Ad eundem degree

{{Short description|Honorary degree for honorary alumni}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ad eundem'' degree}} An '''{{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree''' is an academic degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another, in a process commonly known as '''incorporation'''. The recipient of the {{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree is often a faculty member at the institution which awards the degree, e.g. at the University of Cambridge, where incorporation is expressly limited to a person who "has been admitted to a University office or a Headship or a Fellowship (other than an Honorary Fellowship) of a College, or holds a post in the University Press ... or is a Head-elect or designate of a College".<ref name="Section 8. Incorporation">Ordinances of the University of Cambridge, Chapter II, [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2016/chapter02-section8.html Section 8. Incorporation].</ref>

An {{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree is not an earned degree.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=to, in, or of the same rank —used especially of the honorary granting of academic standing or a degree by a university to one whose actual work was done elsewhere|title=''ad eundem''|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ad%20eundem|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|quote=by the last quarter of the nineteenth century most colleges abandoned the ''ad eundem gradum'' and substituted only the 'earned' degree|jstor=40223470|journal=AAUP Bulletin |volume= 52|issue= 4 |title=''ad eundem gradum''|date= December 1966| pages= 433–436 |publisher=American Association of University Professors|author=Martha Wright|doi=10.2307/40223470}}</ref>

== History == In the later Middle Ages it was common, when a graduate from one university moved into the neighborhood of another, for the new university to admit the graduate as a courtesy, "at the same degree" (in Latin, {{lang|la|ad eundem gradum}}). Thus if someone was a Bachelor of Arts in the university that they had attended, they would likewise be a bachelor of arts of their new university. Not every college extended this courtesy to all other colleges, however.

The practice of incorporation diminished in the early 19th century, but it continues at the University of Oxford,<ref>University of Oxford, [https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/regulations/307-072.shtml Council Regulations 22 of 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727184601/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/regulations/307-072.shtml|date=2016-07-27}}, sec. 1.7-1.18.</ref> the University of Cambridge,<ref name="Section 8. Incorporation" /> and Trinity College Dublin.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/assets/documents/statutes/statutes/2010-statutes-030316-updated-1.80MB.pdf The 2010 Consolidated Statutes of Trinity College Dublin and of the University of Dublin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213010907/https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/assets/documents/statutes/statutes/2010-statutes-030316-updated-1.80MB.pdf|date=2017-02-13}}, Division - University, sec. 3.(4)(a), p. 157.</ref>

== Australia == At the University of Sydney, members of the academic staff and general staff who do not hold a degree from the university, "and who have completed a minimum of ten years’ service prior to their retirement may be considered by Senate, on their retirement, for admission ad eundem gradum to an appropriate degree of the University."<ref name="sydney2">[http://sydney.edu.au/policies/showdoc.aspx?recnum=PDOC2011/55&RendNum=0 Degrees conferred ''ad eundem gradum''], The University of Sydney, 2007</ref>

Requests for {{lang|la|ad eundem gradum}} degrees also occurred at Adelaide University in the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor William Lowrie - The University - Admission Ad Eundem Gradum BSc Degree |url=https://connect.adelaide.edu.au/nodes/view/12614 |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Adelaide University |language=en}}</ref>

== Ireland == A number of female students at Oxford and Cambridge were awarded ''ad eundem'' University of Dublin degrees at Trinity College Dublin, between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women and were nicknamed the "steamboat ladies".<ref>{{cite web |title=A Timeline of the History of Women in Trinity |url=https://www.tcd.ie/about/trinity/events/Womens_Centenary/timeline.php |access-date=8 March 2017 |website=A Century of Women in Trinity College}}</ref>

Today, graduates of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are eligible to apply for corresponding degrees of Trinity College Dublin, and vice versa, provided that they wish to register for a degree at Trinity College or are members of the academic staff, and pay the required fee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Degrees and Diplomas |url=https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/undergraduate-studies/2016-17/degrees-and-diplomas.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/universityarchives/guides/incorporation|title=Requirements for Incorporation at Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin universities|location=Oxford University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2017/chapter02-section6.html|title=CHAPTER II : MATRICULATION, RESIDENCE, ADMISSION TO DEGREES, DISCIPLINE – INCORPORATION|publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028031128/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2017/chapter02-section6.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://governance.admin.ox.ac.uk/legislation/council-regulations-22-of-2002#collapse1426561| title=University of Oxford charter for Incorporation of Cambridge and Dublin|location=University of Oxford}}</ref>

== South Africa ==

Rhodes University in South Africa uses the term {{lang|la|ad eundem gradum}} to give a student status to undertake a research higher degree based on experience, as opposed to an explicit qualification.<ref name="rhodes">[http://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/documents/research/higherdegreesguide.pdf Higher Degrees Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010140740/http://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/documents/research/higherdegreesguide.pdf|date=October 10, 2012}}, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2010</ref> In this case the student does not acquire a qualification, but is exempt from an entry requirement.

