{{Short description|Portion of matzo used during Passover}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox prepared food | name = Afikoman/אפיקומן | image = Shmura Matzo2.jpg | caption = Handmade ''shmura matzo'' used at the Passover Seder especially for the ''mitzvot'' of eating matzo and ''afikoman'' | alternate_name = | country = | region = | creator = | course = | type = Dessert | served = | main_ingredient = | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Afikoman''' or '''Afikomen''' (Mishnaic Hebrew: אֲפִיקִימוֹן ''ʾăpîqîmôn'';<ref name=":0">So spelled and vocalized in de Rossi 138 (Parma A) and Kaufmann A50; also spelled {{lang|he|אפיקמון}} in the Cambridge manuscript and by Joseph Ashkenazi (as cited by Adeni).</ref> Modern pronunciation: אֲפִיקוֹמָן ''ʾăpîqômān'') based on Greek ''epikomon'' [ἐπὶ κῶμον] or ''epikomion'' [ἐπικώμιον], meaning "that which comes after" or "dessert"),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/881-afikomen |title=AFIḲOMEN |access-date=2012-10-24 |publisher=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> a word originally having the connotation of "refreshments eaten after the meal",<ref>Babylonian Talmud (''Pesahim'' 119<sup>b</sup>)</ref> is now almost strictly associated with the half-piece of ''matzo'' which is broken in two during the early stages of the Passover Seder and set aside to be eaten as a dessert after the meal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Eating the Afikoman - Jewish Tradition |url=https://yahadut.org/en/shabbat-and-festivals/the-seder/eating-the-afikoman/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=yahadut.org |language=en}}</ref>
Based on the Mishnah in Pesahim 119b, the ''afikoman'' is a substitute for the Passover sacrifice, which was the last thing eaten at the Passover meal during the eras of the First and Second Temples and during the period of the Tabernacle. The Talmud states that it is forbidden to have any other food after the ''afikoman'', so that the taste of the ''matzo'' that was eaten after the meal remains in the participants' mouths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=5792 |title=Afikoman – The Taste of Matza |access-date=2010-03-31 |publisher=yeshiva.org.il |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073555/http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=5792 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the destruction of the Temple and the discontinuation of the ''Korban Pesach'', Jews eat a piece of ''matzo'' now known as ''afikoman'' to finish the Passover Seder meal.<ref name=":1" />
Customs around the ''afikoman'' vary, though they often share the common purpose of keeping children awake and alert during the Seder until the ''afikoman'' is eaten. Following Ashkenazi customs, the head of household may hide the ''afikoman'' for the children to find, or alternatively, the children may steal the ''afikoman'' and ransom it back. Chabad tradition discourages stealing the ''afikoman'' lest it lead to bad habits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shurpin |first1=Yehuda |title=Why do we hide the Afikomen? |url=https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/2910434/jewish/Why-Do-We-Hide-the-Afikomen.htm |website=Chabad |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> Following Mizrahi customs, the ''afikoman'' may be tied in a sling to a child's back for the duration of the Seder.<ref name="JVL">{{cite web|title=Passover: The Afikoman|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-afikoman|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
==Etymology== Mishnaic Hebrew: אֲפִיקִימוֹן.<ref name=":0" /> The Greek word on which ''afikoman'' is based has two meanings, according to the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud. Both Talmuds agree on the ''halakha'' (stated in the Passover Haggadah under the answer given to the Wise Son) that no other food should be eaten for the rest of the night after the ''afikoman'' is consumed. The Babylonian Talmud explains that the word ''"afikoman"'' derives from the Greek word for "dessert", the last thing eaten at a meal. The Jerusalem Talmud, however{{Citation needed|reason=Jerusalem Talmud 10:6 brings multiple opinions, e.g. music or desert|date=April 2019}}, derives the word ''afikoman'' from ''epikomion'', meaning "after-dinner revelry" or "entertainment". It was the custom of Romans and Greeks to move from one party or banquet to another. The ''halakha'' prohibiting anything else being eaten after the ''afikoman'' therefore enjoins Jews to distinguish their Passover Seder from the pagan rituals of other nations.
