alongside other Caribbean and Nigerian members, is one of the most well-known Afro rock bands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Osibisa band, first African band to go Platinum |url=https://ghanaianmuseum.com/osibisa-band-first-african-bands-to-gain-worldwide-popularity/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Ghanaian Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> The band's self-titled debut album, released in 1971, includes tracks such as ''Music for Gong Gong'' and ''Sunshine Day''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartwright |first=Garth |date=2021-04-29 |title=‘Our ethos was happy music and good vibes’: genre-busting Black British band Osibisa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/apr/29/osibisa-british-black-rock-band-fela-kuti-stevie-wonder |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Caspar Llewellyn |date=2011-06-15 |title=Osibisa chart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/16/osibisa-chart |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Ebo Taylor, a Ghanaian guitarist, composer, and bandleader active since the late 1950s, is an important figure in Ghanaian music during the 1960s and 1970s. He collaborated with several bands and worked as a producer and arranger for Essiebons Records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kofimusings |date=2012-09-19 |title=His name is Ebo Taylor |url=https://kofimusings.com/2012/09/19/tales-from-a-troski-his-name-is-ebo-taylor/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Kofimusings |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Psychedelic Aliens, also known as The Magic Aliens, were an experimental Ghanaian Afro rock group. Led by guitarist and vocalist Ade "Witch" Rocha, the band was known for hits such as ''We're Laughing'' and ''Extraordinary Woman''.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Psychedelic Aliens - Psycho African Beat |date=2010-11-23 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/2648147-The-Psychedelic-Aliens-Psycho-African-Beat |access-date=2025-06-16 |language=en}}</ref>
== Contemporary Afro rock == In recent years, Afro Rock has seen a decline in popularity. However, the genre is still adopted by various artists, including laureates of the "Best Artist, Duo or Group" prize in the African Rock Category of the annual All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) such as the Zimbabwean Dear Zim (2014), the Angolan M'vula (2015, 2016), the Kenyan Gilad (2017), the Egyptian Maryam Saleh (2018), the Kenyan Rash (2021) and the Nigerian Clayrocksu (2022). The 2022 laureate, Clayrocksu, has gained international acclaim with features in the New York Times,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoek |first=Jan |last2=Tayo |first2=Stephen |last3=Okolo |first3=Edwin |last4=Lyons |first4=Eve |date=2019-01-19 |title=From MySpace to the Streets of Lagos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/style/emo-metal-rock-music-nigeria.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> BBC News<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Meet Clay, di ‘Nigerian Rock Goddess' |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-50889517 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> and Reuters<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria's 'Rock Goddess' wants to change people's minds |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-music-rock/nigerias-rock-goddess-wants-to-change-peoples-minds-idUSL8N2B4343/ |access-date= 13 March 2020 |website=www.reuters.com |last1=Chile |first1=Nneka }}</ref> for her innovative Afro Rock music, which references Pidgin folk and Igbo cultural elements and uses a punk rock style. The Canadian magazine ''Toronto Star'' defines her as "magnetic" for "her ability to fuse rock music with Afropop, the predominant contemporary sound in Lagos, Nigeria".<ref>{{cite web |title=Punk and metal hit a chord with the young in Nigeria |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/punk-and-metal-hit-a-chord-with-the-young-in-nigeria/article_52792bf1-cf28-5422-a794-b27104e6a0aa.html/ |access-date= 21 January 2019 |website=www.thestar.com|date=21 January 2019 }}</ref>
Another prominent contemporary West African rock band is Dark Suburb from Ghana, which takes inspiration from Alkebulanian masquerade culture and skeletal imagery. Another distinguished African rock band is Tinariwen, a collective of Tuareg musicians from the Sahara region of northern Mali, known for their desert blues music, which combines traditional Tuareg and African music with Western rock. They have released nine albums since their formation and have toured internationally. The group has been nominated for the Grammy Awards three times, and their 2012 album ''Tassili'' won the award for Best World Music Album in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinariwen {{!}} Artist {{!}} Grammy.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tinariwen/10715 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> The group has been described by American media organization NPR as "music's true rebels"<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2007 |title=Tinariwen: Music's True Rebels |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16161250 |work=National Public Radio}}</ref> and "rock 'n' roll rebels whose rebellion, for once, wasn't just metaphorical" by American online magazine ''Slate'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Jody Rosen |date=31 May 2007 |title=Enter Sandmen: Is Tinariwen the greatest band on earth? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2007/05/enter_sandmen.html |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Slate}}</ref> and their music has been claimed by AllMusic "a grassroots voice of rebellion".<ref name=":5">{{cite web |author=Evan C. Gutierrez |title=Tinariwen: Biography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tinariwen-mn0000603621/biography |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref>
== List of Afro rock musicians == *Miriam Makeba *Clayrocksu *Osibisa *Teddy Osei *Sol Amarfio *Assagai *Tinariwen *Demon Fuzz<ref>{{cite web |last=Pinfold |first=Will |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Demon Fuzz: Afreaka! |url=https://spectrumculture.com/2022/11/15/demon-fuzz-afreaka/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |publisher=Spectrum Culture}}</ref> *Ofege<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ofege: Try and Love |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/ofege-try-and-love/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> *Lijadu Sisters<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutchinson |first=Kate |date=2019-11-12 |title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> *Arka'n Asrafokor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=ARKA'N ASRAFOKOR |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/arkan-asrafokor |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> *Skinflint<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barnett |first1=Mark|last2= Tutton|first2=Errol |date=2014-02-13 |title='Africa is the last frontier for metal': Botswana's metal heads still rocking |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/world/africa/africa-botswana-metal-heads/index.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> *Crackdust<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blabbermouth |date=2015-12-24 |title=Meet The Women Of Botswana's Heavy Metal Subculture |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/meet-the-women-of-botswanas-heavy-metal-subculture/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET |language=en}}</ref> *Blo<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/blo-mn0000052053 Blo] Retrieved 23 April 2022</ref> *MATATA<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/matata-mn0000385694 MATATA] Retrieved 19 April 2022</ref> *Ofo & The Black Company<ref>{{Cite web |title=Various Artists: Wake Up You!: The Rise & Fall of Nigerian Rock 1972-1977 |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21536-wake-up-you-the-rise-fall-of-nigerian-rock-1972-1977/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OFO The Black Company’s Nigerian Acid Rock Cult |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/03/ofo-the-black-company-s-acid-rock-cult |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ofo Black Company – African Grooves |url=https://www.africangrooves.fr/artist/ofo-black-company/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.africangrooves.fr}}</ref> *Clayrocksu<ref>{{cite web |last=Pinfold |first=Will |date=June 19, 2022 |title='The Devil's Music' No More: Inside Nigeria's Rock Resurgence |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nigerian-rock-music-clayrocksu-1365700/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> *MonoMono *Remi Kabaka, drummer *Nova Twins *Witch *Amanaz *Paul Ngozi *Ebo Taylor *Manu Dibango *Fela Kuti *Alhaji K. Frimpong
== See also == *Afrobeat *Highlife
==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links == * https://imullar.com/2023/03/23/the-voices-from-west-africas-70s-psychedelic-rock-wave/ * https://www.scaruffi.com/history/african.html
{{Genres of African popular music}} {{Rock music}}
Category:20th-century music genres Category:African-American music in Africa Category:Rock music genres