== United Kingdom ==

At the University of Oxford, incorporation first appeared in the University Statutes in 1516, although the practice itself is older: in the 15th and early 16th centuries, incorporation was granted to members of universities from all over Europe. In 1861, incorporation was restricted to members of Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1908, incorporation was further restricted to specific degrees from these universities.<ref>Oxford University Archives, ''[https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/oua/enquiries/incorporation A History of Incorporation at Oxford]''.</ref> While not an earned degree, both original degree(s) and incorporated ''ad eundem'' degree(s) are given in post-nominals listed in the Oxford University Calendar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gazette/documents/media/calendar_style_guide_2018.pdf|quote=In the case of incorporated degrees, the original degree and the incorporated degree should be shown: eg ‘MA Dub, MA Oxf’|title=Oxford University ''Calendar'': notes on style|date=2018|access-date=13 July 2019|page=3}}</ref>

After the foundation of the University of Durham in 1832, Durham made attempts to have its degrees recognised in the ''ad eundem'' system, introducing the first external examiner system, with all examinations co-marked by an Oxford academic, to assure the other universities that it was maintaining comparable standards. These attempts were rebuffed by the other universities, and eventually abandoned by Durham.<ref name="universityhistories">{{cite web |last=Andrews |first=Matthew |date=12 August 2016 |title=Durham University: Last of the Ancient Universities and First of the New (1831-1871) |url=https://universityhistories.com/2016/08/12/durham-university-last-of-the-ancient-universities-and-first-of-the-new-1831-1871/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014552/https://universityhistories.com/2016/08/12/durham-university-last-of-the-ancient-universities-and-first-of-the-new-1831-1871/ |archive-date=30 March 2022 |access-date=20 March 2019 |work=University Histories}}</ref> Still, Durham granted graduates from other universities degrees ''ad eundem'' until the practice was abolished by the adoption of new university statutes in 1909.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/calendar1011durhuoft |title=Durham University Calendar 1910–1911 |date=1910 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref>

== United States ==

=== Original use === In the United States, the {{lang|la|ad eundem}} Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts as a regularly awarded academic qualification from graduates of other colleges and universities generally dates from the colonial period, and was awarded at the institutions listed below. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Institution !First Documented !Most Recently Documented |- |Harvard University |Common in the 1700s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-library-bulletin_autumn-1958_12_3/page/326/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Harvard Library Bulletin Autumn 1958: Vol 12 Iss 3 |date=Autumn 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Library |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> A''d eundem'' degrees were not specifically recorded as such at Harvard until the period after 1750.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-library-bulletin_autumn-1958_12_3/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Harvard Library Bulletin Autumn 1958: Vol 12 Iss 3 |date=Autumn 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Library |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> |1830<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-library-bulletin_autumn-1958_12_3/page/326/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Harvard Library Bulletin Autumn 1958: Vol 12 Iss 3 |date=Autumn 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Library |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> |- |Yale University |1705<ref name="Miscellaneous Regulations">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-25 |title=Miscellaneous Regulations |url=https://www.yale.edu/board-trustees/governance-historic-documents/miscellaneous-regulations |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Yale University |language=en}}</ref> |1879<ref name="Miscellaneous Regulations"/> |- |Columbia University |1758<ref>{{Cite book |last=King's College (New York |first=N. Y.) |url=http://archive.org/details/ldpd_7441339_000 |title=The matricula or Register of admissions & graduations, & of officers employed in King's College at New York |date= |others=Columbia University Libraries |language=English}}</ref> |1774<ref>{{Cite book |last=King's College (New York |first=N. Y.) |url=http://archive.org/details/ldpd_7441346_000 |title=The matricula or Register of admissions & graduations, & of officers employed in King's College at New-York |date= |others=Columbia University Libraries |language=English}}</ref> |- |Princeton University |1763<ref>{{Cite book |last=alumni |first=Pennsylvania univ, soc of the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUIAAAAQAAJ&q=ad%20eund |title=Catalogue of the trustees officers and graduates of the departments of arts and science and of the honorary graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, 1749-1880 |date=1880 |language=en}}</ref> |1884<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SELDEN |first=WILLIAM K. |date=1990 |title="Honoris Causa" Honorary Degrees at Princeton University, 1748 – 1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26403802 |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=283–290 |doi=10.2307/26403802 |jstor=26403802 |issn=0032-8456|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |- |University of Pennsylvania<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Penn Alumni Catalogues |url=https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/alumni-catalogues/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=University Archives and Records Center |language=en}}</ref> |1763<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=alumni |first=Pennsylvania univ, soc of the |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Catalogue_of_the_trustees_officers_and_g/sDUIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ad%20eun |title=Catalogue of the trustees officers and graduates of the departments of arts and science and of the honorary graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, 1749-1880 |date=1880 |language=en}}</ref> |1862<ref name=":7" /> |- |Williams College |1795<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Martha |date=1966 |title=Ad Eundem Gradum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40223470 |journal=AAUP Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=433–436 |doi=10.2307/40223470 |jstor=40223470 |issn=0001-026X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |}