==Use== The ''afikoman'' is prepared during the fourth part of the Seder, ''Yachatz''. During this ritual, the leader of the Seder takes the middle piece of matzo out from the stack of three whole matzot on the Seder table. They break the matzo in two, returning the smaller piece to the stack and putting aside the larger piece to be eaten later during ''Tzafun'' ("Hidden", the twelfth part of the Seder, which immediately follows the main meal). This is the ''afikoman'', which is wrapped in a napkin before being hidden.
===Custom of "stealing"=== The custom of hiding the ''afikoman'' so that the children at the Seder will "steal" it and demand a reward for it is based on the following Gemara: Rabbi Eliezer says that one should "grab the matzos" so that the children won't fall asleep.<ref>''Pesahim'' 109a.</ref>
The Haggadah ''Otzar Divrei HaMeforshim'' cites several other reasons for the custom of stealing the ''afikoman''. According to the author of the work ''Mekor Chaim – Chavos Yair'', this custom demonstrates love for the mitzvah of ''afikoman''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revach.net//lists/article.php?id=36 |title=5 Reasons Why Children Steal the Afikoman |access-date=2010-03-31 |publisher=Revach Lists| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100327193908/http://revach.net/lists/article.php?id=36| archive-date= 27 March 2010 | url-status= usurped}}</ref> Rabbi Menashe Klein, the Ungvar Rebbe, says that this custom is a re-enactment of the biblical account of Jacob stealing the blessings that were supposed to go to his brother Esau. ''Midrash Pliah'' says that Isaac told Esau, "Your brother came with trickery" (Genesis 27:35), adding, "and he took out the ''afikoman''." According to the Midrash, this account took place on Passover. Therefore, the children steal the ''afikoman'' to get the blessings, which are the present that they ask their fathers to buy for them.
===Eating the ''afikoman''=== After the meal and customary desserts, the leader of the Seder distributes pieces of the ''afikoman'' to each guest. If there is not enough to go around, additional pieces of matzo may be added to each person's portion of ''afikoman''.<ref name="Pesach night">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?ClipID=543 |title=Passover – Eating The Afikoman on Pesach Night |access-date=2010-03-31 |publisher=DailyHalacha.com}}</ref>
Jewish law prescribes that an olive-sized piece of matzo be eaten to fulfill the mitzvah of eating the ''afikoman''. Many people eat an additional, olive-sized piece of matzo together with it. The first piece of matzo commemorates the ''Korban Pesach'' (Paschal lamb), whose meat was eaten at the very end of the festive Seder meal in the days that the Temple stood. The second piece commemorates the matzo that was eaten together with the meat of the Paschal Lamb in the days of the Temple, in fulfillment of the Torah commandment, "They shall eat [the Passover lamb] together with matzo and maror" (Exodus 12:8).<ref name="Pesach night" /> Like the eating of the matzo earlier in the Seder, the ''afikoman'' is eaten while reclining to the left (in some Orthodox Jewish circles, women and girls do not lean).<ref name=":1" />
According to Jewish law, the ''afikoman'' must be consumed before midnight, just as the ''Korban Pesach'' was eaten before midnight during the days of the Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>Mishnah Zevachim 5:8.</ref> Thus, if the Seder is running late with much singing and discussion of the themes of the Exodus from Egypt, families may have to shorten the meal segment of the Seder and proceed quickly to the ''afikoman''.
After the eating of the ''afikoman'', no other food may be eaten for the rest of the night, other than the last two cups of wine at the Seder and coffee, tea, or water.<ref name="Pesach night" />
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== * Kaplan, Aryeh (1978). ''The MeAm Lo'ez Haggadah''. Brooklyn, NY: Maznaim Publishing Corporation.
==External links== *[http://www.balashon.com/2006/04/afikoman.html Etymology of "afikoman"] * Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, [https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/04-16-33/ Tzafun – the Afikoman] in Peninei Halakha
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Category:Matzo Category:Greek language Category:Jewish ritual objects Category:Desserts Category:Jewish ceremonial food and drink Category:Greek words and phrases in Jewish law Category:Talmud concepts and terminology