=== Contemporary use === Five universities in the United States follow a tradition that only alumni may hold certain faculty positions, and in limited cases preserve the tradition of the ''ad eundem'' Master of Arts to the present day, with the specific circumstances described below.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Lassila |first1=Kathrin |date=July–August 2010 |title=The "private" Yale degree |url=https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2883-the-private-yale-degree |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=Yale Alumni Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Mirkinson |first1=Jack |date=March 23, 2006 |title=Profs' degrees are relics of old University tradition |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/03/23/profs-degrees-are-relics-of-old-university-tradition/ |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=Yale Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Martha |date=1993 |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0200 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=Encyclopedia Brunoniana |publisher=Brown University Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2015 |title=Honorary Degrees at Harvard: Quick Facts |url=http://guides.library.harvard.edu/hua/honorarydegrees |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=Harvard University Archives Research Guides}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Institution !MA awarded upon promotion to !First documented !Most recent |- |Amherst College |Professor |1916<ref>{{Cite book |title=Amherst College Biographical Record |publisher=The Trustees of Amherst College |year=1973 |pages=lvii}}</ref> |2025<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Convocation {{!}} Events & Calendars {{!}} Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/convocation |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.amherst.edu}}</ref> |- |Brown University |Associate Professor |1945<ref>{{cite web | title=Verification required | url=https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/collections/id_919/?q=%22ad+eundem%22&search-scope=id_bdr%3Ac9fzffs9 }}</ref> |2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-22 |title=Brown to confer 3,288 degrees at 258th Commencement {{!}} Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2026-05-22/commencement-degree-conferrals-numbers |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=www.brown.edu |language=en}}</ref> |- |Harvard University |Associate Professor |1942<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=University Has Broadened Idea of Honorary Degrees {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1959/6/8/university-has-broadened-idea-of-honorary/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Morning Exercises |url=https://commencement.harvard.edu/morning-exercises |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=commencement.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> |2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://francescagino.com/about |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Francesca Gino |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Wesleyan University |Professor |1894<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Faculty Honored with MA Ad Eundem Gradum Degrees |url=https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2021/05/26/4-faculty-honored-with-ma-ad-eundem-gradum/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wesleyan University's 189th Commencement {{!}} You are cordially invited to join us for our virtual Commencement! We look forward to celebrating the Class of 2021 and their accomplishments. For all... {{!}} By Wesleyan University {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/wesleyan.university/videos/wesleyan-universitys-189th-commencement/302845521388095/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commencement Program, Commencement 2021 - Wesleyan University |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/commencement2021/commencement-program/index-plain.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wesleyan.edu}}</ref> |2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commencement Program, Commencement 2021 - Wesleyan University |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/commencement2021/commencement-program/index-plain.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.wesleyan.edu}}</ref> |- |Yale University |Professor |1902<ref name="news.yale.edu">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=New Yale faculty receive honorary Master of Arts degrees |url=https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/06/new-yale-faculty-receive-honorary-master-arts-degrees |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=YaleNews |language=en}}</ref> |2024<ref name="news.yale.edu"/> |}

==== Upon being awarded tenure ==== thumb|''Ad eundem gradum'' Master of Arts degree awarded by Brown University in 2014. At Brown and Harvard the degrees are awarded to those faculty who are granted tenure and the rank of associate professor, usually after approximately eight years of service to the university as an assistant professor or for a shorter amount of time for a professor with prior service at another university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana {{!}} Honorary degrees |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0200 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.brown.edu}}</ref><ref name="commencement.brown.edu">{{Cite web |title=Full Commencement Program 2024 |url=https://commencement.brown.edu/sites/default/files/2024-05/Full-Commencement-Program-2024.pdf |website=commencement.brown.edu}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Because these degrees do not involve any further study, many faculty members do not list them on their curricula vitae, although some choose to do so.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

At Harvard the degree is described as given ''ut in grege nostro numeretur'' ("so that (s)he may be numbered in our flock").<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{citation |last=Elkins |first=Kimball C. |title=Honorary degrees at Harvard |journal=Harvard Library Bulletin |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=326–353 |year=1958 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:419150}}</ref> During the 1950s, it was noted that the degree were "not announced at Commencement, or included in the printed list of honorary degrees circulated at that time, nor is there any 'citation.'"<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-library-bulletin_autumn-1958_12_3/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Harvard Library Bulletin Autumn 1958: Vol 12 Iss 3 |date=Autumn 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Library |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref> Instead, the President of Harvard would present "the diploma at the first meeting of the faculty following the recipient's appointment to permanent rank."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-library-bulletin_autumn-1958_12_3/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Harvard Library Bulletin Autumn 1958: Vol 12 Iss 3 |date=Autumn 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Library |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref>

At Brown, the degrees have been awarded as a part of the annual May commencement ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Brown to confer 2,921 degrees at 255th Commencement |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2023-05-26/numbers |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Brown University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iaWZ-rsRX4 |title=255th Commencement Procession and Ceremonies |date=2023-05-28 |last=Brown University |access-date=2024-08-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==== Upon being promoted to full professor ==== At Amherst, Wesleyan, and Yale, the degrees are conferred upon those who rise to the rank of full professor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convocation 2012 {{!}} Convocation {{!}} Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/convocation/2012 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.amherst.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Convocation 2022 - Amherst College | date=31 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVrKdga9asI |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Convocation: Notes on the Class of 2027 |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/news_releases/2023/september/notes-on-the-class-of-2027 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.amherst.edu}}</ref> Yale refers to this degree as the MA ''Privatim''. During the 150th anniversary of Princeton University, in 1896, 16 full professors were awarded the MA ''Privatim''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=William K. |date=1990 |title="Honoris Causa" Honorary Degrees at Princeton University, 1748 – 1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26403802 |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=283–290 |doi=10.2307/26403802 |jstor=26403802 |issn=0032-8456|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At Amherst, in recent years, the degrees are awarded during first-year student convocation in August, at Yale it is an "elegant, brief ceremony, usual in February or March", and at Wesleyan as part of commencement in May.<ref name="amherst.edu">{{Cite web |title=Convocation {{!}} Events & Calendars {{!}} Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/convocation |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.amherst.edu}}</ref><ref name="secretary.yale.edu">{{Cite web |title=Academic Ceremonies {{!}} Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life |url=https://secretary.yale.edu/university-events/academic-ceremonies |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=secretary.yale.edu}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=New Yale faculty receive honorary Master of Arts degrees |url=https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/06/new-yale-faculty-receive-honorary-master-arts-degrees |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=YaleNews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Convocation 2022 - Amherst College | date=31 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVrKdga9asI |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Faculty Honored with MA Ad Eundem Gradum Degrees |url=https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2021/05/26/4-faculty-honored-with-ma-ad-eundem-gradum/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Amherst College grants this degree to college faculty despite the fact that it grants only bachelor's degrees to its matriculated students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amherst College |url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/amherst-college/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=New England Commission Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> However, those professors who already earned a bachelor's degree at Amherst or Wesleyan by attending as an undergraduate are not presented with a second degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wesleyan Holds 177th Commencement Ceremony |url=https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2009/06/04/wesleyan-holds-177th-commencement-ceremonies/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, Amherst College President Michael A. Elliott called this additional rule a "custom, some might say a strange custom."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Posthumous awards ==== In April 2023, the President of Yale, Peter Salovey, awarded M.A. ''Privatim'' degrees posthumously to Reverend James W. C. Pennington and Reverend Alexander Crummell, the first two black students at Yale, both of whom faced numerous incidents of discrimination and left Yale without earning degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Honoring the Rev. James W. C. Pennington and the Rev. Alexander Crummell |url=https://president.yale.edu/president/statements/honoring-rev-james-w-c-pennington-and-rev-alexander-crummell |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Office of the President |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=TheGrio |date=2023-04-27 |title=Black men who suffered racial injustice at Yale finally get degrees |url=https://thegrio.com/2023/04/27/black-men-at-yale-finally-get-degrees/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also== *Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)

==References== {{reflist}}

{{Academic degrees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ad Eundem Degree}} Category:Academic degrees